Brain Behavior and Evolution最新文献

{"title":"Motor control of the Wet dog shake behavior in rats.","authors":"Alexander Popov, Oleg Gorskii, Pavel Musienko","doi":"10.1159/000548010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000548010","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Wet dog shake (WDS) is a motion in mammals and birds, consisting in vigorous and rapid rotations of the head and trunk around the spinal axis, which allows them to dry themselves. WDS requires fine balance control. To date, motor control in WDS has not been studied.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Here, for the first time, we investigated the trunk and limbs muscle EMG activity and correlated it with the kinematics of body movement and ground reactions force during WDS in rats.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Strict reciprocity was revealed between the forelimb muscle on the right and left sides despite bipedal hindlimb position. Reciprocal activity was observed between the lumbar and the thoracic segments. The hindlimb muscle activity exhibited two distinct muscle synergies with strict reciprocity and atypical co-activity of flexors and extensors, which were previously observed in paw shaking behavior. These two synergies correlate with the two muscle groups of the pelvic fins of fish. The absence of typical postural responses of the hindlimb was revealed.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>1) It is likely that WDS and paw shaking share a common nervous control. 2) The absence of typical postural responses may indicate that body balance in WDS is maintained by perfectly matched frequency and strength of the trunk muscle contractions. 3) In the hypothesis about the origin of WDS, based on the revealed characteristics, we compare it with the S-start response behavior in fish.</p>","PeriodicalId":56328,"journal":{"name":"Brain Behavior and Evolution","volume":" ","pages":"1-20"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145214538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Zebrin II Expression in the Cerebellum of a Passerine Bird Species: Zebra Finch (Taeniopygia castanotis).","authors":"Douglas R Wylie, Cristián Gutiérrez-Ibáñez, Clara J J Vicera, Andrew N Iwaniuk, Douglas L Altshuler","doi":"10.1159/000548700","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000548700","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Zebrin II (ZII) is a glycolytic enzyme that is expressed in cerebellar Purkinje cells. In both mammals and birds, ZII is expressed heterogeneously, such that there are sagittal stripes of Purkinje cells with a high ZII expression (ZII+) alternating with stripes of Purkinje cells with little or no expression (ZII-). To date, ZII expression studies examined at least one species from most of the major branches of the avian phylogeny including Paleognatha (tinamous, kiwi), Galloanseres (chicken), Columbaves (pigeon) and Elementaves (hummingbird). In this regard, the most glaring omission is that a species from Telluraves, a clade that contains 75% of all avian species, has not been studied.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this paper, we examined zebrin expression the zebra finch Taeniopygia castanotis (Order Passeriformes). Given that Telluraves have evolved sophisticated hindlimb movements associated with the jump to arboreality, we hypothesized that ZII expression would differ in those areas of the cerebellum that have a strong representation of the hindlimbs, namely folia II-V and IX.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Contrary to our prediction, we found that the pattern of ZII expression in the cerebellum is highly similar to that observed in other bird species. In folium I all Purkinje cells are ZII+. In the rest of the anterior lobe (folia II-V) there are 4 pairs of ZII+/- stripes. In the posterior lobe, folia VI-VII all Purkinje cells are ZII+, in folia VIII-IXcd there are 5-7 pairs of ZII+/- stripes, and in folium X all Purkinje cells are ZII+. Moreover, the expression of ZII+ in Purkinje cell terminals in the cerebellar and vestibular nuclei was similar to that observed in other species.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These data indicate that the pattern of heterogeneous expression of ZII in cerebellar Purkinje is likely conserved across the entirety of the avian phylogenetic tree.</p>","PeriodicalId":56328,"journal":{"name":"Brain Behavior and Evolution","volume":" ","pages":"1-25"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145194031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of \"Spinal Enlargements\" Correlating with Paired and Unpaired Fins in Zebrafish.","authors":"Ryo Takaoka, Hanako Hagio, Naoyuki Yamamoto","doi":"10.1159/000548184","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000548184","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Cervical and lumbar enlargements involving several spinal segments are present in the spinal cord of tetrapods, reflecting the heavy motor and sensory innervation of limbs. Such spinal enlargements are not apparent in teleost fishes. However, teleosts possess paired pectoral and pelvic fins that are homologous to forelimbs and hindlimbs, respectively, and modest spinal enlargements might be present in teleosts as well.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In the present study, therefore, we have investigated the innervation of different fins by spinal nerves in zebrafish. We then investigated the changes in transverse sectional areas of the spinal cord and gray matter, referring to the levels of spinal cord innervating different fins.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>These analyses revealed that enlargements of the spinal cord and gray matter are indeed present for pectoral and pelvic fins that are paired appendages like limbs in tetrapods. In addition, enlargements are also present for the dorsal, anal, and caudal fins.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The present study thus suggests that spinal enlargements are present also in teleosts, although they are modest and can only be detected by analyses at the histological level. The present study also indicates that enlargements can be formed not only for paired fins that are homologous to limbs of tetrapods but also for unpaired fins. That is, spinal enlargements are present for all appendages or fins in teleosts.</p>","PeriodicalId":56328,"journal":{"name":"Brain Behavior and Evolution","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12503796/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144980352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Rose in Any Other Context: Context Alters the Responses of Both Birds and Rodents to Novel Objects.","authors":"Chelsey C Damphousse, Kruti Joshi, Jana Abu-Alhaija, Diano F Marrone","doi":"10.1159/000547763","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000547763","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The detection of novelty is a cognitive ability that is fundamental to survival. Following detection, a decision must be made to either approach (neophilia) or avoid (neophobia) the novel stimulus. The tendency to choose one strategy over the other is referred to as an animal's neotic preference. To date, the bulk of research reports that mammals are neophilic, while birds tend to be neophobic. These data, however, are differentiated not only by the class of animal (i.e., Mammalia vs. Aves), but also by the testing methods used, namely the context in which testing occurs.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>To disentangle these factors, we assessed the reaction to novelty in two commonly used domesticated species, rats and pigeons, within two different contexts, a novel testing arena (common for mammals) and within the home cage (common for birds).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Here, we show that both rats and pigeons show neophobia in the home cage and neophilia in a testing arena, demonstrating that some degree of the differences previously reported are likely due to testing protocols. Moreover, individual scores in one testing protocol did not predict testing scores in the other.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These results limit the ability to: (a) compare findings across these paradigms and (b) conceive of neotic preference as a single stable trait across multiple (especially novel) contexts.</p>","PeriodicalId":56328,"journal":{"name":"Brain Behavior and Evolution","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144786046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Embryonic Development of the Inner Ear of the Catshark <italic>Scyliorhinus canicula</italic>.","authors":"Isabel Rodríguez-Moldes, Santiago Pereira-Guldrís","doi":"10.1159/000547364","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000547364","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The inner ear is a complex three-dimensional structure responsible for the detection of sound, balance, and acceleration. Detailed knowledge about the development of the inner ear of gnathostomes (jawed vertebrates) comes from studies in bony fishes and tetrapods, but comparable information about this process in chondrichthyans, the oldest gnathostome radiation, is lacking. This study describes for the first time the embryonic development of the inner ear and its innervation in the catshark Scyliorhinus canicula.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>By using molecular markers of proliferating cells, migrating neuroblasts, and early differentiating neurons and genes expressed in placode-derived sensory neurons (NeuroD) and inner ear sensory patches (Sox2), we have established the spatiotemporal developmental pattern of the catshark inner ear also observed with micro-CT, and we have characterized developing sensory patches and described the establishment of the inner ear innervation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The development of the catshark inner ear takes place by invagination of the otic placode, as revealed by the expression of NeuroD at very early stages. From the very simple initial epithelial structure, the otic epithelium gradually grows and subdivides to form a complex three-dimensional labyrinth already recognizable at early stage 32. At this stage, the anterior semicircular canal and the horizontal semicircular canal of the catshark meet and fuse over the utricular concurrently with the beginning of the maturation of the inner ear sensory organs. We also show that the endolymphatic duct is formed as consequence of the invagination process; that the primary neurons of the statoacoustic ganglion originate by delamination from the otic epithelium, as in other vertebrates; that inner ear innervation starts when fibers immunoreactive to DCX link the otic cup to the brain at stage 20; and that the innervation pattern is completed at stage 32.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Present results provide cytological data on developmental changes that may be helpful for comparison with the development of this sensory system in other vertebrates and thus to gain knowledge on the evolution of the development of the inner ear.</p>","PeriodicalId":56328,"journal":{"name":"Brain Behavior and Evolution","volume":" ","pages":"1-22"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144638810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Allometric Brain Development and Neuroecological Adaptations in Juvenile and Adult Raja polystigma.","authors":"Riccardo Porceddu, Cristina Porcu, Saturnino Spiga, Jacopo Giuliani, Mara Carrus, Giovanna Mulas, Blondine Agus, Andrea Bellodi, Antonello Mulas, Maria Cristina Follesa","doi":"10.1159/000546102","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000546102","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Chondrichthyans represent some of the earliest diverging lineages of jawed vertebrates, making them key models for studying the evolution of vertebrate brains. Despite their evolutionary significance, Mediterranean species remain understudied. This research focuses on the speckled skate (Raja polystigma), an endemic Mediterranean benthic species with distinct life history traits, such as bathymetric segregation and postnatal shifts in diet. These traits provide a unique opportunity to explore how ecological factors influence postnatal brain development and neuroecological adaptation in cartilaginous fishes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We examined the allometric relationship between brain mass and body mass in postnatal individuals of R. polystigma and assessed the relative growth of major brain regions, including the olfactory bulbs, telencephalon, diencephalon, optic tectum, cerebellum, and medulla oblongata. Data were analyzed using log-transformed linear regressions to determine differential growth rates and patterns of regional specialization during development.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our analysis revealed that brain growth scales with negative allometry relative to body mass, indicating a slowdown in brain growth as individuals mature. Region-specific trends showed that the olfactory bulbs, cerebellum, and medulla oblongata grow at a faster rate than the rest of the brain, suggesting enhanced development of sensory and motor capacities. Conversely, the optic tectum exhibited slower growth, implying a reduced visual reliance in adults. The telencephalon and diencephalon scaled isometrically with brain mass, suggesting stable roles in cognitive and integrative functions throughout postnatal development.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings highlight how ecological and behavioral shifts during development shape brain organization in R. polystigma. Enhanced growth of non-visual sensory regions and motor centers may reflect adaptations to a benthic lifestyle and bathymetric niche. This study contributes to our understanding of neuroecological evolution in Mediterranean chondrichthyans and underscores the value of R. polystigma as a model for investigating brain development in relation to ecological specialization.</p>","PeriodicalId":56328,"journal":{"name":"Brain Behavior and Evolution","volume":" ","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144562105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolutionary Expression of the Orthopedia Transcription Factor in the Alar Hypothalamus: Implications for Amygdala Formation across Vertebrates.","authors":"Daniel Lozano, Ruth Morona, Adrián Chinarro, Jesús M López, Nerea Moreno","doi":"10.1159/000546877","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000546877","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>This study analyzes the expression of the transcription factor orthopedia (Otp) in the alar hypothalamus and its evolutionary relationship with the amygdaloid complex.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Immunofluorescence analysis was used in several representative vertebrates, including sarcopterygians (mice, chickens, turtles, anuran amphibians, and lungfish) and actinopterygian fish (teleosts and polypteriforms).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We reveal highly conserved Otp expression in all species used, supporting its critical role in hypothalamic regional specification and in the development of neuroendocrine cells and the amygdaloid complex. Our results show that hypothalamic radial migration of Otp contributes to amygdaloid populations, particularly in those with subpallial origin, in a highly conserved manner from basal actinopterygians.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Differences between sarcopterygians and actinopterygians in the Otp expression patterns in cells migrated to the pallial amygdala highlight an evolutionary divergence, particularly in the complexity and cellular composition of this region, tracing its evolutionary emergence by using the studied species as reference. Moreover, present results emphasize the evolutionary and functional importance of hypothalamic-amygdaloid interactions.</p>","PeriodicalId":56328,"journal":{"name":"Brain Behavior and Evolution","volume":" ","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144327811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strain-Specific Differences in Cerebellar Anatomy between Laboratory and Wild Rats.","authors":"Renata Waner-Mariquito, Lauren A Williams, Rachel A Stark, Rafał Stryjek, Klaudia Modlińska, Wojciech Pisula, Sergio M Pellis, Andrew N Iwaniuk","doi":"10.1159/000546604","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000546604","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Domestication and subsequent breed selection has significantly changed the phenotype of most domesticated animal species. Not only has their external appearance changed, in many species, the brain and individual brain regions often differ in size in domesticated strains compared with their wild ancestors. Although the majority of studies on mammals focus on cortical regions, the cerebellum often differs in relative and absolute size between domestic and wild strains, but more specific data on cell sizes and numbers are often lacking.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We quantified cerebellar anatomy in two domesticated strains (Long-Evans and Sprague-Dawley) and one wild type of brown rat (Rattus norvegicus). Using unbiased stereology, we measured the total cerebellum and its layers' volumes, as well as the number and size of Purkinje cells.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Long-Evans rats had a larger total cerebellum volume, in both absolute and relative terms, than Sprague-Dawley and wild rats, but no other significant differences were detected. Significant differences in the absolute and relative sizes of the molecular, granule cell, and white matter layers were also found, but the differences were inconsistent among strains such that the largest values alternated between the two laboratory strains. The absolute number of Purkinje cells did not differ among strains, but one population of Sprague-Dawley rats and the wild rats had more Purkinje cells relative to cerebellar volume. Last, Long-Evans rats had significantly smaller Purkinje cells than the other strains in both absolute and relative terms.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Only one of the two domesticated strains differed from wild rats in cerebellar anatomy. Our results therefore demonstrate that changes in the brains of domesticated animals do not necessarily follow a universal rule; they can vary between different strains. This highlights the importance of including more than one strain in wild-domesticate comparisons in brain anatomy and avoiding the oversimplification of the effects of domestication on the brain.</p>","PeriodicalId":56328,"journal":{"name":"Brain Behavior and Evolution","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144318845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling the Hidden World of Octopus Glia.","authors":"Martina Zinourov Roncalli di Montorio, Carmen Falcone, Giovanna Ponte","doi":"10.1159/000545910","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000545910","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Glial cells are important elements constituting the nervous systems and playing important roles. The characterization and exploration about their role are largely based on studies in mammals. Early in the history of modern science (in the distant 1896) is traced the first report of the existence of \"bushy\" glia cells in the brain of Octopus vulgaris. Subsequent studies focused on the nervous system of octopus and other cephalopods have largely ignored them, in favor of neuronal cells. As a result, there is a notable gap in scientific literature regarding a thorough and comprehensive description of the tissues that support and nourish nerve cells in cephalopods.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>This review provides an overview of the intriguing world of glial cells in marine invertebrates, with a focus on octopus and allies. It highlights their significance and complexity while exploring functional analogies with mammalian glial cells.</p><p><strong>Key messages: </strong>This review emphasizes the need for further research to understand the interaction between nerve cells and glial elements in cephalopods. Understanding these interactions can contribute to our knowledge of the evolution of complex cognition.</p>","PeriodicalId":56328,"journal":{"name":"Brain Behavior and Evolution","volume":" ","pages":"1-17"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144027806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beyond Rodents and Primates: Uncovering Cortical Astrocyte Diversity across Mammals.","authors":"Giulio Pistorio, Carmen Falcone","doi":"10.1159/000546178","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000546178","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Astrocytes, a type of glial cell in the brain, show remarkable morphological and functional diversity across mammalian species.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>This review explores astrocyte biology beyond the commonly studied rodent and primate models, focusing on nontraditional species to uncover evolutionary and adaptive features.</p><p><strong>Key messages: </strong>By examining astrocytes in marsupials, monotremes, chiropterans, artiodactyls, carnivorans, and cetaceans, we highlight species-specific variations in astrocyte morphology, distribution, and molecular markers. These adaptations are linked to ecological demands, such as echolocation in bats or diving in cetaceans, and underscore the evolutionary pressures shaping astrocyte specialization. Additionally, we explore unique astrocytic subtypes, such as interlaminar astrocytes and their distribution across mammalian lineages, as well as the expression of connexins, GFAP, and other key markers across species. This comparative review provides insights into the evolutionary trajectory of astrocytes and their contributions to neural health and disease, emphasizing the need for broader taxonomic representation in astrocyte research.</p>","PeriodicalId":56328,"journal":{"name":"Brain Behavior and Evolution","volume":" ","pages":"1-18"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144059682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}