International Journal of Mechanical Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Ballistic impact of metastable dual-phase Fe50Mn30Co10Cr10 high-entropy alloy","authors":"J.C. Yuan ,&nbsp;L.X. Chen ,&nbsp;Y. Cai ,&nbsp;X.F. Wang ,&nbsp;L. Lu ,&nbsp;L.X. He ,&nbsp;N.B. Zhang ,&nbsp;B. Li ,&nbsp;S.N. Luo","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2025.110857","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2025.110857","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ballistic impact experiments are conducted on <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>Fe</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>50</mn></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mi>Mn</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>30</mn></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mi>Co</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mi>Cr</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span> high-entropy alloy (HEA) plates over a wide impact velocity range of 376–1981 m<!--> <!-->s⁻¹. The deformation and damage mechanisms under high-velocity penetration are analyzed via high-speed photography, finite element simulation, and multi-scale characterization techniques. The HEA targets exhibit ductile failure characteristics. Shear plugging failure dominates near the ballistic limit velocity. During high-velocity perforation, the perforation surface develops a gradient morphology comprising a molten zone, a shear dimple zone, and an intact dimple zone. The crater/perforation diameter is governed by projectile deformation at low velocities, shifting to a cavity expansion mechanism at high velocities, with the transition threshold occurring near 1270 m<!--> <!-->s⁻¹. Microstructural analysis reveals that plastic deformation is driven by dislocation slip, deformation twinning, and transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP). Pronounced deformation gradients and adiabatic heating are observed in the vicinity of the bullet hole. The adiabatic heating (<span><math><mo>∼</mo></math></span>750 K) on the bullet hole surface leads to a significant increase in the stacking fault energy (exceeding 20 mJ<!--> <!-->m⁻²). As the distance from the bullet hole surface decreases, the plastic deformation mechanism transitions from the TRIP effect to deformation twinning and dislocation slip. Finite element simulations based on the Lagrangian algorithm successfully reproduce the experimental results, validating the reliability of the Johnson–Cook constitutive model. The simulations further indicate that the stress state governs crack propagation: straight cracks form due to high shear stress, while V-shaped cracks form due to the combined effect of shear and tensile stresses. This study elucidates the high-velocity penetration failure behavior and underlying micromechanisms of this HEA, providing valuable insights for its safety assessment under extreme loading conditions and microstructural design optimization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56287,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Mechanical Sciences","volume":"307 ","pages":"Article 110857"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145160200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electromagnetic vari-potential bi-stable energy harvester under low-amplitude excitation","authors":"Xin Liao ,&nbsp;Lin Chen ,&nbsp;Hailong Zhao ,&nbsp;Qiubo Jiang ,&nbsp;Liang Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2025.110871","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2025.110871","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study proposes a novel electromagnetic vari-potential bi-stable energy harvester (EM-VBEH). The potential barrier of the primary oscillator can be dynamically adjusted by an external spring-magnetic oscillator to form a vari-potential barrier effect (VPBE), which enables the harvester to achieves large amplitude inter-well motion under low-frequency and weak-amplitude excitation, significantly improving output power and bandwidth. A mathematical model of the EM-VBEH is established based on the dual-magnetic dipole theory. The VPBE is validated by tracking response trajectories on potential energy and restoring force surfaces, and the influence of system parameters on the dynamic potential barrier is quantitatively analyzed. Frequency and amplitude sweeping dynamics reveals rich nonlinear behaviors of the system, including intra-well harmonic, inter-well harmonic and subharmonic orbits, as well as chaotic motion. Compared to the traditional electromagnetic fixed-potential bi-stable energy harvesters (EM-FBEHs), the EM-VBEH exhibits significant advantages: the inter-well excitation threshold is reduced by 45 %, the inter-well bandwidth is expanded by over 1.65 times, and the maximum average power is increased by approximately 10 times under low-excitations. The performance of EM-VBEH is optimized by using genetic algorithm, and the maximum output power and half-power bandwidth are increased by 42.77 % and 19.58 %. The results of fixed-frequency and frequency-sweep experiments indicate that compared to the EM-FBEH, both the inter-well voltage and bandwidth of the EM-VBEH have multiple-fold increases under weak excitations. Simultaneously, the accuracies of the theoretical model and numerical simulations are validated. The proposed EM-VBEH provides an innovative solution for efficient and broadband energy harvesting from low-frequency, weak-amplitude vibrations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56287,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Mechanical Sciences","volume":"307 ","pages":"Article 110871"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145222951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multiscale modeling of viscoelastic behavior in demineralized human trabecular bone","authors":"Zhuang Xiong ,&nbsp;Morad Bensidhoum ,&nbsp;Daniel Ferry ,&nbsp;Xingrong Huang ,&nbsp;Esther Potier ,&nbsp;Thierry Hoc","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2025.110887","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2025.110887","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bone is a hierarchical composite of inorganic and organic phases, with the former governing stiffness and strength, and the latter controlling toughness and post-yield behavior. The mechanical properties of the organic phase, particularly in demineralized trabecular bone, remain poorly understood, limiting insights into fracture mechanisms and scaffold design. In this study, we investigate the time-dependent viscoelastic behavior of human demineralized trabecular bone using an integrated approach combining stress-relaxation testing, micro-finite element simulations, and Raman spectroscopy at macro- and microscales. Multiscale equilibrium and instantaneous moduli were quantified and correlated with trabecular microarchitecture and collagen spectral markers. Our results reveal how collagen integrity and microarchitecture jointly govern viscoelastic behavior, providing a mechanistic link between tissue composition and macroscopic mechanical performance. These findings not only advance fundamental understanding of the organic matrix mechanics in trabecular bone but also establish a predictive framework for designing biomimetic scaffolds that replicate the native biomechanical and biochemical microenvironment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56287,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Mechanical Sciences","volume":"307 ","pages":"Article 110887"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145222943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An improved fatigue life prediction via defect-informed intelligent learning method","authors":"Aditya Pandey,&nbsp;Chitresh Chandra,&nbsp;Vidit Gaur","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2025.110885","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2025.110885","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Porosities evolving during the additive manufacturing process dominantly control the fatigue life of the fabricated component and make its prediction challenging. Generally, fracture mechanics and defect-based models are used to predict their fatigue lives, but often fail to capture the defects’ characteristics. This study introduces a new defect-based parameter derived from integrating the critical defect morphologies to improve the fatigue life prediction capability by incorporating it into machine learning algorithms. This approach effectively captures the complex relationship between the defect’s characteristics and fatigue life. The input features, such as defect size, its shape, its location, and surface roughness, were utilized to train the three popular machine learning models, namely, deep neural network, support vector machine, and random forest. The <em>SHapley Additive exPlanations</em> analysis indicates that defect morphology and surface roughness are among the most influential features affecting fatigue life. The results reveal that the integration of the proposed parameter into the machine learning framework enhances the prediction accuracy with an R² score of 0.84 compared to the conventional defect-based machine learning approaches with an R² score of 0.34 and the existing physics-based model with an R² score of 0.32. The proposed model predicted fatigue life that majorly falls within twice the error band. The new framework demonstrates enhanced capability in capturing the scale effect on the fatigue lives compared to the existing physics-informed machine learning models, highlighting its effectiveness and robustness. The proposed model effectively captured the complex relationship between the defect's characteristics and fatigue life. This work contributed toward unlocking a new pathway in the predictive capability of a combined machine learning and defect-based model.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56287,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Mechanical Sciences","volume":"307 ","pages":"Article 110885"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145222826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel simulation framework for compression-after-impact failure in CFRP","authors":"Bin Yang ,&nbsp;Xiaoshan Liu ,&nbsp;Aonan Li ,&nbsp;Jiang Wu ,&nbsp;Minghui Zhang ,&nbsp;Yubo Shao ,&nbsp;Kunkun Fu ,&nbsp;Dongmin Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2025.110888","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2025.110888","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the compression-after-impact (CAI) strength of carbon fibre-reinforced epoxy composite laminates subjected to low-velocity (LVI) and medium-velocity (MVI) impacts. Impact experiments at varying energy levels were conducted to characterise the dynamic response and damage modes. A strain rate-dependent finite element (FE) model was developed by integrating the Puck failure criterion, continuum damage mechanics (CDM), and surface-based cohesive behaviour to simulate intra- and inter-laminar damage. The intralaminar model was implemented via a VUMAT subroutine in Abaqus/Explicit. A Python-based interface was developed to extract and transfer key damage variables, such as matrix cracking and permanent indentation, into the CAI model with corresponding boundary and loading conditions. This novel modelling approach avoids empirical damage equivalence and enables more accurate simulation of progressive intralaminar and delamination damage. Predicted force-displacement curves, energy absorption, and delamination areas showed strong agreement with experimental results. Finally, the effects of varying impact energies on impact response, failure mechanisms, and CAI strength were systematically analysed, providing an efficient and validated numerical framework for assessing the damage tolerance of composite structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56287,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Mechanical Sciences","volume":"307 ","pages":"Article 110888"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145222949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transformer-based prediction of dispersion relation and transmittance in phononic crystals","authors":"Donghyu Lee ,&nbsp;Taehun Kim ,&nbsp;Ju Hwan Han ,&nbsp;Sayhee Kim ,&nbsp;Byeng D. Youn ,&nbsp;Soo-Ho Jo","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2025.110880","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2025.110880","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents PnCFormer, a transformer-based surrogate model tailored for one-dimensional phononic crystals (1D PnCs) with structural variability. The model is designed to accommodate variations in material properties, geometric dimensions, and the number and arrangement of unit cells, including defects. To address the challenge of variable-length inputs (a total number of unit cells), the system employs a padding and masking strategy, complemented by an enhanced feature embedding (EFE) that incorporates both basic given and wave-relevant engineered features. A frequency-aware decoder that utilizes frequency-domain queries (FDQ) facilitates precise prediction of both dispersion relations and transmittance frequency response functions (FRFs). PnCFormer is trained on a substantial analytically generated dataset encompassing 168 PnC configurations. The model demonstrates excellent agreement with ground-truth results, accurately capturing band gaps and defect bands in dispersion relations, and nearly zero and peak values in transmittance FRFs. The framework’s primary contributions are threefold: first, the integration of EFE for physically informed embedding, second, the implementation of FDQ for spectral prediction in parallel, and third, generalizable architecture that is adept at managing various structural arrangements. These innovations enable PnCFormer to perform rapid, high-fidelity spectral analysis across diverse 1D PnC designs. The model’s flexibility and accuracy suggest significant potential for applications in enhanced ultrasonic sensors and actuators for nondestructive evaluation, medical imaging, and prognostics and health management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56287,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Mechanical Sciences","volume":"307 ","pages":"Article 110880"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145222827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Compressive behavior of 3D printed biomechanically inspired helicoidal honeycomb structures","authors":"Peng Guan ,&nbsp;Ning Hao ,&nbsp;Peng Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2025.110883","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2025.110883","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The impact resistance and energy absorption of lightweight structures remain a critical challenge for protective and aerospace applications. Conventional honeycomb designs are often limited by poor deformation stability and localized stress concentrations, which restrict their energy absorption efficiency. To overcome these limitations, this study proposes a novel biomechanically inspired helicoidal honeycomb sandwich structure (HS) that integrates Bouligand architecture with rounded-corner design, fabricated via 3D printing. The mechanical response of HS was systematically investigated by experiments and finite element simulations under varying helicoidal angles (0°–360°) and corner radii (0, 5, and 10 mm). Results reveal that larger helicoidal angles sacrifice strength and stiffness but promote deformation stability and smoother stress–strain plateaus, while rounded corners (<em>R</em> = 10 mm) effectively improve stress distribution and load-bearing capacity. The optimized configuration (<em>θ</em> = 360°, <em>R</em> = 10 mm) achieves a 184 % improvement in specific energy absorption compared to conventional counterparts. Mechanism analysis demonstrates a unique three-phase deformation process—flexible yielding, stable deformation, and multi-point energy absorption—attributed to the synergistic effect of helicoidal geometry and corner optimization. This work offers new design insights for lightweight, impact-resistant sandwich structures with potential applications in aerospace, protective engineering, and related fields.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56287,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Mechanical Sciences","volume":"307 ","pages":"Article 110883"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145222833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"GW imaging enabled adaptive quantitative monitoring of impact damage","authors":"Shilei Wang,&nbsp;Yuanqiang Ren,&nbsp;Lei Qiu,&nbsp;Yihang Cai","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2025.110884","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2025.110884","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Due to the poor resistance to impact, composite aircraft structures are prone to impact damage during service, which may significantly reduce the load-bearing capability and flight safety. The guided wave (GW) based structural health monitoring (SHM) method has proved to be effective and promising in diagnosing impact damage of composite structures, therefore has been widely researched. When considering GW based quantitative monitoring of impact damage, there exists a major concern that the dispersion caused by complex structural form and damage development will severely affect the monitoring accuracy of damage size. Aiming at accurate size estimation of impact damage for complex composite aircraft structures, this paper proposes for the first time an imaging improved adaptive quantitative monitoring method. In this method, a multi-domain feature fusion enhanced quantitative diagnostic model is first established for every sub-region of structure divided by the adopted piezoelectric transducer (PZT) network. Then the PZT network-based GW imaging is performed to locate the sub-region that impact damage occurs, and enable the adaptive selection of the corresponding quantitative diagnostic model, by which the dispersion can be effectively avoided and the damage size can be accurately estimated. Experimental research is conducted on stiffened carbon fiber panel structures of aircraft to analyze real impact damage caused influence on GW signal and verify the proposed method. Through generating impact damages with different positions and sizes on one stiffened structure by impact hammer, quantitative monitoring models corresponding to different sub-regions are established and used to estimate damage size on another stiffened structure. The average error of size estimation of impact damages at different sub-regions is only 1.7 mm, which demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed method and its potential in quantitative damage monitoring of large-scale composite aircraft structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56287,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Mechanical Sciences","volume":"307 ","pages":"Article 110884"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145223309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pressure-resistant metastructures based on sliced-TPMS lattices for waterborne sound insulation","authors":"Caiqiong Liang ,&nbsp;Minggang Wang ,&nbsp;Haibin Yang ,&nbsp;Jie Zhong ,&nbsp;Zhoufu Zheng ,&nbsp;Yang Wang ,&nbsp;Shengsen Xu ,&nbsp;Jihong Wen","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2025.110851","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2025.110851","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Effective sound insulation in water often needs low impedance materials. The inherent conflict between low impedance and high stiffness presents considerable challenges in designing pressure-resistant sound insulation structures for underwater applications. Numerous studies have demonstrated that triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) structures exhibit excellent mechanical properties, making them suitable for designing pressure-resistant structures. However, it remains unclear whether they can be utilized for underwater sound insulation. This work presents a novel design framework of pressure-resistant metastructures based on sliced-TPMS lattices for waterborne sound insulation. Eigenvalue analysis of the effective elastic matrix of typical TPMS structures shows that they do not possess easy deformation modes, which are crucial for achieving low impedance. A slicing design based on Gyroid lattices is introduced to release an easy deformation mode of the metastructure. Additionally, the balance between low impedance and pressure resistance is achieved through anisotropic design involving stretching the unit cell and rotating the material principal direction. A semi-analytical method that integrates the transition matrix method with asymptotic homogenization is developed to calculate the acoustic and mechanical properties of the metastructure efficiently. The results of mechanical and acoustic experiments demonstrates that the optimized anisotropic sliced-TPMS metastructure (with a thickness of 45 mm) can achieve exceptional sound insulation performance in the low-frequency broadband range (an average sound transmission loss of 9.2 dB across 200 Hz to 3000 Hz) under high hydrostatic pressure conditions (3MPa).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56287,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Mechanical Sciences","volume":"307 ","pages":"Article 110851"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145160335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coupled Matryoshka liner for broadband sound absorption under grazing flow","authors":"Ying Li,&nbsp;Xiaoru Qiao,&nbsp;Sheng Wei,&nbsp;Yat Sze Choy","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2025.110863","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2025.110863","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of high-performance acoustic liners for grazing flow environments remains a significant challenge due to acoustic performance degradation caused by aerodynamically induced impedance mismatch from sound–vortex interactions. In this work, we propose a coupled Matryoshka acoustic liner (CMAL) that can maintain broadband sound attenuation with high absorption peaks and dips across static and grazing flow conditions. The CMAL consists of inserted micro-perforated panels (MPPs) and nested cavities. The Matryoshka-type nested cavities create multiple resonances at subwavelength scales, while the interior MPPs enhance mutual coupling among the cavities. This configuration achieves broad absorption bandwidth and high absorption peaks and dips. On this basis, a theoretical model incorporating flow-induced impedance is developed, and a computational fluid dynamics approach is employed to successfully predict the broadband acoustic performance of the proposed CMAL, including high absorption peaks and dips, even at high flow speeds of 30 m/s. Finally. experimental results validated both the theoretical and numerical models, confirming the overall performance of the CMAL. The optimized design effectively maintains or even enhances transmission loss (TL) peaks and troughs under grazing flow. Specifically, the liner achieves an average TL of 18.18 dB across the 200–1700 Hz range at 30 m/s, with only a 3.9 % reduction compared to static conditions. This robust performance demonstrates the CMAL’s exceptional adaptability to grazing flow environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56287,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Mechanical Sciences","volume":"307 ","pages":"Article 110863"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145222944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}