International Journal of Mechanical Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Computationally guided composition optimization of Ni50–xFe25Co25Cux for additive manufacturing","authors":"Asker Jarlöv ,&nbsp;Zhiheng Hu ,&nbsp;Weiming Ji ,&nbsp;Shubo Gao ,&nbsp;Yung Zhen Lek ,&nbsp;Kwang Boon Desmond Lau ,&nbsp;Aditya Ramesh ,&nbsp;Boyuan Li ,&nbsp;Pei Wang ,&nbsp;Mui Ling Sharon Nai ,&nbsp;Kun Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2025.110151","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2025.110151","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Additive manufacturing has emerged as a prominent fabrication technology but is hindered by the limited portfolio of printable alloys. Herein, a combination of molecular dynamics simulations, thermodynamic modeling, and high-throughput experiments is used to address this limitation by screening Ni_50–<em>_x</em>Fe₂₅Co₂₅Cu<em>_x</em> high-entropy alloys for promising candidate materials. The thermodynamic simulations indicate that the printability can be enhanced by increasing the Ni content at the expense of Cu by narrowing the solidification temperature range and suppressing the formation of additional phases, while the atomistic simulations show that the composition is prone to forming Cu-rich atomic-clusters. Based on these insights, crack-free samples were printed using high-throughput laser powder bed fusion. A trend of increasing yield strength with a higher Cu content was observed, which could not be explained by the microstructural features. Instead, atomistic simulations suggest that the trend is due to the formation of Fe–Cu clusters forming at the grain boundary, which increases the resistance to dislocation slip. The findings present valuable design guidelines for developing computational frameworks to design printable alloys, while highlighting the intertwined nature of chemical composition, atomic ordering, and stacking fault energy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56287,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Mechanical Sciences","volume":"293 ","pages":"Article 110151"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143704549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Discrete element modelling of electro-mechanical behaviour in modified cementitious materials","authors":"Zhoufeng Shi,&nbsp;Thang T. Nguyen,&nbsp;Ha H. Bui,&nbsp;Ye Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2025.110152","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2025.110152","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carbon black nanoparticle (CBN) modified cementitious materials have intrinsic self-sensing ability owing to their enhanced electrical properties. The material has been gaining increasing attention for its potential in structural health monitoring; however, its sensing mechanisms rely on macroscopic observations, making it extremely difficult to predict and evaluate electro-mechanical behaviour. This limitation becomes especially significant when the material itself suffers internal damage. To improve the understanding of conductive mechanisms and quantitatively evaluate electrical resistance variations of such materials, this study proposes a novel approach by integrating the tunnelling effect-based mathematical model with the discrete element method (DEM) to simulate the electrical behaviour in CBN-modified cementitious materials. Compared to traditional analytical solutions, the proposed model shows comparable capability to describe the piezoresistivity behaviour in elastic regions. More importantly, in the plastic region where other solutions lose the niche due to crack development, this model is the first to demonstrate a good agreement between simulation and experiment data in terms of resistance changes caused by cracks. These results highlight that the proposed method can effectively capture the evolution of electrical resistance in both elastic and plastic regions, making it suitable for better understanding the mechanism of such materials for stress sensing and damage detection in practice.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56287,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Mechanical Sciences","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 110152"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143684379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dual Hamiltonian transformation and magneto-electro-thermo-viscoelastic contact analysis","authors":"Lizichen Chen ,&nbsp;C.W. Lim ,&nbsp;Weiqiu Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2025.110077","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2025.110077","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The application of high-throughput testing methodologies and the involvement of functionally graded specimens for material characterization show immense potential and plays an indispensable role in the progressive advent of advanced materials. Nevertheless, the inherent material inhomogeneity and multi-field coupling pose great obstacles in the fundamental theory and analysis for the behavior of functionally graded specimens, thus necessitating the proposal of new and innovative analytical approaches. Here, the contact model and analysis of a finite-sized magneto-electro-thermo-viscoelastic plane with a horizontal exponential material gradient is established based on a new symplectic approach. With prior linearization via Laplace transform, the state equations are constructed in the matrix form, resulting in the dual Hamiltonian transformation under homogeneous displacement constraint. The dual adjoint symplectic orthogonality is introduced and proved, elucidating the implications of symmetry breaking. General and particular solutions are derived to constitute the complete solution in the symplectic expansion. The analytical solution is verified by comparing with highly precise finite element solutions in the entire domain. This current work not only paves the way for an efficient and robust analytical framework via the symplectic methodology, but also sets a foundation with benchmark exact solutions for future research endeavors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56287,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Mechanical Sciences","volume":"290 ","pages":"Article 110077"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143628134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermodynamically consistent phase-field modeling of elastocaloric effect: Indirect vs direct method","authors":"Wei Tang ,&nbsp;Qihua Gong ,&nbsp;Min Yi ,&nbsp;Bai-Xiang Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2025.110134","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2025.110134","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Modeling elastocaloric effect (eCE) is crucial for the design of environmentally friendly and energy-efficient eCE based solid-state cooling devices. Here, a thermodynamically consistent non-isothermal phase-field model (PFM) coupling martensitic transformation with mechanics and heat transfer is developed and applied for simulating eCE. The model is derived from a thermodynamic framework which invokes the microforce theory and Coleman–Noll procedure. To avoid the numerical issue related to the non-differentiable energy barrier function across the transition point, the austenite–martensite transition energy barrier in PFM is constructed as a smooth function of temperature. Both the indirect method using isothermal PFM with Maxwell relations and the direct method using non-isothermal PFM are applied to calculate the elastocaloric properties. The former is capable of calculating both isothermal entropy change and adiabatic temperature change (<span><math><mrow><mi>Δ</mi><msub><mrow><mi>T</mi></mrow><mrow><mtext>ad</mtext></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span>), but induces high computation cost. The latter is computationally efficient, but only yields <span><math><mrow><mi>Δ</mi><msub><mrow><mi>T</mi></mrow><mrow><mtext>ad</mtext></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span>. In a model Mn–22Cu alloy, the maximum <span><math><mrow><mi>Δ</mi><msub><mrow><mi>T</mi></mrow><mrow><mtext>ad</mtext></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span> (<span><math><mrow><mi>Δ</mi><msubsup><mrow><mi>T</mi></mrow><mrow><mtext>ad</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>max</mtext></mrow></msubsup></mrow></math></span>) under a compressive stress of 100 MPa is calculated as 9.5 and 8.5 K in single crystal (3.5 and 3.8 K in polycrystal) from the indirect and direct method, respectively. It is found that the discrepancy of <span><math><mrow><mi>Δ</mi><msubsup><mrow><mi>T</mi></mrow><mrow><mtext>ad</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>max</mtext></mrow></msubsup></mrow></math></span> by indirect and direct method is within 10% at stress less than 150 MPa, confirming the feasibility of both methods in evaluating eCE at low stress. However, at higher stress, <span><math><mrow><mi>Δ</mi><msubsup><mrow><mi>T</mi></mrow><mrow><mtext>ad</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>max</mtext></mrow></msubsup></mrow></math></span> obtained from the indirect method is notably larger than that from the direct one. This is mainly attributed to that in the non-isothermal PFM simulations, the relatively large temperature increase at high stress could in turn hamper the austenite–martensite transition and thus finally yield a lower <span><math><mrow><mi>Δ</mi><msub><mrow><mi>T</mi></mrow><mrow><mtext>ad</mtext></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span>. The results demonstrate the developed PFM herein, combined with both indirect and direct method for eCE calculations, as a practicable toolkit for the computational design of elastocaloric devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56287,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Mechanical Sciences","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 110134"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143636619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Semi-analytical framework for nonlinear vibration analysis of hard-magnetic soft beams","authors":"Zheng Chen,&nbsp;Hui Ren,&nbsp;Ping Zhou,&nbsp;Wei Fan","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2025.110149","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2025.110149","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hard-magnetic soft beams (HMSB) have emerged as foundational components for magnetic soft continuum robots, where resonant responses under periodic magnetic excitations govern bio-inspired locomotion modes such as crawling and swimming. However, the inherently strong geometric nonlinearities induced by large deformations lead to complex dynamic phenomena—including bifurcations, amplitude jumps, and multiple solutions—that challenge conventional transient dynamics frameworks. To address this, we propose a semi-analytical nonlinear dynamic framework of HMSB integrating three key advancements: (1) A geometrically exact kinematic model based on angular coordinates to capture large deformations; (2) An incremental harmonic balance (IHB) method enhanced by arc-length continuation for efficiently tracing stable/unstable periodic branches; (3) Parametric analysis of magnetic field amplitude, particle volume fractions, and nonuniform magnetization patterns. The framework is validated through numerical method and experimental data, first revealing the nonlinear dynamic characteristics of HMSB in both the primary and secondary resonance regions. In the primary resonance region, amplitude-frequency curves exhibit hardening behavior modulated by particle volume fraction <em>φ</em>, with a 40 % amplitude enhancement (compared to uniform <em>φ</em> = 20 %) and a 65 % reduction (compared to uniform <em>φ</em> = 40 %) in amplitude achieved via nonuniform magnetization pattern design. In the secondary resonance region, small amplitude and high-frequency oscillations are dominated by large damping, reducing nonlinear effects. This framework bridges the gap between nonlinear dynamics theory and magnetoactive soft robotic design, offering predictive tools for tailoring resonance-driven locomotion in soft robots.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56287,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Mechanical Sciences","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 110149"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143684366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shock compression and spallation of polyamides 6 and 66","authors":"R.C. Pan ,&nbsp;B.X. Bie ,&nbsp;Y. Cai ,&nbsp;N.B. Zhang ,&nbsp;L.Z. Chen ,&nbsp;Y.X. Zhao ,&nbsp;K. Li ,&nbsp;H.W. Chai ,&nbsp;L. Lu ,&nbsp;S.N. Luo","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2025.110127","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2025.110127","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Polyamide 6 (PA6) and polyamide 66 (PA66) are widely used engineering polymers for high-speed applications, and yet their behaviors under extreme impact loading remain unclear. We systematically investigate their dynamic responses through plate impact experiments, and measure their Hugoniot equations of state (shock adiabats) and free-surface velocity histories up to peak shock stress of <span><math><mo>∼</mo></math></span>1.6 GPa. The postmortem samples are characterized with synchrotron X-ray computed tomography. Quadratic and linear shock velocity–particle velocity relations are obtained for PA6 and PA66, respectively. Spall strength remains nearly constant for both PA6 and PA66 (approximately 0.18 GPa and 0.23 GPa, respectively) up to peak shock stress of 1.1 GPa. PA6 and PA66 demonstrate ductile and brittle fracture characteristics under high strain rate tension, respectively. The influences of chain conformations and hydrogen bond density on the dynamic mechanical properties and underlying damage mechanisms are elucidated. These differences in dynamic responses of PA6 and PA66 can be attributed to rearrangement and breakage of polymer chains, significantly influenced by varying hydrogen bond frequencies. This study contributes to understanding the connections between hydrogen bond density, chain conformation, and bulk mechanical properties in polyamides, and can be useful for advancing their applications in protective and structural materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56287,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Mechanical Sciences","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 110127"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143636620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interfacial performance of slab track with gradient polymer-modified self-compacting concrete","authors":"Yanrong Zhang,&nbsp;Haonan Zhang,&nbsp;Liang Gao,&nbsp;Kai Wu,&nbsp;Yi Ding,&nbsp;Lei Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2025.110145","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2025.110145","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Excellent bonding and a moderate elastic modulus of self-compacting concrete (SCC) are crucial for reducing the interfacial damage of slab track and meanwhile avoiding a sharp decrease in elastic modulus. In this study, a gradient distribution of polymer in SCC was introduced to slab tracks for the first time, ensuring a significant enhancement of interfacial performance. An interface damage model of slab track was established to investigate the influences of mechanical parameters of gradient polymer-modified SCC and interfacial cohesive parameters on the interfacial displacement, stress and damage initiation. It is expected to improve the interfacial performance of slab tracks and bring new insights into the development of long-service-life slab tracks. Results indicated that the gradient elastic modulus effectively coordinated interface deformation and reduced the interfacial displacement and stress, minimizing the initiation of interfacial damage. The gradient Poisson's ratio had little influence on the interfacial damage. Moreover, the local accumulation of polymer on the surface of SCC significantly reduced both the interfacial normal and tangential stiffness, thereby lowering the interfacial stress. Additionally, the accumulation of polymers (≤ 20 %) enhanced the tangential cohesive strength of the interface between SCC and track slab. These effects led to a noticeable reduction in the damage initiation factor of the interface in the slab track.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56287,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Mechanical Sciences","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 110145"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143684396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wave and vibration attenuation in graded elastic metamaterial beams with local resonators","authors":"C.B.F. Gomes ,&nbsp;M.C.P. dos Santos ,&nbsp;B.C.C. Araújo ,&nbsp;F.N. Pereira ,&nbsp;E.D. Nobrega ,&nbsp;J.M.C. Dos Santos ,&nbsp;E.J.P. Miranda Jr. ,&nbsp;A. Sinatora","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2025.110125","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2025.110125","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigated the bending band gaps in an Euler–Bernoulli metamaterial beam with attached mass–spring resonators. The position and mass of the resonators were considered following three different configurations, given by the arithmetic, geometric, and quadratic progressions. With the extended plane wave expansion (EPWE), wave finite element (WFE), and wave spectral element (WSE) methods, complex dispersion diagrams were obtained, where the band gaps due to Bragg scattering and local resonance were analyzed. From the study of vibration via forced response, the results are confirmed also for finite structures. A coupling between locally resonant and first Bragg-type band gaps (<span><math><mrow><mo>∼</mo><mn>461</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>Hz</mi></mrow></math></span>) was observed considering a set of <span><math><mrow><mi>N</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>10</mn></mrow></math></span> resonators, increasing the wave attenuation region. The wave propagation and forced response simulations showed that the grading of the resonators’ positions can modulate the coupling between local resonance and Bragg band gaps, demonstrating the potential to enhance attenuation by leveraging the natural vibration frequency of graded resonators. The influence of the resonator mass was studied through parametric diagrams, where the change of the smallest part of the imaginary component of Bloch wave vector with the increase of the ratio between the mass of the resonators and the unit cell of the bare beam was observed. The dispersion diagrams and forced responses indicated that the best dynamic performance in terms of wave and vibration attenuation was obtained for simultaneous geometric progression in the resonator’s positions and arithmetic progression in the resonator’s mass, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56287,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Mechanical Sciences","volume":"293 ","pages":"Article 110125"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143687019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In-plane dynamic crushing and energy absorption of three-dimensional graphene","authors":"Xin-Liang Li ,&nbsp;Jian-Gang Guo ,&nbsp;Zhi-Na Zhao ,&nbsp;Li-Jun Zhou ,&nbsp;Xin-Ran Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2025.110146","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2025.110146","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Combining molecular dynamics simulations and theoretical modeling, impact dynamic behaviors of honeycomb three-dimensional (3D), triangle-like 3D and non-equilateral hexagon 3D graphene were investigated to elucidate the dependence of deformation modes, plateau stress, peak stress and energy absorption capacity of three kinds of 3D graphene on impact velocity and graphene sidewall width. The expressions of plateau stress and critical velocity between different deformation modes were given to analyze impact response. The results show that there are four deformation modes which are affected by impact velocity and sidewall width. During impact process, the stress-strain curve and energy absorption curve of 3D graphene can be divided into two stages, namely the stress plateau stage and van der Waals (vdW) hardening stage. The dynamic plateau stress at stress plateau stage increases with increasing impact velocity, and decreases with increasing sidewall width. The energy absorption at the stress plateau stage increases linearly with the increase of strain, and increases sharply at the vdW hardening stage. In addition, it is found that the peak stress is significantly affected by the impact velocity. The maximum energy absorption per unit volume at the end of impact increases with increasing impact velocity, and decreases with increasing sidewall width.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56287,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Mechanical Sciences","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 110146"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143715171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of leakage flow on sediment erosion in guide vane region","authors":"Zilong Zhao ,&nbsp;Zhongdong Qian ,&nbsp;Ole Gunnar Dahlhaug ,&nbsp;Zhiwei Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2025.110122","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2025.110122","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The erosion of hydraulic turbine components in sediment-laden flows poses considerable operational and maintenance challenges in hydroelectric power generation. The current work is aimed at investigating the sediment erosion of a guide vane (GV), a head cover, and a shaft located within the GV region of a Francis turbine, particularly focusing on the effects of leakage flow. An Euler–Lagrange numerical method is used to predict erosion. Specifically, erosion-induced deformation is also considered by using a dynamic mesh. The distribution and intensity of erosion in the GV region, along with the erosion mechanisms associated with leakage flow, are thoroughly examined. Additionally, the impact of erosion-induced deformation on the flow pattern and erosion itself is analyzed. The results indicate that the head cover, as well as the leading edge of the GV and the shaft, sustains considerable erosive damage. Notably, erosion of the head cover is particularly severe and is exacerbated by increases in the mass flow rate or particle size. The leakage vortex, formed by the interaction of the leakage flow with the main flow in the GV region, is responsible for the severe erosion observed on the head cover. This leakage vortex attracts particles, which repeatedly impact the head cover at high speeds. Furthermore, these particle impacts lead to localized erosion-induced deformation, resulting in pit formation. The presence of the pit alters the flow characteristics near the wall region, causing more particles to collide with the pit and ultimately accelerating the erosion process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56287,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Mechanical Sciences","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 110122"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143619986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}