Korean Journal of Pain最新文献

{"title":"Efficacy and safety of low-dose naltrexone for the management of fibromyalgia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials with trial sequential analysis.","authors":"Akhil Deepak Vatvani, Pratik Patel, Timotius Ivan Hariyanto, Theo Audi Yanto","doi":"10.3344/kjp.24202","DOIUrl":"10.3344/kjp.24202","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Fibromyalgia is characterized by the presence of chronic widespread pain that may impair patient's quality of life. Currently, the use of naltrexone as a therapeutic agent for fibromyalgia is not supported by enough evidence, especially from randomized controlled trials (RCTs). This study aims to analyze the efficacy and safety of low-dose naltrexone (LDN) for the management of fibromyalgia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A comprehensive search was conducted on the Scopus, Medline, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Cochrane Library databases up until May 20th, 2024. This review incorporates RCTs that examine the comparison between LDN and placebo in fibromyalgia patients. We employed random-effect models to analyze the odds ratio and mean difference (MD) for presentation of the outcomes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 4 RCTs with 222 fibromyalgia patients were incorporated. The results of our meta-analysis showed a significant reduction in pain scores (MD: -0.86, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -1.20, -0.51, <i>P</i> < 0.001, <i>I</i>² = 33%) and higher increment in pressure pain threshold (MD: 0.17, 95% CI: 0.08, 0.25, <i>P</i> < 0.001, <i>I</i>² = 0%) among fibromyalgia patients who received LDN than those who only received a placebo. The fibromyalgia impact questionnaire revised and pain catastrophizing scale did not differ significantly between the two groups. LDN was also associated with higher incidence of vivid dreams and nausea, but showed no significant difference with the placebo in terms of serious adverse events, headache, diarrhea, and dizziness.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study suggests the efficacy of LDN in mitigating pain symptoms for fibromyalgia patients with a relatively good safety profile.</p>","PeriodicalId":56252,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Pain","volume":"37 4","pages":"367-378"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11450306/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142333275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of general anesthesia type on chronic postsurgical pain following video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery for lung cancer: a retrospective propensity-matched cohort study.","authors":"Soo-Hyuk Yoon, Seungeun Choi, Susie Yoon, Kwon Joong Na, Jaehyon Bahk, Ho-Jin Lee","doi":"10.3344/kjp.24173","DOIUrl":"10.3344/kjp.24173","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Anesthetic agents are potential modifiable factors that can mitigate chronic postsurgical pain (CPSP) development. This study aimed to investigate the association between propofol-based total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) and the occurrence of CPSP following video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) for lung cancer resection.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This single-center retrospective cohort study included adult patients with lung cancer who underwent elective VATS between January 2018 and December 2022. Patients were divided based on the maintenance anesthetic used (propofol vs. sevoflurane). The primary outcome was the presence of CPSP, defined as any level of surgical site pain recorded within 3-6 months postoperatively. The authors investigated the association between anesthetic agents and CPSP using propensity score matching with stabilized inverse probability of treatment weighting (sIPTW) to adjust for confounders. Additionally, multivariable logistic regression was used to further adjust for intraoperative opioid use that sIPTW could not account for. The robustness of these associations was evaluated using the E-value.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 833 patients analyzed, 461 received propofol and 372 sevoflurane. The overall incidence of CPSP was 43.3%. After sIPTW, the use of TIVA was significantly associated with a lower incidence of CPSP (odds ratio [OR]: 0.75, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.57-0.99, <i>P</i> = 0.041), and remained significant after adjusting for intraoperative remifentanil equivalent dose (OR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.55-0.96, <i>P</i> = 0.026). The E-values were 1.08 and 1.17, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Propofol-based TIVA is associated with reduced CPSP occurrence in VATS for lung cancer. Further prospective studies are needed to confirm the results.</p>","PeriodicalId":56252,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Pain","volume":"37 4","pages":"354-366"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11450307/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142333276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neutraceuticals may supplement pharmaceutical treatment of neuropathic pain.","authors":"Woong Mo Kim","doi":"10.3344/kjp.24298","DOIUrl":"10.3344/kjp.24298","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":56252,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Pain","volume":"37 4","pages":"285-287"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11450305/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142333279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Targeting nerve growth factor for pain relief: pros and cons.","authors":"Sahar Jaffal, Raida Khalil","doi":"10.3344/kjp.24235","DOIUrl":"10.3344/kjp.24235","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a neurotrophic protein that has crucial roles in survival, growth and differentiation. It is expressed in neuronal and non-neuronal tissues. NGF exerts its effects via two types of receptors including the high affinity receptor, tropomyosin receptor kinase A and the low affinity receptor p75 neurotrophin receptor highlighting the complex signaling pathways that underlie the roles of NGF. In pain perception and transmission, multiple studies shed light on the effects of NGF on different types of pain including inflammatory, neuropathic, cancer and visceral pain. Also, the binding of NGF to its receptors increases the availability of many nociceptive receptors such as transient receptor potential vanilloid 1, transient receptor potential ankyrin 1, N-methyl-D-aspartic acid, and P2X purinoceptor 3 as well as nociceptive transmitters such as substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide. The role of NGF in pain has been documented in pre-clinical and clinical studies. This review aims to shed light on the role of NGF and its signaling in different types of pain.</p>","PeriodicalId":56252,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Pain","volume":"37 4","pages":"288-298"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11450303/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142333280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of ultrasound-guided intercostal nerve block for acute herpes zoster and its' possible prophylaxis for postherpetic neuralgia: a retrospective and case-controlled trial.","authors":"Xiuhua Li, Rong Yuan, Yanwei Yang, Zhenlong Qin, Runqiao Fu","doi":"10.3344/kjp.24111","DOIUrl":"10.3344/kjp.24111","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study aimed to compare the intercostal nerve block (ICNB) and thoracic paravertebral block (TPVB) for acute herpes zoster-associated pain (ZAP) and possible prophylaxis for post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study enrolled 128 patients with ZAP. Their records were stratified into standard antiviral treatment (AVT) plus US-guided TPVB (the TPVB group), AVT plus US-guided ICNB (the ICNB group) or AVT alone (the control group). Herpes zoster (HZ)-related burden of illness (HZ-BOI) within the post-procedural 30 days was defined as the primary endpoint, determined by a composite of pain severity and follow-up duration. Procedure time, rescue analgesic requirement, PHN incidence, health-related quality of life and side effects were also recorded.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Significantly lower HZ-BOI-AUC₃₀ was reported in the TPVB and ICNB groups as compared to the control group, with a mean difference of 57.5 (<i>P</i> < 0.001) and 40.3 (<i>P</i> = 0.003), respectively. However, there was no difference between the TPVB and ICNB groups (<i>P</i> = 0.978). Both TPVB and ICNB reported significantly greater improvements in PHN incidence, EQ-5D-3L scores and rescue analgesic requirements during follow-up, as opposed to the control AVT. Shorter procedure time was observed in ICNB as compared to TPVB (16.47 ± 3.39 vs. 11.69 ± 2.58, <i>P</i> < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Both US-guided TPVBs and ICNBs were effective for ZAP, and accounted for possible prophylaxis for PHN, as compared to AVT alone. The ICNB approach could be recommended as an alternative to conventional TPVB with a better consumed procedure time and side effect profile.a.</p>","PeriodicalId":56252,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Pain","volume":"37 4","pages":"343-353"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11450304/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142333273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Down-regulation of microRNA-382-5p reduces neuropathic pain by targeting regulation of dual specificity phosphatase-1.","authors":"Anjie Xu, Huili Shen, Shasha Mei, Zhongwei Wang, Qiuyi Xie, Huaqing Cui, Yunchao Chu, Baihe Feng","doi":"10.3344/kjp.24196","DOIUrl":"10.3344/kjp.24196","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>MicroRNA (miRNA) plays a crucial role in neuropathic pain (NP) by targeting mRNAs. This study aims to analyze the regulatory function and mechanism of miR-382-5p/dual specificity phosphatase-1 (DUSP1) axis in NP.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We utilized rats with chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve as the NP model. The levels of miR-382-5p and DUSP1 were reduced by intrathecal injection of lentiviral interference vectors targeting miR-382-5p and DUSP1. The mRNA levels of miR-382-5p and DUSP1 in the dorsal root ganglions (DRGs) were measured by RT-qPCR assay. The pain behavior was evaluated by mechanical nociceptive sensitivity and thermal nociceptive sensitivity. The expression levels of interleukin-6 (IL)-6, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α in the DRGs were analyzed by ELISA assay. The targeting relationship between miR-382-5p and DUSP1 was verified by DLR assay and RIP assay.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Compared to the Sham group, the CCI rats exhibited higher levels of miR-382-5p and lower levels of DUSP1. Overexpression of miR-382-5p significantly decreased DUSP1 levels. Reducing miR-382-5p levels can lower the mechanical nociceptive sensitivity and thermal nociceptive sensitivity of CCI rats and inhibit the over-activation of pro-inflammatory factors. Reduced miR-382-5p levels decreased NP in CCI rats. DUSP1 is the target of miR-382-5p, and down-regulation of DUSP1 reverses the inhibitory effect of reduced miR-382-5p levels on NP.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Down-regulation of miR-382-5p inhibits the over-activation of pro-inflammatory factors by targeting and regulating the expression of DUPS1, thereby alleviating NP.</p>","PeriodicalId":56252,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Pain","volume":"37 4","pages":"320-331"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11450301/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142333274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Methylcobalamin as a candidate for chronic peripheral neuropathic pain therapy: review of molecular pharmacology actiona.","authors":"Amilia Ramadhani, Indwiani Astuti, Maria Goreti Widiastuti, Nunuk Purwanti","doi":"10.3344/kjp.24171","DOIUrl":"10.3344/kjp.24171","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chronic peripheral neuropathic pain therapy currently focuses on modulating neuroinflammatory conditions. Methylcobalamin (MeCbl), a neuroregenerative agent, modulates neuroinflammation. This review aimed to explore the molecular pharmacology action of MeCbl as a chronic peripheral neuropathic pain therapeutic agent. MeCbl plays a role in various cellular processes and may have therapeutic potential in neurodegenerative diseases. Intracellular MeCbl modulates inflammation by regulating the activity of T lymphocytes and natural killer cells as well as secretion of inflammatory cytokines, namely, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, interleukin-1β, epidermal growth factor, and neuronal growth factor. MeCbl can reduce pain symptoms in chronic neuropathic pain conditions by decreasing excitation and hyperpolarization-induced ion channel activity in medium-sized dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and the expression of transient receptor potential ankyrin 1, transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 8, phosphorylated p38MAPK, transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V members 1 and 4 in the DRG, and the voltage-gated sodium channel in axons.</p>","PeriodicalId":56252,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Pain","volume":"37 4","pages":"299-309"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11450300/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142333278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low level laser therapy alleviates mechanical allodynia in a postoperative and neuropathic pain model and alters the levels of inflammatory factors in rats.","authors":"Xuehao Han, Kyeong-Cheol Jang, Woong Mo Kim, Hyung Gon Lee","doi":"10.3344/kjp.24144","DOIUrl":"10.3344/kjp.24144","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study aimed to investigate the analgesic and preventive effect of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on the incisional pain model and spinal nerve ligation (SNL) model in rats and identify the possible mechanisms of action.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Male Sprague-Dawley rats were used, divided into different treatment groups. The single application group received LLLT before or after skin incision or SNL. The consecutive application group received LLLT for six consecutive days post-incision, three days pre-incision, or three consecutive days pre-SNL. The control group underwent skin incision or SNL without LLLT. The von Frey test was used to quantify the pain associated with mechanical allodynia. Pro-inflammatory cytokine level and alterations in nerve growth factor (NGF) expression were measured by using ELISA and immunohistochemistry, respectively in the skin, muscle of the paw, and spinal cord dorsal horn (SCDH).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the incisional pain model, LLLT showed significant analgesic and preventive effect. LLLT ameliorated SNL-induced mechanical allodynia but LLLT had no preventive effect. LLLT decreased interleukin-1β (IL-1β) expression levels in the skin, muscle, and SCDH and reduced the optical density of skin and spinal cord NGF in the incisional pain model.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>LLLT alleviated incisional pain and neuropathic pain caused by SNL in rats, and reduced the levels of IL-1β and NGF in the peripheral tissue and SCDH in the incisional pain model. LLLT might be effective in patients with post-operative pain and peripheral neuropathic pain.</p>","PeriodicalId":56252,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Pain","volume":"37 4","pages":"310-319"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11450298/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142333277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of antinociceptive property of <i>Cynara scolymus</i> L. and possible mechanism of action in the formalin and writhing models of nociception in mice.","authors":"Pegah Yaghooti, Samad Alimoahmmadi","doi":"10.3344/kjp.23355","DOIUrl":"10.3344/kjp.23355","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong><i>Cynara scolymus</i> has bioactive constituents and has been used for therapeutic actions. The present study was undertaken to investigate the mechanisms underlying pain-relieving effects of the hydroethanolic extract of C. scolymus (HECS).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The antinociceptive activity of HECS was assessed through formalin and acetic acid-induced writhing tests at doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg intraperitoneally. Additionally, naloxone (non-selective opioid receptors antagonist, 2 mg/kg), atropine (non-selective muscarinic receptors antagonist, 1 mg/kg), chlorpheniramine (histamine HH₁-receptor antagonist, 20 mg/kg), cimetidine (histamine H₂-receptor antagonist, 12.5 mg/kg), flumazenil (GABA_A/BDZ receptor antagonist, 5 mg/kg) and cyproheptadine (serotonin receptor antagonist, 4 mg/kg) were used to determine the systis implicated in HECS-induced analgesia. Impact of HECS on locomotor activity was executed by open-field test. Determination of total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) was done. Evaluation of antioxidant activity was conducted iploying 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>HECS (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) significantly indicated dose dependent antinociceptive activity against pain-related behavior induced by formalin and acetic acid (<i>P</i> < 0.001). Pretreatment with naloxone, atropine and flumazenil significantly reversed HECS-induced analgesia. Antinociceptive effect of HECS riained unaffected by chlorpheniramine, cimetidine and cyproheptadine. Locomotor activity was not affected by HECS. TPC and TFC of HECS were 59.49 ± 5.57 mgGAE/g dry extract and 93.39 ± 17.16 mgRE/g dry extract, respectively. DPPH free radical scavenging activity (IC₅₀) of HECS was 161.32 ± 0.03 μg/mL.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>HECS possesses antinociceptive activity which is mediated via opioidergic, cholinergic and GABAergic pathways.</p>","PeriodicalId":56252,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Pain","volume":" ","pages":"218-232"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11220375/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141332608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Current practices of cervical epidural block for cervical radicular pain: a multicenter survey conducted by the Korean Pain Society.","authors":"Chan-Sik Kim, Hyun-Jung Kwon, Sugeun Nam, Heeyoon Jang, Yeon-Dong Kim, Seong-Soo Choi","doi":"10.3344/kjp.24087","DOIUrl":"10.3344/kjp.24087","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cervical epidural block (CEB) is an effective intervention for managing cervical radicular pain. This study aimed to investigate the current status of performing CEB in South Korea.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Pain physicians affiliated with the Korean Pain Society were asked to complete anonymous questionnaires regarding CEB between September and October 2022. The questionnaire consisted of 24 questions assessing the current status and methods of CEB in detail.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 198 surveys collected, 171 physicians (86.4%) reported performing CEB. Among those, the majority (94.7%) used fluoroscopy during the procedure. The paramedian interlaminar (IL) approach was the most preferred method (50.3%). Respondents performing fluoroscopic-guided IL CEB were categorized into two groups based on clinical experience: those with ≤10 years of experience (≤10-year group, n = 91) and those with >10 years of experience (>10-year group, n = 71). The proportion of physicians obtaining informed consent in the ≤10-year group and >10-year group was 50.5% and 56.3%, respectively. When entering the epidural space during IL CEB, the contralateral oblique view was the second most frequently used in both groups (≤10-year group, 42.9%; >10-year group, 29.6%). In targeting the upper cervical lesions (C3-4), the proportion of respondents who used an IL space higher than C6-7 was 17.6% in the ≤10-year group and 29.5% in the >10-year experience group.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study demonstrated variability in the CEB technique used by pain physicians in South Korea. The findings highlight the need for education on informed consent and techniques to enhance safety.</p>","PeriodicalId":56252,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Pain","volume":"37 3","pages":"256-263"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11220376/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141473056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}