Brain & Development最新文献

{"title":"Electroclinical biomarkers predicting EEG normalization and polytherapy needs in self-limited epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes","authors":"Eun Song Song ,&nbsp;Sanghoon Lee ,&nbsp;Young Ok Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.braindev.2025.104449","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.braindev.2025.104449","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Self-limited epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (SeLECTS) is a well-known self-limited focal epilepsy in children. While centrotemporal discharges remit with age, the timing and biomarkers predicting EEG normalization and polytherapy needs are not well established.</div></div><div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>This study aimed to identify the timing of EEG remission and electroclinical biomarkers influencing remission and polytherapy needs in SeLECTS.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We retrospectively reviewed 153 of 401 patients (&lt;18 years) with SeLECTS whose sleep EEGs normalized (2010–2025, Chonnam National University Hospital).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The median age at sleep EEG normalization was 11.4 years (IQR, 10.1–13.2), with a median interval of 45.9 months (IQR, 27.0–66.8). Seizure-onset age correlated positively with EEG normalization age (<em>R</em> = 0.457) and negatively with the interval to normalization (<em>R</em> = −0.508; <em>P</em> &lt; 0.001). EEG normalized younger in patients with unilateral (10.9 vs. 12.0 years, <em>P</em> = 0.002) or right-dominant discharges (11.2 vs. 13.0 years, <em>P</em> = 0.023). The EEG normalization interval increased with a longer gap between the first and second seizures (<em>R</em> = 0.279; <em>P</em> = 0.001). It was shorter in unilateral discharges (28.1 vs. 53.9 months; <em>P</em> &lt; 0.001), and longer in the polytherapy group (57.3 vs. 43.5 months; <em>P</em> = 0.006). Polytherapy was more frequent in early childhood (50.5 % vs. 21.0 %; <em>P</em> = 0.005), and in patients with Todd's paralysis (71.4 % vs. 26.0 %; <em>P</em> = 0.019), daytime seizures (64.7 % vs. 23.5 %; <em>P</em> &lt; 0.001), or attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; 66.7 % vs. 25.7 %; <em>P</em> = 0.015).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>EEG remission is associated with seizure-onset age and dipole findings, whereas the need for polytherapy is influenced more by atypical clinical than electrical biomarkers.</div><div>Keywords: Child; epilepsy, rolandic; electroencephalography; biomarkers; anticonvulsants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56137,"journal":{"name":"Brain & Development","volume":"47 5","pages":"Article 104449"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145157450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of intraventricular hemorrhage on brainstem auditory function in preterm babies","authors":"Ze Dong Jiang ,&nbsp;Jin Wang ,&nbsp;Cui Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.braindev.2025.104455","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.braindev.2025.104455","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Whether intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) in preterm babies affects the brainstem auditory pathway is undetermined. This study investigated the functional status of the pathway in preterm babies with IVH to assess the effect of IVH on the pathway.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER) was studied at term equivalent age in 83 preterm babies with or without IVH and 35 normal term controls, and between different groups of babies to detect any abnormality in preterm IVH babies.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Compared to the normal term group, the preterm IVH group manifested an elevated BAER threshold (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.01). The IVH group also manifested moderate prolongation in BAER wave latencies and significant reduction in waves III and V amplitudes (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05, and 0.05). Compared to the age-matched non-IVH group, the IVH group manifested a moderately higher BAER threshold and relatively shorter wave V latency. However, the I-V interval in the IVH group was significantly shorter than in the non-IVH group (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05). The amplitudes of BAER waves in the IVH group were smaller than in the non-IVH group, and the differences were significant for wave III amplitude (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This first specific BAER study in IVH revealed that preterm babies with IVH are associated with moderately elevated hearing threshold and shortened brainstem auditory conduction. Brainstem auditory function in preterm babies is affected by IVH.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56137,"journal":{"name":"Brain & Development","volume":"47 5","pages":"Article 104455"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145157448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Muscle and thyroid manifestations in TANGO2 deficiency disorder: a case study of novel biallelic variants","authors":"Ryo Sugiyama ,&nbsp;Yuko Shimizu-Motohashi ,&nbsp;Yuka Sakata ,&nbsp;Taku Omata ,&nbsp;Jun-ichi Takanashi ,&nbsp;Shogo Furukawa ,&nbsp;Mitsuko Nakashima ,&nbsp;Hirotomo Saitsu ,&nbsp;Noriko Sato ,&nbsp;Hirofumi Komaki","doi":"10.1016/j.braindev.2025.104442","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.braindev.2025.104442","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>TANGO2 deficiency disorder (TDD) is a rare autosomal recessive disease that causes recurrent metabolic crises characterized by encephalopathy, rhabdomyolysis, fatal arrhythmia, and hypothyroidism, among others. However, the clinical course of muscle magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and thyroid function in TDD have not been well described.</div></div><div><h3>Case presentation</h3><div>The patient was a 3-year-old boy with no relevant medical history. After showing episodic ataxia, he developed metabolic crises twice and was eventually diagnosed with TDD with a novel variant. During the clinical course, MRI showed migratory signal changes in the lower limb muscles, primarily affecting the gastrocnemius, soleus, biceps femoris, and vastus medialis during the two episodes of rhabdomyolysis. Furthermore, the patient experienced a thyroid function abnormality with a primary hypothyroidism pattern that resolved spontaneously.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The case findings provide novel clinical insights into muscle MRI findings and thyroid function abnormalities in TDD and can help in early diagnosis and management of TDD.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56137,"journal":{"name":"Brain & Development","volume":"47 5","pages":"Article 104442"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145157387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Glutamate in cerebrospinal fluid as a diagnostic marker for acute encephalopathy in childhood","authors":"Kenta Kajiwara ,&nbsp;Daiki Setoyama ,&nbsp;Kanako Higashi ,&nbsp;Tomoko Nomiyama ,&nbsp;Yuko Ichimiya ,&nbsp;Daichi Kumamoto ,&nbsp;Satoshi Akamine ,&nbsp;Yuri Sonoda ,&nbsp;Pin Fee Chong ,&nbsp;Ryuichi Takemoto ,&nbsp;Wakato Matsuoka ,&nbsp;Soichi Mizuguchi ,&nbsp;Noriyuki Kaku ,&nbsp;Takahiro A. Kato ,&nbsp;Tomohiko Akahoshi ,&nbsp;Yuya Kunisaki ,&nbsp;Yasunari Sakai ,&nbsp;Shouichi Ohga","doi":"10.1016/j.braindev.2025.104448","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.braindev.2025.104448","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Backgrounds</h3><div>Acute encephalopathy with biphasic seizures and late reduced diffusion (AESD) is the most frequent form of acute encephalopathy in early childhood in Japan. Magnetic resonance imaging provides useful hallmarks of diagnosing AESD. However, metabolomic profiles for AESD remain elusive. This study investigates whether measurement of amino acids in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is useful for the diagnosis of AESD before onset.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>In the first study, CSF samples were collected from patients (11 AESD and 17 controls) admitted to Kyushu University Hospital during 2011–2016. Amino acids in the CSF were analyzed using mass spectrometry. Cytometric bead arrays were used to measure cytokine and chemokine levels in the CSF. The second study was performed by recruiting patients (8 AESD patients and 10 controls) admitted during 2011–2024. CSF samples were stored at −20 °C for 1 month to 12 years.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In the first study, glutamate levels in the CSF from AESD patients were higher than in controls and correlated with methionine, threonine, and tyrosine levels. A correlation map of cytokines and amino acids revealed that glutamate formed a cluster with IL-1β, IL-10, and IL-12 p70. In the second study, no difference in glutamate levels was observed between AESD and control groups.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>CSF glutamate potentially serves as a useful marker for diagnosing AESD. The long-term storage of CSF samples was likely to cause a decay of glutamate in the CSF. Prospective studies using fresh CSF samples are necessary to validate the results in this study.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56137,"journal":{"name":"Brain & Development","volume":"47 5","pages":"Article 104448"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145152058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reply to “Integrating optical and behavioral measures in fNIRS visual search”","authors":"Koji Yano ,&nbsp;Makoto Wada ,&nbsp;Akira Yasumura","doi":"10.1016/j.braindev.2025.104450","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.braindev.2025.104450","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":56137,"journal":{"name":"Brain & Development","volume":"47 5","pages":"Article 104450"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145152072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relapse in pediatric anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis: A cohort study in one of the national children's medical center in China","authors":"Chi Hou ,&nbsp;Yiru Zeng ,&nbsp;Wenxiao Wu ,&nbsp;Haixia Zhu ,&nbsp;Wenlin Wu ,&nbsp;Yang Tian,&nbsp;Lianfeng Chen,&nbsp;Wen-Xiong Chen,&nbsp;Yuanyuan Gao,&nbsp;Xiaojing Li","doi":"10.1016/j.braindev.2025.104444","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.braindev.2025.104444","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>To retrospectively analyze the clinical characteristics and relapse factors of children with relapsed anti-<em>N</em>-methyl-<span>d</span>-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis in south China.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Clinical data of children diagnosed with relapsed anti-NMDAR encephalitis in Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center from October 2014 to June 2022 were collected. Patients with monophasic disease course in the same follow-up period were randomly selected as controls. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS IBM 28.0 and figures were graphed using GraphPad Prism 7.01.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 18 children diagnosed with relapsed anti-NMDAR encephalitis (male: female 5:13). The initial onset age was (9.8 ± 3.1) year-old. Relapse interval was 7.0 [interquartile range (IQR) 6.5–15.0] months. Compared with relapses, neurological symptoms were more extensive and mRS scores were higher at the first episode (<em>P</em> = 0.000 in both). Female gender was an independent risk factor for relapse [odds ratio (OR) =0.055, 95 % confidence interval (CI): 0.003–0.907, <em>P</em> = 0.043]. Compared to the patients with monophasic disease course, the relapsed ones were prone to leave neurological sequelae (<em>P</em> = 0.011) at the last follow-up.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Relapses often occur within 1 year after the first episode in children with anti-NMDAR encephalitis. Relapses were milder than first episodes. Female sex is an independent risk factor for relapses. The relapsed individuals were prone to leave neurological sequelae at the last follow-up.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56137,"journal":{"name":"Brain & Development","volume":"47 5","pages":"Article 104444"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145120888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Small for gestational age as a predictor of developmental coordination disorders: Exploring early risk from Japan birth cohort consortium","authors":"Hiroyoshi Iwata ,&nbsp;Maki Tojo ,&nbsp;Kenji J. Tsuchiya ,&nbsp;Mami Ishikuro ,&nbsp;Geng Chen ,&nbsp;Satoshi Suyama ,&nbsp;Akio Nakai ,&nbsp;Naomi Tamura ,&nbsp;Toshio Yoshikawa ,&nbsp;Toyoki Yamagata ,&nbsp;Tomoko Nishimura ,&nbsp;Takeshi Yamaguchi ,&nbsp;Keiko Yamazaki ,&nbsp;Taku Obara ,&nbsp;Kazue Ishitsuka ,&nbsp;Naho Morisaki ,&nbsp;Keitaro Makino ,&nbsp;Shinichi Kuriyama ,&nbsp;Reiko Kishi","doi":"10.1016/j.braindev.2025.104435","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.braindev.2025.104435","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Small for gestational age (SGA) and developmental coordination disorder (DCD) are receiving increasing attention in pediatric development. Understanding the risk of DCD, particularly in relation to SGA, would support children's health and development. However, the relationship between SGA and DCD remains unveiled beyond single-cohort studies.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This study aimed to integrate findings on DCD from different cohorts within the nationwide prospective Japanese Birth Cohort Consortium (JBiCC).</div></div><div><h3>Study design and subjects</h3><div>DCD was assessed in children aged 4 to 7 years from three birth cohorts participating in the JBiCC: the Hokkaido Study on Environment and Children's Health (Hokkaido Study), the Hamamatsu Birth Cohort for Mothers and Children (HBC Study), and the Tohoku Medical Megabank Project Birth and Three-Generation Cohort Study (TMM BirThree Cohort Study).</div></div><div><h3>Outcome measures</h3><div>DCD was assessed using either the Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire Japanese Version (DCDQ-J) or the Ages and Stages Questionnaires Third Edition (ASQ-3). Logistic regression was used to assess the association between SGA and DCD in each cohort. Second, meta-analysis of the association between SGA and DCD defined by DCDQ-J, and individual patient data (IPD) meta-analysis of the association between SGA and DCDQ-J scores were conducted with two cohorts.</div></div><div><h3>Results and conclusions</h3><div>The analysis included 14,233 children in three cohorts. The individual cohort analyses did not explore statistical significance, except for the TMM BirThree Cohort Study. Meta-synthesis of the Hokkaido and HBC studies showed a β-coefficient of −2.63, 95 % CI [−5.22, −0.03]. IPD analysis of linear regression showed a β-coefficient of −2.76, 95 % CI [−5.38, −0.15]. Our results suggest that SGA may be a potential risk factor for DCD.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56137,"journal":{"name":"Brain & Development","volume":"47 5","pages":"Article 104435"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145120899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alleviating stress and perceived stigma in parents after febrile seizure in their children","authors":"Takuya Tanabe ,&nbsp;Mitsuru Kashiwagi ,&nbsp;Motoko Ogino ,&nbsp;Chizu Oba ,&nbsp;Yuki Iai ,&nbsp;Chihiro Yamamoto ,&nbsp;Tetsuo Kubota ,&nbsp;Hideaki Kanemura","doi":"10.1016/j.braindev.2025.104445","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.braindev.2025.104445","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>Febrile seizure (FS) is a worrisome event for parents. This study aimed to investigate how stress and perceived stigma are alleviated after experience FS in their children.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Parents who visited hospitals because of FS exhibited by their children were invited to participate this study. One hundred and sixty-one parents answered the questionnaire (1st Q); among them, 52 parents answered the same questionnaire (2nd Q) after 3 months. The questionnaire consisted of the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) and the Parent Stigma Scale (PSS). The scores between the 1st Q and 2nd Q were compared with 52 participants who answered both questionnaires.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The median value of the IES-R total score was 11, and 20 participants showed &gt;24 in the 1st Q (<em>n</em> = 161). IES-R subscales of Intrusion and Hyperarousal symptoms and one item of PSS, “people who know your children have a FS treat your children differently”, decreased significantly (<em>p</em>&lt;0.010, <em>p</em> = 0.013 and <em>p</em> = 0.038, respectively) from the 1st Q (<em>n</em> = 52) to 2nd Q (n = 52). Parents with children having a past history of FS showed significantly higher PSS scores than parents with children having first FS episode (<em>p</em> = 0.029) in the 1st Q (<em>n</em> = 161). Parents who had some knowledge about FS could deal significantly more appropriately with FS attacks compared with those who had no prior knowledge (<em>p</em>&lt;0.001) in both the 1st Q (<em>n</em> = 161) and 2nd Q (<em>n</em> = 52).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Stress and stigma in parents were reduced to some extent 3 months after the FS attacks in their children. Recurrent FS can cause a transient perception of parental stigma. Appropriate education regarding correct management before experiencing the first episode of FS may be important.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56137,"journal":{"name":"Brain & Development","volume":"47 5","pages":"Article 104445"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145105043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decoding the pathophysiological role of fukutin in Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy","authors":"Christian Messina","doi":"10.1016/j.braindev.2025.104451","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.braindev.2025.104451","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":56137,"journal":{"name":"Brain & Development","volume":"47 5","pages":"Article 104451"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145093135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Parent-child interaction therapy as a therapeutic approach for children with autism spectrum disorder in Japan","authors":"Mieko Hirose","doi":"10.1016/j.braindev.2025.104434","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.braindev.2025.104434","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often face difficulties in parent-child relationships and exhibit problematic behaviors. This study retrospectively examines the effects of standard Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) for children with ASD and their caregivers in Japan, focusing on reducing parental stress and children's problematic behaviors.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Eight parent-child dyads with children aged 2.5–7 years with ASD underwent standard PCIT. Measures included the Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory (ECBI), Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Parenting Stress Index-Short Form (PSI-SF), and Child Behavior Checklist for Ages 4–18 (CBCL/4–18), assessed pre- and post-treatments.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>For parents, ECBI problem score decreased from 16.8 (SD ± 4.4) to 3.0 (SD ± 4.1) pre- and post-treatment (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05, effect size 1.9). PSI-SF parent section scores dropped from 28.7 (SD ± 7.1) to 22.1 (SD ± 6.2) (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.01, effect size 2.0). The total PSI-SF score from 58.1 (SD ± 10.9) to 45.0 (SD ± 11.1), (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.01, effect size 1.7). For children, ECBI intensity scores decreased from 147.9 (SD ± 20.3) to 85.5 (SD ± 17.7) (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.01, effect size 3.4). PSI-SF child section scores fell from 29.4 (SD ± 4.8) to 22.9 (SD ± 5.8) (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05, effect size of 1.2), and total CBCL from 70.3 (SD ± 5.9) to 62.0 (SD ± 8.4) (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05, effect size of 1.5).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The standard PCIT for children with ASD and their parents in Japan significantly reduces parental stress and children's problematic behaviors, improving parent-child interactions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56137,"journal":{"name":"Brain & Development","volume":"47 5","pages":"Article 104434"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145088441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}