Journals of Gerontology Series B-Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Generalized Anxiety Disorder Prevalence and Disparities Among U.S. Adults: The Roles Played by Job Loss, Food Insecurity, and Vaccinations During the COVID-19 Pandemic.","authors":"Chenyi Ma, Tony E Smith, Dennis P Culhane","doi":"10.1093/geronb/gbae181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbae181","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The purposes of this study are to examine (i) to what extent job loss and food insecurity accounted for racial disparities in generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) risk among adults in the United States during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic; and (ii) to what extent the COVID-19 vaccination mitigated such risk, especially among older adults.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>First, we analyzed data from the U.S. Household Pulse Survey to report on the relative prevalence of GAD with respect to demographic characteristics, economic hardships, and COVID-19 vaccine status. We then adopted a series of logistic regression models to estimate the probabilities of having GAD by sequentially adding these possible explanatory factors.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Findings demonstrated higher prevalence rates of GAD among Hispanic and non-Hispanic Black Americans than non-Hispanic White Americans, which can primarily be attributed to the fact that non-Hispanic White Americans were less vulnerable to job loss and food insecurity. Older adults were less susceptible to GAD than their middle-aged and young adult counterparts. Compared to unvaccinated older adults, the odds of having GAD were substantially reduced for older adults who were partially vaccinated, and even more significantly declined for fully vaccinated older adults.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Racial and ethnic disparities in GAD were largely due to disproportionate experiences of job loss and food insecurity across different racial and ethnic groups during the pandemic. Social distancing measures partially explain the different prevalence of GAD between older adults and their counterparts. Rapid deployment of the COVID-19 vaccines played an effective role in suppressing GAD, especially among older adults.</p>","PeriodicalId":56111,"journal":{"name":"Journals of Gerontology Series B-Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences","volume":"80 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143392557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact and Heterogeneity of Self-reported Hearing on Trajectories of Cognitive Function in Middle-Aged and Older Couples.","authors":"Xinfeng Wang, Xin Ye","doi":"10.1093/geronb/gbae203","DOIUrl":"10.1093/geronb/gbae203","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Hearing status is identified as a significant predictor of cognitive function. The life course principle of linked lives posits that the lives of couples often become increasingly interconnected or embedded over time, thereby cumulatively intensifying their influence on spouse's health and well-being. We aim to examine the impact of self-reported hearing on cognitive function among married couples across adulthood and whether there is heterogeneity in the associations.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Utilizing data from the 2011, 2013, 2015, to 2018 waves of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (n = 2,847 middle-aged and older couples, totaling 5,694 observations across all waves), we employ the growth curve model to examine the impact of self-reported hearing, both individually and from spouses, on the age-related trajectories of cognitive function.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This study demonstrates that poor self-reported hearing is significantly associated with worse cognitive function compared with those with good hearing. Additionally, there is a significant temporal association between poor spousal hearing and cognitive decline, compared with individuals whose spouses have good hearing. Heterogeneity analysis shows that the association between poor spousal hearing and increasing cognitive disadvantage across time is particularly significant among men and rural residents.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>This research provides new evidence of the longitudinal association between hearing and cognitive function among married couples, thus contributing to a growing body of literature documenting the importance of understanding how spousal health conditions affect health trajectories.</p>","PeriodicalId":56111,"journal":{"name":"Journals of Gerontology Series B-Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142873599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Empathy and psychological outcomes in informal caregivers of community-dwelling older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Meng Huo, Thi Vu, Tomiko Yoneda, Jingkai Wei, Bruce Abbott, Joan K Monin","doi":"10.1093/geronb/gbaf018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbaf018","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Scholars have increasingly recognized the crucial role that empathy plays as informal caregivers provide unpaid care to their older family and friends (i.e., care recipients). Yet, the existing literature exhibits substantial variability in study approaches and results, which limits the extent to which this literature can inform interventions intended to benefit informal caregivers. We sought to address this critical gap by synthesizing research that examined how caregivers' and care recipients' empathy were associated with caregivers' psychological health.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a literature search using PubMed, PsycInfo, CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature), EMBASE, and Scopus databases and systematically reviewed 21 peer-reviewed studies that were eligible for the current study. We utilized a multilevel random-effects approach and meta-analyzed 17 studies focused on caregivers' negative psychological outcomes (e.g., depressive symptoms, anxiety, burden, burnout, stress).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We observed small, non-significant associations linking caregivers' emotional and cognitive empathy to their negative psychological outcomes. Yet, there were moderate, significant associations between greater emotional and cognitive empathy in care recipients and less negative psychological outcomes in caregivers. We also ran sensitivity tests for different aspects of emotional and cognitive empathy.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>This review reveals considerable heterogeneity in extant research but still offers robust evidence linking care recipients' empathy to caregivers' psychological health. Findings highlight the importance of engaging care recipients in interventions targeting caregivers and call for more consistent and nuanced investigations of empathy in caregiving.</p>","PeriodicalId":56111,"journal":{"name":"Journals of Gerontology Series B-Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143069959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of stepfamily structure on older parents' frequency of contact with and care receipt from adult biological and stepchildren in the Netherlands.","authors":"Suzan van der Pas, Theo G van Tilburg","doi":"10.1093/geronb/gbaf015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbaf015","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Older people are increasingly entering their later years in stepfamilies. Because adult children play a central role in older parents' support networks, there is concern that the generally weaker intergenerational ties found in stepfamilies may imply an impending deficit in the care available to stepparents. It is currently unclear whether there are differences across stepfamily types including stepfamilies with only biological children. The aim of the study is to examine whether there are differences in contact frequency with and care receipt from adult biological and stepchildren in biological and different types of stepfamilies.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data are from the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (1992-2022; ten observations); respondents' ages varied between 54 and 101. An average of 3.7 observations are available from 2,761 parents in biological families and 647 parents in stepfamilies.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Parents in biological families and in stepfamilies with joint children had more contact than in other stepfamily types. There was less contact in stepfamilies with biological and stepchildren formed in midlife and in families with only stepchildren. There were small differences in care receipt; the lowest likelihood was in composite families.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Our study challenges the idea that the relationships of the adult child to older parents in all stepfamilies are weaker than in biological families and point to the importance of considering that only some stepfamilies are vulnerable in terms of contact frequency. We query whether stepfamilies are resilient, for example, to greater pressures from a sharp increase in care needs for one or both parents.</p>","PeriodicalId":56111,"journal":{"name":"Journals of Gerontology Series B-Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143048799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aberrant Structural-Functional Coupling of Large-scale Brain Networks in Older Women with Subthreshold Depression.","authors":"Xueling Suo, Li Chen, Graham J Kemp, Dongmei Wu, Song Wang","doi":"10.1093/geronb/gbaf013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbaf013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Subthreshold depression (SD) is common in the older population, more so in females than males, and can lead to serious physical and mental ill-health. However, the underlying neurobiology remains unclear. This study used multimodal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to investigate the topological organization and coupling of the structural and functional brain networks in older women with SD.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We constructed the structural network from diffusion MRI and the functional network from resting-state functional MRI in 50 older women with SD and 52 demographically-matched older women healthy controls (HC). We used graph theory analysis to examine the topological properties of functional and structural networks, and structural-functional connectivity (SC-FC) coupling, and their potential relationship to depressive symptoms.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Globally, compared with older women HC, the older women with SD showed lower local efficiency in the structural network but not the functional network. Locally, older women with SD showed altered convergent nodal metrics in the default mode, salience, and sensorimotor network regions in both structural and functional networks. Moreover, SC-FC coupling reduced in older women with SD compared to older women HC. These network metric alterations were correlated with depressive symptoms.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Older women with SD showed alterations in both structural and functional networks, and in their coupling, which throw light on the role of large-scale brain networks in older female SD.</p>","PeriodicalId":56111,"journal":{"name":"Journals of Gerontology Series B-Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143048673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association of depression dimensions with cognitive functioning in community-dwelling oldest old adults: The LifeAfter90 study.","authors":"Laili Soleimani, Andrew Hirst, Paloa Gilsanz, Rachel A Whitmer, Maria M Corrada, Michal S Beeri","doi":"10.1093/geronb/gbaf012","DOIUrl":"10.1093/geronb/gbaf012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The oldest old adults (90+) constitute the fastest growing demographic at highest dementia risk among older adults. Depression, a common risk factor, inherently presents with heterogeneous clinical manifestations. Here, we explored the associations of the predominant depression dimensions with cognition in the LifeAfter90 study.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The LifeAfter90 study consists of racially/ethnically diverse community-dwelling adults of >90. Cognitive assessments measured episodic memory, semantic memory, and executive function. Baseline depression was measured by the Geriatric Depression Scale-15 item (GDS-15), yielding dimensions of Dysphoria, Withdrawal-Apathy -Vigor (WAV), Anxiety, Hopelessness and Subjective Memory Complaint (SMC)). We used generalized linear mixed models to explore associations between depression dimensions, and cognitive outcomes at baseline and over time adjusting for demographic factors.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The cohort (n = 960, mean age 92.4± 2.3 years, 61.56% female) was very racially and ethnically diverse with 27% of participants identifying as White, 24% as Asian, 23% as Black, and 19% as Latino. Common complaints included not identifying as \"full of energy\" (52.45%), preference to \"stay home\" (46.31%) and \"dropped activity\" (40.0%) and 25% reported SMC. Depression dimensions showed distinct associations with cognitive outcomes: SMC correlated with worse global cognition, executive function, and verbal episodic memory (all ps < 0.0001). Hopelessness was associated with worse executive function (p < 0.001). Over 1.2 years, baseline hopelessness showed a trend for faster decline in episodic memory (β = -0.22; p = 0.035).</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>In the oldest old, specific dimensions like SMC and hopelessness, may help identify individuals at high risk for cognitive decline in this highly vulnerable population.</p>","PeriodicalId":56111,"journal":{"name":"Journals of Gerontology Series B-Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143048739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Associations of Faith Community Rejection with Social Support and Health Outcomes among LGBTQ+ Older Adults.","authors":"Nik M Lampe, Tara McKay","doi":"10.1093/geronb/gbaf009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbaf009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ+) older adults have varied experiences with faith communities, ranging from affirmation to religious trauma. We investigate how faith community rejection impacts social support and health outcomes among LGBTQ+ older adults in the Southern United States.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We analyze Wave 1 data from the LGBTQ+ Social Networks, Aging, and Policy Study (QSNAPS), collected between April 2020 and September 2021. This sample included 1,256 LGBTQ+ adults aged 50+ residing in four Southern U.S. states. Bivariate and Poisson regression analyses were conducted to examine associations of LGBTQ-related faith community rejection with social support and health outcomes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Nearly half (44%) of QSNAPS respondents reported LGBTQ-related faith community rejection. Respondents who reported rejection were more likely to be: transgender or gender diverse (p<0.01) and from a minoritized racial/ethnic background (p<0.01). Compared with respondents who never experienced faith community rejection, respondents who experienced LGBTQ-related faith community rejection reported a lower prevalence of family support (APR=0.80; p<0.001); higher prevalence of symptoms related to moderate to severe psychological distress (APR=1.27; p<0.001); higher prevalence of poor sleep quality (APR=1.17; p<0.05) and high blood pressure diagnosis (APR=1.13; p<0.05). We also find a marginally statistically significant association between faith community rejection and higher prevalence of symptoms related to subjective cognitive decline (APR=1.35; p<0.10).</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Experiences of faith community rejection come with substantial social support and health costs for LGBTQ+ older adults. Our findings highlight the importance of integrating faith and promoting inclusion within affirming faith communities for LGBTQ+ aging-related care and prevention.</p>","PeriodicalId":56111,"journal":{"name":"Journals of Gerontology Series B-Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143048741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measuring Cognitive Function In-Person and Remotely in Round 4 of the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project.","authors":"Kelly Pudelek, L Philip Schumm, Jennifer Hanis-Martin, Melissa J K Howe, Terese Schwartzman","doi":"10.1093/geronb/gbae149","DOIUrl":"10.1093/geronb/gbae149","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This paper describes the changes made to the collection of cognitive measures when the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project (NSHAP) introduced remote modes of data collection.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In Round 4 (2021-2023), the longitudinal study transitioned from being conducted in-person to collecting data via multiple modes including in-person and remote modes: web, phone, and paper-and-pencil. The team began with the measures used in Rounds 2 and 3 of NSHAP-the survey-adapted Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA-SA)-and evaluated which measures could be administered remotely, introducing new measures for each cognitive subdomain, as needed, to compensate for items that could not be administered remotely.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Cognitive items used in Rounds 2 and 3 that could not be administered remotely were dropped from the respective modes, and items selected from the Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center's (RADC) global cognition battery were added as substitutes. For comparison, the RADC substitute items were added to the in-person mode making it longer in Round 4.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The changes in cognitive measures resulted in different numbers of cognitive items across the 4 modes of survey administration in Round 4. Analysts should be aware of these changes when creating a single global cognition score for the entire NSHAP sample in Round 4, and aware that there may be mode effects that could affect cognition scores.</p>","PeriodicalId":56111,"journal":{"name":"Journals of Gerontology Series B-Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences","volume":" ","pages":"S3-S7"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11742151/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142115170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cognitive Domains in the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project.","authors":"Selena Zhong, Kristen E Wroblewski","doi":"10.1093/geronb/gbae185","DOIUrl":"10.1093/geronb/gbae185","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Cognition consists of specific domains that are differentially linked to health outcomes. We provide guidance on how to derive cognitive domains in the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project (NSHAP) study. We suggest the use of a bifactor analysis to derive cognitive domains. To support our view that a bifactor analysis is necessary, we created cognitive domains from a bifactor analysis and created cognitive domains through summing the cognitive items; we then regressed the cognitive domains created through both methods with functional health (activites of daily living [ADLs] and instrumental activities of daily living [IADLs]) and compared the regression results.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>NSHAP is a nationally representative longitudinal study of U.S. older adults that started in 2005. Data from Round 3 (2015-2016) were used. The MoCA-SA contains 18 cognitive items to represent 6 cognitive domains: modified trail-making test-B, clock drawing test (3 items), rhinoceros naming, digit span (2 items), serial 7 subtractions, sentence repetition, phonemic fluency, abstraction, delayed recall (5 items), and orientation (2 items). We created cognitive domains through a bifactor analysis and through summing up the cognitive items. We used linear regression to examine how global cognition and each cognitive domain derived from both methods were associated with ADLs and IADLs. Analyses were restricted to respondents aged 50+ without dementia.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The global cognition score derived from both methods was statistically significantly associated with ADLs and with IADLs. All but the memory domain constructed from summing the cognitive items were associated with IADLs; only the visuospatial domain was associated with ADLs. None of the domains derived from a bifactor analysis were associated with ADLs or IADLs.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Researchers should derive cognitive domains using a bifactor analysis to reduce spurious associations.</p>","PeriodicalId":56111,"journal":{"name":"Journals of Gerontology Series B-Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences","volume":"80 Supplement_1","pages":"S91-S97"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11742147/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143016744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Linking the 1940 U.S. Census to the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project: Novel Opportunity to Understand the Effects of Early-Life Residential Environment on Cognitive Aging.","authors":"Haena Lee, John Robert Warren, James Iveniuk, Alicia Riley, Louise Hawkley, Jen Hanis-Martin, Kyung Won Choi","doi":"10.1093/geronb/gbae106","DOIUrl":"10.1093/geronb/gbae106","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The 1940 Census is a valuable resource for understanding various aspects of historical populations in the United States. Recently, the National Social Life, Health and Aging Project integrated 1940 Census data into its extensive data set, providing researchers with an opportunity to explore new avenues of life course investigation. We leverage the newly introduced measures of childhood residential environment and evaluate their potential predictive utility in older adult cognitive functioning net of childhood and adulthood characteristics known to be key risk factors for poor cognition.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We analyzed 777 respondents who were children in 1940 (age <17) that have been linked to the 1940 U.S. Census. We used childhood geographic location, homeownership status, household composition, and parental nativity as predictors. Cognitive function was measured using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Regression analysis showed that growing up in an urban area was associated with better cognitive function, while being born in the South was linked to poorer cognitive function, even after controlling for childhood health, parental education, educational attainment, stroke, and smoking status. Additionally, childhood multigenerational household was associated with better cognitive function, and childhood family size was associated with poorer cognitive function. However, these associations became statistically insignificant with the inclusion of educational attainment. We did not find homeownership and parental nativity to be associated with cognitive function.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The findings may shed light on the potential long-term effects of childhood circumstances on cognitive aging processes. Implications for current literature and directions for future research are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":56111,"journal":{"name":"Journals of Gerontology Series B-Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences","volume":" ","pages":"S75-S90"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11742143/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141422030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}