Journals of Gerontology Series B-Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences最新文献

{"title":"The Impact of Multimorbidity on Labor Force Participation Among the Middle-Aged and Older Working Population in the United States.","authors":"Zhang Zhang, Qing Gong, Donna Gilleskie, Jeremy G Moulton, Sean Y Sylvia","doi":"10.1093/geronb/gbae131","DOIUrl":"10.1093/geronb/gbae131","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Multimorbidity, known as multiple chronic conditions (MCC), is the coexistence of two or more chronic health conditions (CHC). The near-retirement-age population with MCC is more likely to experience discontinued labor force participation (LFP). Our objective was to evaluate the impact of MCC on LFP among adults aged 50-64 and to explore heterogeneous effects between self-employed and non-self-employed workers.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We constructed our sample using the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) from 1996 to 2018. We adopted an individual fixed-effect (F.E.) model and propensity score matching (PSM) to measure the impact of MCC on the probability of being employed and changes in annual work hours.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>50.5% of respondents have MCC. Individuals with MCC exhibit a predicted probability of being employed that is 9.3 percentage points (p < .01, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: -0.109, -0.078) lower than those without MCC. Compared with non-CHC, MCC significantly reduced annual working hours by 6.1% (p < .01, 95% CI: -0.091, -0.036) in the F.E. model and by 4.9% (p < .01, 95% CI: -0.064, -0.033) in PSM estimation. The effect is more pronounced for the self-employed with MCC, who have 13.0% (p < .05, 95% CI: -0.233, -0.026) fewer annual work hours than non-CHC based on the FE model and 13.4% (p < .01, 95% CI: -0.197, -0.070) in PSM estimation.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>MCC significantly reduces LFP compared with non-MCC. MCC has a heterogeneous impact across occupational types. It is important to support the near-retirement-age working population with multimorbidity through effective clinical interventions and workplace wellness policies to help manage health conditions and remain active in the labor market.</p>","PeriodicalId":56111,"journal":{"name":"Journals of Gerontology Series B-Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11440000/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141879914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contribution of Involuntary Job Loss to the Burden of Depressive Symptoms Over Two Decades in a National Study of Aging Adults.","authors":"Sally Picciotto, Ellen A Eisen, David H Rehkopf, Amy L Byers","doi":"10.1093/geronb/gbae135","DOIUrl":"10.1093/geronb/gbae135","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>In recent decades, risk of job loss in America after age 50 has been high, potentially causing significant stress during the period preceding retirement. Yet no study has quantified the burden of clinically relevant depressive symptoms attributable to job loss in this age group over this period or identified the most vulnerable populations.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Participants aged 50+ in the Health and Retirement Study (recruited 1992-2016) who were employed and scored <5 on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression 8-item scale (CESD-8) at baseline (N = 18,571) were followed for depressive symptoms until they first had CESD-8 ≥5 or died, or through the 2018 survey. Parametric g-formula analyses examined the difference in cumulative risk of having CESD-8 ≥5 if there had been no involuntary job loss compared to the observed scenario, adjusting for sex, race/ethnicity, age, and dynamic measures of recent marriage end (divorce or widowhood), having a working spouse, assets/debt, and health changes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We estimated that risk of CESD-8 ≥5 would have been 1.1% (95% confidence interval [0.55, 1.37]) lower if no involuntary job loss had occurred; job loss accounted for 11% of the total burden among those who lost a job. Stronger associations were observed for women (1.2% [0.7, 1.8] vs men 0.5% [0.2, 1.1]), White respondents (1.0% [0.6, 1.5] vs Black respondents 0.5% [-0.1, 1.4]), and those in the lowest quartile of baseline assets (1.1% [0.4, 1.9] vs wealthiest quartile 0.5% [-0.4, 0.9]).</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Involuntary job loss is associated with high depressive symptom burden in older persons, suggesting that screening and intervention soon after job loss may help mitigate depression.</p>","PeriodicalId":56111,"journal":{"name":"Journals of Gerontology Series B-Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11439990/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141899015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can Social Health Insurance Improve Mental Health? An Analysis of Supplementary High-Cost Illness Insurance in China.","authors":"Yaru Zhang, Wei Yang, Siqian Zhang, Zexuan Yu, Jiajia Li","doi":"10.1093/geronb/gbae139","DOIUrl":"10.1093/geronb/gbae139","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>China introduced an innovative Supplementary High-Cost Illness Insurance (SHCII) program to enhance existing social health insurance by providing extra financial support for individuals facing catastrophic illnesses in 2015. The SHCII has notably increased access to healthcare and alleviated financial strain for economically disadvantaged individuals. However, there is a lack of information regarding the program's impact on the mental health of its beneficiaries. This study aims to assess the impact of SHCII on the mental well-being of middle-aged and older individuals.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (2011, 2013, 2015, and 2018), this study examined how SHCII affects mental health among middle-aged and older individuals in China using propensity score matching with the time-varying difference-in-differences method.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found that SHCII implementation can significantly reduce the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale scores of middle-aged and older individuals. This reduction was more pronounced among older individuals with poor self-rated health, chronic disease, and low household wealth when compared to their counterparts.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The implementation of SHCII has had a significant and positive impact on mental health outcomes. We recommend that governments consider expanding the program to other areas within China, focusing especially on the most economically disadvantaged segments of the population.</p>","PeriodicalId":56111,"journal":{"name":"Journals of Gerontology Series B-Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142047596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Short-Term Coupling Associations Between State Loneliness and Cognitive Performance in Daily Life Among Older Adults.","authors":"Jee Eun Kang, Jennifer E Graham-Engeland, Lynn M Martire, David M Almeida, Martin J Sliwinski","doi":"10.1093/geronb/gbae134","DOIUrl":"10.1093/geronb/gbae134","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Despite extensive efforts to study individual differences in loneliness and neurocognitive health, little is known about how within-person changes in state loneliness relate to cognitive performance. This study addressed this gap by examining the association between within-person variation in state loneliness and cognitive performance assessed objectively in daily life.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Participants were 313 community-dwelling older adults (70-90 years) who reported momentary feelings of loneliness and completed smartphone-based cognitive tests 5 times daily for 14 consecutive days. Mobile cognitive tests assess visual associative memory, processing speed, and spatial memory.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>At the day level, average state loneliness levels were negatively related to cognitive performance on the same day and subsequent day. Consistent with the day-level analysis, momentary assessments of increased loneliness were consistently linked to worse cognitive performance on concurrent assessments. However, moments characterized by lower cognitive performance predicted higher levels of loneliness 3-4 hr later (next occasion), but not vice versa.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The findings suggest a prospective association between loneliness and cognitive performance, with higher daily loneliness negatively associated with cognitive performance on the same day and predicting worse performance the following day. Notably, within a single day, lower cognitive performance at a given moment predicted elevated loneliness later in the day. This highlights a complex, reciprocal relationship-loneliness predicting and being predicted by cognitive performance depending on timescale.</p>","PeriodicalId":56111,"journal":{"name":"Journals of Gerontology Series B-Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11402366/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141894978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In Their Words: African American and Latine Immigrant Older Adults (Re)Define Civic Participation.","authors":"Laurent Reyes","doi":"10.1093/geronb/gbae143","DOIUrl":"10.1093/geronb/gbae143","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Older adults' civic participation has received considerable attention. However, this literature has understudied the experiences of civic participation among minoritized ethnoracial older adults. Particularly absent from this literature is the contextualization of civic participation as it exists within cultural and historical structures of inequality that influence how these populations understand, participate, and experience civic life.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A phenomenological design was used to explore civic participation through participants' experiences and unique perspectives. Thirty-four in-depth, semistructured interviews were conducted with Latine immigrant and Black older adults (ages 60+) living in New Jersey and New York City. A conceptual content analysis was used to identify how older Black and Latine immigrant adults define civic participation for themselves.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This study presents 3 new definitions of civic participation, that are derived directly from participants' conceptualization and applied across the lived experiences. Definitions present civic participation as the responsibility of community belonging; as a religious/spiritual practice; and as a way of life. These definitions provide new perspectives by which to study civic participation and challenge current framing of helper and needy, altruism, the voluntary nature of participation, and the separation between social, political, and spiritual participation.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Findings from this study contribute to expanding gerontology's ontological imagination of how civic participation is experienced and conceptualized among older Latine immigrants and Black adults. The expertise shared by older African Americans and Latine immigrants lends us important perspectives to develop a critical theoretical framework by which scholars can more accurately study civic participation among this diverse population.</p>","PeriodicalId":56111,"journal":{"name":"Journals of Gerontology Series B-Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142019705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Place of Birth and Cognitive Function Among Older Americans: Findings From the Harmonized Cognitive Assessment Protocol.","authors":"Zhuoer Lin, Xi Chen","doi":"10.1093/geronb/gbae126","DOIUrl":"10.1093/geronb/gbae126","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Growing evidence suggests that place of birth (PoB) and related circumstances may have long-lasting and multiplicative contributions to various later-life outcomes. However, the specific contributions to different domains of cognitive function in late life remain less understood. This study investigated the extent to which state of birth contributes to a wide range of domains of later-life cognitive function.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A nationally representative sample of Americans aged 65 and older (N = 3,333) from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) Harmonized Cognitive Assessment Protocol (HCAP) was utilized. Cognitive function was assessed in HCAP and linked to HRS state of birth data to explore the contribution of PoB to later-life cognitive disparities. Regression-based Shapley decompositions were employed to quantify this contribution.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>PoB significantly contributed to all assessed cognitive domains including memory, executive function, language and fluency, visuospatial function, orientation, and general cognitive function. Geographic disparities in cognitive function were evident across PoB, with individuals born in U.S. southern states and foreign-born individuals performing worse than those born in other states. Overall, state of birth accounted for 2.2%-9.7% of the total variance in cognition after adjusting for age, sex, and race/ethnicity. This contribution declined to 2.0%-7.0% after further adjusting for comprehensive socioeconomic and health factors over the life course, and was robust to the control of current state of residence.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>PoB has lasting contributions to later-life cognition, with significant geographic disparities observed. Addressing these disparities requires more equalized place-based policies, resources, and early-life environments to promote health equity over the life course.</p>","PeriodicalId":56111,"journal":{"name":"Journals of Gerontology Series B-Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11322604/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141735827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Loneliness and Mode of Social Contact in Late Life.","authors":"Shiyang Zhang, Zexi Zhou, Karen L Fingerman, Kira S Birditt","doi":"10.1093/geronb/gbae115","DOIUrl":"10.1093/geronb/gbae115","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Social contact may alleviate loneliness, but little is known about within-person daily fluctuations in loneliness and social encounters. Older adults who feel lonely may engage in different modes of social contact (in-person, phone, digital). This study asked how different forms of contact are associated with loneliness throughout the day.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Participants were 313 community-dwelling older adults (aged 65-90). They completed ecological momentary assessments reporting on their social encounters (e.g., type of social partner, mode of contact) and their loneliness every 3 hr for 5-6 days. We differentiated close social ties from ties not identified as close (i.e., weak ties).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We examined within-person effects using multilevel models. Findings revealed that momentary loneliness predicted a greater likelihood of phone contact in the next 3 hr. However, only in-person contact was associated with lower levels of loneliness. Regarding close and weak ties, momentary loneliness was associated with more in-person and phone contact with close ties, yet fewer in-person contacts with weak ties. In-person contact with both close and weak ties predicted lower levels of loneliness.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Although older adults engage in both in-person and phone contact when they feel lonely, it appears that only in-person contact may reduce loneliness. Digital contact was not widely adopted as a response to momentary loneliness among these older adults. Findings underscore older adults' willingness to maintain regular contact with close ties. Interventions addressing older adults who are lonely may consider innovative approaches to increase in-person contact.</p>","PeriodicalId":56111,"journal":{"name":"Journals of Gerontology Series B-Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences","volume":"79 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11350237/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142082717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dyadic Ambivalence in Couples Managing Early-Stage Alzheimer's Disease: Linking Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia to Life Satisfaction.","authors":"Meng Huo, Megan Gilligan, Kyungmin Kim, Nicole E Richards, Karen L Fingerman, Steven H Zarit","doi":"10.1093/geronb/gbae130","DOIUrl":"10.1093/geronb/gbae130","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Caring for a spouse with Alzheimer's disease (AD) can elicit considerable distress but there are also positive moments. A growing body of work has examined caregivers' ambivalence in the care relationship and linked it to negative caregiver outcomes such as depression, but dyadic assessments of both parties' perspectives are missing. We examined ambivalence in both people with AD and their spousal caregivers, seeking to identify the correlates and well-being outcomes of such ambivalence in this unique context.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Participants included 72 couples managing early-stage AD. People with AD and spousal caregivers independently self-reported positive and negative relationship qualities (used to indirectly calculate their ambivalence) and life satisfaction. Caregivers reported both partners' demographic characteristics and their spouses' behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD), focusing on memory-related behaviors and psychological symptoms.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Path analyses revealed that the number and frequency of psychological symptoms in people with AD were positively associated with their own and caregivers' ambivalence. Caregivers' distress ratings of memory-related behaviors and psychological symptoms were positively associated with their ambivalence. Greater ambivalence was associated with lower life satisfaction in both spouses. BPSD directly affected both spouses' life satisfaction but there were also indirect effects via ambivalence.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>This study utilizes a dyadic approach to assess ambivalence in dementia care. Findings reveal the conflicting emotions that couples experience as they cope with early-stage AD, identify sources of such ambivalence, and shed light on the development of dyadic interventions that can promote positive outcomes in both partners.</p>","PeriodicalId":56111,"journal":{"name":"Journals of Gerontology Series B-Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11344209/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141857267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mild Cognitive Impairment and Suicidal Ideation Among Adults Aged 65 Years or Older From Low- and Middle-Income Countries.","authors":"Lee Smith, Guillermo Felipe López Sánchez, Pinar Soysal, Nicola Veronese, Louis Jacob, Karel Kostev, Masoud Rahmati, Yvonne Barnett, Helen Keyes, Poppy Gibson, Laurie Butler, Jae Il Shin, Ai Koyanagi","doi":"10.1093/geronb/gbae129","DOIUrl":"10.1093/geronb/gbae129","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a unique indicator of underlying distress that may be strongly associated with suicide risk. Despite this, to date, no study has examined the association between MCI and suicidal ideation. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine the association between MCI and suicidal ideation among adults aged ≥65 years from 6 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs; China, Ghana, India, Mexico, Russia, and South Africa).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Cross-sectional, nationally representative data from the World Health Organization's Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health were analyzed. MCI was defined using the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association criteria. Self-reported information on past 12-month suicidal ideation was collected. Multivariable logistic regression and meta-analysis were conducted to assess associations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Data on 13,623 individuals aged ≥65 years were analyzed. The prevalence of suicidal ideation ranged from 0.5% in China to 6.0% in India, whereas the range of the prevalence of MCI was 9.7% (Ghana) to 26.4% (China). After adjustment for potential confounders, MCI was significantly associated with 1.66 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 1.12-2.46) times higher odds for suicidal ideation.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Mild cognitive impairment was significantly associated with higher odds for suicidal ideation among older adults in LMICs. Future longitudinal studies from LMICs are necessary to assess whether MCI is a risk factor for suicidal ideation.</p>","PeriodicalId":56111,"journal":{"name":"Journals of Gerontology Series B-Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11367256/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141857268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Trend of Chronic Diseases Among Older Koreans, 2004-2020: Age-Period-Cohort Analysis.","authors":"Eun Ha Namkung, Sung Hye Kang","doi":"10.1093/geronb/gbae128","DOIUrl":"10.1093/geronb/gbae128","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study aimed to examine age, period, and cohort effects contributing to the prevalence of diabetes and hypertension among older Koreans. Additionally, it sought to investigate how sociodemographic characteristics interact with period and cohort effects to influence the disease prevalence.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using the 2004-2020 data from the National Survey of Older Koreans, a nationally representative sample of older adults aged 65 or older, hierarchical age-period-cohort cross-classified random effects models (HAPC-CCREMs) were employed to estimate separate age, period, and cohort components of the recent trends in diabetes and hypertension. Sociodemographic characteristics were tested for their interactions with period and cohort effects.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Significant period effects were observed, indicating a steady increase in the likelihood of being diagnosed with diabetes and hypertension over time. Age effects revealed a quadratic trend, with disease risks generally increasing with age, but the rate of increase diminishing at older ages. Cohort effects exhibited an inverted U-shaped pattern, with higher risks observed in the 1930s and early 1940s cohorts compared to earlier and later cohorts. Gender and educational attainment emerged as significant moderators. Women than men born in the early 1930s exhibited higher risks of diabetes and hypertension, whereas individuals with lower educational attainment showed a steadily increasing risk of hypertension over time.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The results underscore the complex interplay of age, period, and cohort effects in shaping disease prevalence among older Koreans. Our findings highlight the importance of considering historical context and sociodemographic factors in understanding disease trends and designing targeted interventions to mitigate health disparities.</p>","PeriodicalId":56111,"journal":{"name":"Journals of Gerontology Series B-Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141762964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}