Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience最新文献

{"title":"Equity, diversity, and inclusion in developmental neuroscience: Practical lessons from community-based participatory research.","authors":"Shayna La Scala, Jordan L Mullins, Rengin B Firat, Kalina J Michalska","doi":"10.3389/fnint.2022.1007249","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnint.2022.1007249","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Exclusion of racialized minorities in neuroscience directly harms communities and potentially leads to biased prevention and intervention approaches. As magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and other neuroscientific techniques offer progressive insights into the neurobiological underpinnings of mental health research agendas, it is incumbent on us as researchers to pay careful attention to issues of diversity and representation as they apply in neuroscience research. Discussions around these issues are based largely on scholarly expert opinion without actually involving the community under study. In contrast, community-engaged approaches, specifically Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR), actively involve the population of interest in the research process and require collaboration and trust between community partners and researchers. This paper outlines a community-engaged neuroscience approach for the development of our developmental neuroscience study on mental health outcomes in preadolescent Latina youth. We focus on \"positionality\" (the multiple social positions researchers and the community members hold) and \"reflexivity\" (the ways these positions affect the research process) as conceptual tools from social sciences and humanities. We propose that integrating two unique tools: a positionality map and Community Advisory Board (CAB) into a CBPR framework can counter the biases in human neuroscience research by making often invisible-or taken-for-granted power dynamics visible and bolstering equitable participation of diverse communities in scientific research. We discuss the benefits and challenges of incorporating a CBPR method in neuroscience research with an illustrative example of a CAB from our lab, and highlight key generalizable considerations in research design, implementation, and dissemination that we hope are useful for scholars wishing to take similar approaches.</p>","PeriodicalId":56016,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience","volume":"16 ","pages":"1007249"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10060815/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9594952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gender diversity associated with patterns of brain activation seen in populations that experience childhood stress.","authors":"Hannah Loso,&nbsp;Bader Chaarani,&nbsp;Sarahjane Locke Dube,&nbsp;Matthew D Albaugh,&nbsp;Aya Cheaito,&nbsp;Hugh Garavan,&nbsp;Alexandra Potter","doi":"10.3389/fnint.2023.1084748","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnint.2023.1084748","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Stressful childhood experiences are associated with unique brain activity patterns during emotional processing. Specifically, pediatric stress is linked to activation in the insulae, superior temporal and parahippocampal gyri, and the amygdalae, as well as differential activation in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex when viewing emotional faces. Gender diversity is broadly associated with higher victimization and mental health disparities in children aged 9/10, but whether it is associated with stress-like alterations in brain function (BOLD signal during task-based fMRI) remains unknown. We investigate the functional brain correlates of this relationship to determine if gender-diverse youth show patterns of functional activity during an emotional task consistent with those of other populations that experience heightened stress.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We used data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD)^® study. First, we identified a subset of 4,385 participants aged 10/11 years with gender diversity data and quality-controlled fMRI data from the EN-Back (emotional <i>n</i>-back) task. The EN-Back is a working memory task that presents emotion faces as well as pictures of places as control stimuli. We regressed BOLD signal associated with emotion faces (faces minus places contrast) on gender diversity. Next, we tested if parental acceptance or youth perceptions of their school environment moderated the relationship between gender diversity and activation in the insulae or fusiform gyrus. Finally, we used structural equation modeling to investigate gender diversity's association with parental acceptance, perceptions of school environments, internalizing and externalizing problems.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Gender diversity was associated with widespread increases in BOLD signal during the faces condition of the EN-Back task. Youth's report of parental acceptance and school environment did not moderate the relationship between gender diversity and BOLD signal in the insula or fusiform gyrus. Gender diversity was related to greater parent and school-related stress, which was associated with elevated mental health problems.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Patterns of functional activity were consistent with those reported in prior literature on childhood stress. Gender diversity was associated with increased emotional and behavioral problems, as well as parent and school-related stress. These findings indicate the importance of the home and school environments for supporting the wellbeing of gender diverse youth.</p>","PeriodicalId":56016,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience","volume":"17 ","pages":"1084748"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2023-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10033574/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9197646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial: Aging with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD).","authors":"Zheng Wang, Matthew W Mosconi","doi":"10.3389/fnint.2023.1167014","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnint.2023.1167014","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":56016,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience","volume":"17 ","pages":"1167014"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10018133/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9499912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interdisciplinary views of fNIRS: Current advancements, equity challenges, and an agenda for future needs of a diverse fNIRS research community.","authors":"Emily J Doherty, Cara A Spencer, Jeremy Burnison, Marta Čeko, Jenna Chin, Lucca Eloy, Kerstin Haring, Pilyoung Kim, Daniel Pittman, Shannon Powers, Samuel L Pugh, Demetris Roumis, Jaclyn A Stephens, Tom Yeh, Leanne Hirshfield","doi":"10.3389/fnint.2023.1059679","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnint.2023.1059679","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) is an innovative and promising neuroimaging modality for studying brain activity in real-world environments. While fNIRS has seen rapid advancements in hardware, software, and research applications since its emergence nearly 30 years ago, limitations still exist regarding all three areas, where existing practices contribute to greater bias within the neuroscience research community. We spotlight fNIRS through the lens of different end-application users, including the unique perspective of a fNIRS manufacturer, and report the challenges of using this technology across several research disciplines and populations. Through the review of different research domains where fNIRS is utilized, we identify and address the presence of bias, specifically due to the restraints of current fNIRS technology, limited diversity among sample populations, and the societal prejudice that infiltrates today's research. Finally, we provide resources for minimizing bias in neuroscience research and an application agenda for the future use of fNIRS that is equitable, diverse, and inclusive.</p>","PeriodicalId":56016,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience","volume":"17 ","pages":"1059679"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10010439/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10281134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding cingulotomy's therapeutic effect in OCD through computer models.","authors":"Mohamed A Sherif, Aryandokht Fotros, Benjamin D Greenberg, Nicole C R McLaughlin","doi":"10.3389/fnint.2022.889831","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fnint.2022.889831","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cingulotomy is therapeutic in OCD, but what are the possible mechanisms? Computer models that formalize cortical OCD abnormalities and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) function can help answer this. At the neural dynamics level, cortical dynamics in OCD have been modeled using attractor networks, where activity patterns resistant to change denote the inability to switch to new patterns, which can reflect inflexible thinking patterns or behaviors. From that perspective, cingulotomy might reduce the influence of difficult-to-escape ACC attractor dynamics on other cortical areas. At the functional level, computer formulations based on model-free reinforcement learning (RL) have been used to describe the multitude of phenomena ACC is involved in, such as tracking the timing of expected outcomes and estimating the cost of exerting cognitive control and effort. Different elements of model-free RL models of ACC could be affected by the inflexible cortical dynamics, making it challenging to update their values. An agent can also use a world model, a representation of how the states of the world change, to plan its actions, through model-based RL. OCD has been hypothesized to be driven by reduced certainty of how the brain's world model describes changes. Cingulotomy might improve such uncertainties about the world and one's actions, making it possible to trust the outcomes of these actions more and thus reduce the urge to collect more sensory information in the form of compulsions. Connecting the neural dynamics models with the functional formulations can provide new ways of understanding the role of ACC in OCD, with potential therapeutic insights.</p>","PeriodicalId":56016,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience","volume":"16 ","pages":"889831"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9871832/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9194762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The cost of aiming for the best answers: Inconsistent perception.","authors":"Jeroen B J Smeets,&nbsp;Eli Brenner","doi":"10.3389/fnint.2023.1118240","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnint.2023.1118240","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The laws of physics and mathematics describe the world we live in as internally consistent. As these rules provide a very effective description, and our interaction with the world is also very effective, it seems self-evident that our perception follows these laws. As a result, when trying to explain imperfections in perception, we tend to impose consistency and introduce concepts such as deformations of visual space. In this review, we provide numerous examples that show that in many situations we perceive related attributes to have inconsistent values. We discuss how our tendency to assume consistency leads to erroneous conclusions on how we process sensory information. We propose that perception is not about creating a consistent internal representation of the outside world, but about answering specific questions about the outside world. As the information used to answer a question is specific for that question, this naturally leads to inconsistencies in perception and to an apparent dissociation between some perceptual judgments and related actions.</p>","PeriodicalId":56016,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience","volume":"17 ","pages":"1118240"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10114592/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9444858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interpreting the meaning of changes in hippocampal volume associated with vestibular loss.","authors":"Paul F Smith","doi":"10.3389/fnint.2023.1254972","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnint.2023.1254972","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Many studies have documented cognitive deficits, especially spatial cognitive deficits, in patients with some form of vestibular loss. Almost 20 years ago, hippocampal (HPC) atrophy was reported to be correlated with spatial memory deficits in such patients and the idea has gradually emerged that HPC atrophy may be causally responsible for the cognitive deficits. However, the results of studies of HPC volume following vestibular loss have not always been consistent, and a number of studies have reported no evidence of HPC atrophy. This paper argues that HPC atrophy, if it does occur following vestibular loss, may not be directly, causally responsible for the cognitive deficits, and that it is more likely that rapid functional changes in the HPC are responsible, due to the interruption of the transmission of vestibular information to the HPC. The argument presented here rests on 3 tranches of evidence: (1) Cognitive deficits have been observed in humans even in the absence of HPC atrophy; (2) HPC atrophy has not been reported in animal studies following vestibular loss, despite cognitive deficits; and (3) Animal studies have shown that the interruption of the transmission of vestibular information to the HPC has immediate consequences for HPC place cells, far too quickly to be explained by HPC atrophy. It is possible that HPC atrophy, when it does occur, is related to the longer-term consquences of living with vestibular loss, which are likely to increase circulating cortisol.</p>","PeriodicalId":56016,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience","volume":"17 ","pages":"1254972"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10440551/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10058014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding the neural bases of bodily self-consciousness: recent achievements and main challenges.","authors":"Zoé Dary,&nbsp;Christophe Lopez","doi":"10.3389/fnint.2023.1145924","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnint.2023.1145924","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The last two decades have seen a surge of interest in the mechanisms underpinning bodily self-consciousness (BSC). Studies showed that BSC relies on several bodily experiences (i.e., self-location, body ownership, agency, first-person perspective) and multisensory integration. The aim of this literature review is to summarize new insights and novel developments into the understanding of the neural bases of BSC, such as the contribution of the interoceptive signals to the neural mechanisms of BSC, and the overlap with the neural bases of conscious experience in general and of higher-level forms of self (i.e., the cognitive self). We also identify the main challenges and propose future perspectives that need to be conducted to progress into the understanding of the neural mechanisms of BSC. In particular, we point the lack of crosstalk and cross-fertilization between subdisciplines of integrative neuroscience to better understand BSC, especially the lack of research in animal models to decipher the neural networks and systems of neurotransmitters underpinning BSC. We highlight the need for more causal evidence that specific brain areas are instrumental in generating BSC and the need for studies tapping into interindividual differences in the phenomenal experience of BSC and their underlying mechanisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":56016,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience","volume":"17 ","pages":"1145924"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10316713/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10160039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Post-activation depression of the Hoffman reflex is not altered by galvanic vestibular stimulation in healthy subjects.","authors":"Mónica Del Carmen Alvarado-Navarrete,&nbsp;Adriana C Pliego-Carrillo,&nbsp;Claudia Ivette Ledesma-Ramírez,&nbsp;Carlos A Cuellar","doi":"10.3389/fnint.2023.1234613","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnint.2023.1234613","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The comprehension of the neural elements interacting in the spinal cord affected by vestibular input will contribute to the understanding of movement execution in normal and pathological conditions. In this context, Hoffman's reflex (H-reflex) has been used to evaluate transient excitability changes on the spinal cord descending pathways. The post-activation depression (P-AD) of the H-reflex consists of evoking consecutive responses (>1 Hz) provoking an amplitude depression, which has been shown to diminish in pathological conditions (i.e., spasticity, diabetic neuropathy). Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS) is a non-invasive method that activates the vestibular afferents and has been used to study the excitability of the H-reflex applied as a conditioning pulse. To our knowledge, there are no reports evaluating the P-AD during and after GVS. Our primary aim was to determine if GVS alters the P-AD evoked by stimulating the tibial nerve at 0.1, 1, 5, and 10 Hz, recording in the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles. Direct current stimulation of 2.0 ± 0.6 mA with the cathode ipsilateral (Ipsi) or contralateral (Contra) to the H-reflex electrode montage was applied bilaterally over the mastoid process in 19 healthy subjects. The P-AD's immediate post-GVS response (P Ipsi, P Contra) was also analyzed. Secondarily, we analyzed the excitability of the H-reflex during GVS. Responses evoked at 0.1 Hz with GVS, post-GVS, and a Control (no GVS) condition were used for comparisons. Our results show that P-AD persisted in all subjects despite increased excitability induced by GVS: statistical significance was found when comparing P-AD at 1, 5, and 10 Hz with the corresponding condition (Control, Ipsi, P Ipsi, Contra, P Contra) at 0.1 Hz (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Additionally, the increase in excitability produced by GVS was quantified for the first H-reflex of each P-AD stimulation frequency. The percentage change for all GVS conditions surpassed the Control by at least 20%, being statistically significant for Contra compared to Control (<i>p</i> < 0.01). In summary, although GVS increases the excitability of the vestibulospinal pathway at a premotor level, the neural inhibitory mechanism present in P-AD remains unaltered in healthy subjects.</p>","PeriodicalId":56016,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience","volume":"17 ","pages":"1234613"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10499171/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10268131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors influencing the relationship between cochlear health measures and speech recognition in cochlear implant users.","authors":"Ladan Zamaninezhad,&nbsp;Berkutay Mert,&nbsp;Heval Benav,&nbsp;Jochen Tillein,&nbsp;Carolyn Garnham,&nbsp;Uwe Baumann","doi":"10.3389/fnint.2023.1125712","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnint.2023.1125712","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>One factor which influences the speech intelligibility of cochlear implant (CI) users is the number and the extent of the functionality of spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs), referred to as \"cochlear health.\" To explain the interindividual variability in speech perception of CI users, a clinically applicable estimate of cochlear health could be insightful. The change in the slope of the electrically evoked compound action potentials (eCAP), amplitude growth function (AGF) as a response to increased interphase gap (IPG) (IPGE_<i>slope</i>) has been introduced as a potential measure of cochlear health. Although this measure has been widely used in research, its relationship to other parameters requires further investigation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study investigated the relationship between IPGE_<i>slope</i>, demographics and speech intelligibility by (1) considering the relative importance of each frequency band to speech perception, and (2) investigating the effect of the stimulus polarity of the stimulating pulse. The eCAPs were measured in three different conditions: (1) Forward masking with anodic-leading (FMA) pulse, (2) Forward masking with cathodic-leading (FMC) pulse, and (3) with alternating polarity (AP). This allowed the investigation of the effect of polarity on the diagnosis of cochlear health. For an accurate investigation of the correlation between IPGE_<i>slope</i> and speech intelligibility, a weighting function was applied to the measured IPGE_{<i>slopes</i>} on each electrode in the array to consider the relative importance of each frequency band for speech perception. A weighted Pearson correlation analysis was also applied to compensate for the effect of missing data by giving higher weights to the ears with more successful IPGE_<i>slope</i> measurements.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A significant correlation was observed between IPGE_<i>slope</i> and speech perception in both quiet and noise for between-subject data especially when the relative importance of frequency bands was considered. A strong and significant correlation was also observed between IPGE_<i>slope</i> and age when stimulation was performed with cathodic-leading pulses but not for the anodic-leading pulse condition.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Based on the outcome of this study it can be concluded that IPGE_<i>slope</i> has potential as a relevant clinical measure indicative of cochlear health and its relationship to speech intelligibility. The polarity of the stimulating pulse could influence the diagnostic potential of IPGE_<i>slope</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":56016,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience","volume":"17 ","pages":"1125712"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10213548/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10212975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}