Transportation Geotechnics最新文献

{"title":"Coupled effect of cyclic wet-dry environment and vibration event on desiccation crack and mechanical characteristics of polypropylene fiber-reinforced clay","authors":"Usama Khalid ,&nbsp;Zia ur Rehman ,&nbsp;Ashfaq Ahmad","doi":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101542","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101542","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the role of polypropylene fibers (PFs) in mitigating the combined effects of wet-dry (W-D) cycles and vibration event (VE), such as earthquake or machine vibrations, on the desiccation cracking and mechanical behavior of clay through model tests. A comprehensive experimental program was conducted using compacted clayey soil specimens, treated with various PF percentages (i.e., 0.2 %, 0.4 %, 0.6 %, and 0.8 %) and untreated (i.e., 0 % PF). These specimens were subjected to multiple W-D cycles, with their behavior documented through cinematography. Desiccation cracking and mechanical responses were evaluated after each W-D cycle and subsequent VE. Results indicated that surface cracking, quantified by morphology and crack parameters i.e., crack surface ratio (<em>R_sc</em>), total crack length (<em>L_tc</em>), and crack line density (<em>D_cl</em>), increased with progressive W-D cycles. Higher PF content in soil significantly reduced desiccation cracking across all W-D phases, attributable to the enhanced tensile strength and stress mitigation provided by the fibers. Following VE, surface crack and fragmentation visibility decreased due to the shaking effects, as indicated by reductions in <em>R_sc</em> and <em>D_cl</em>. However, <em>L_tc</em> increased slightly, suggesting either crack persistence or lengthening. Higher PF content resulted in a more substantial reduction in <em>R_sc</em> and <em>D_cl</em> and a reduced increase in <em>L_tc</em> after VE. W-D cycles led to increased cone index (CI) values, reflecting enhanced compactness due to shrinkage which enhances with PF content showing improved soil resistance to loading. Meanwhile, VE reduced CI values following W-D cycles, particularly in near-surface layers, PF content mitigates this reduction, demonstrating that PF contributes to a more stable soil matrix. Also, PF content decreased the soil deformation under W-D cycles and subsequent VE.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56013,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Geotechnics","volume":"51 ","pages":"Article 101542"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143619314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation on load sharing ratio of piles and soil in GRPS embankment with different pile types and geogrid layers under long-term cyclic loading","authors":"Kaifu Liu ,&nbsp;Shiyu Xu ,&nbsp;Minjie Wen ,&nbsp;Weiqiang Feng ,&nbsp;Zhiqing Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhangbo Wan","doi":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101534","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101534","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Geosynthetic-reinforced pile-supported (GRPS) embankments are a primary method for mitigating subgrade settlement. However, the load transfer mechanism between piles and soil remains incompletely understood, with the load sharing ratio (LSR) between piles and soil serving as a critical indicator for this mechanism. This study conducted a model test at a similarity ratio of 1:10 to investigate the effects of load amplitude, load frequency, number of geogrid layers, and pile types on the LSRs of piles and soil in GRPS embankments. The test results show that the pile’s LSR increases with rising values of these parameters, while the corresponding LSR of the soil decreases. Among these parameters, the number of geogrid layers has the least effect on the LSRs of both piles and soil. Furthermore, the rigid long pile demonstrates a higher LSR than the flexible short pile, attributed to its greater stiffness. The influence of load frequency on the LSRs of the rigid long pile is also less significant compared to the flexible short pile. Variations of LSR increment can be predicted using a formula that incorporates the number of loading cycles. These findings provide deeper insights into the load transfer mechanism in the pile-soil system, contribute to the optimization of GRPS embankments design practice, and ultimately enhance performance and reliability of the GRPS embankments in geotechnical engineering applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56013,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Geotechnics","volume":"51 ","pages":"Article 101534"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143549308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integral railway bridges with different transition zone designs","authors":"Alexander Stastny ,&nbsp;Ronald Stein ,&nbsp;Franz Tschuchnigg","doi":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101509","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101509","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Integral bridges interact strongly with their backfills, especially due to seasonal thermal loading. So far, most research has focused on this cyclic soil–structure interaction of integral bridges with granular backfills. However, due to higher train speeds or axle loads, railway transition zones internationally must often be designed with wedge-shaped cement-bound granular mixtures. Also, transition slabs are widely used for longer integral bridges. Therefore, a numerical investigation is presented on the cyclic soil–structure interaction of integral bridges with different railway backfill designs. The main focus lies on the cyclic mobilization of lateral stresses and settlements in the backfill. Next to well-graded granular backfill, the comparison includes two forms of cement-bound wedges as well as concrete transition slabs. The numerical studies further cover both, varying bridge lengths and abutment heights. The obtained results highlight significantly different settlement accumulations for the various transition zone designs. A comparison with analytical design approaches is conducted and recommendations for the design of transition zones for integral bridges with different total lengths are derived. In the second part of the paper, results of a three-year-long monitoring of an integral railway bridge are presented. The cyclic development of both earth pressure and settlements are investigated by means of 3D FE back analysis. The study reveals that the interaction behaviour and earth pressure distribution is strongly affected by a concrete sealing layer of (only) 30 cm at mid-height of the backfill. The measured behaviour can be reproduced well, which further confirms the eligibility of the FE model and its calibrated constitutive model.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56013,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Geotechnics","volume":"51 ","pages":"Article 101509"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143508651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Utilising construction and demolition waste in soft soil stabilisation: A prediction model for enhanced strength and stiffness","authors":"Ecem Nur Barisoglu ,&nbsp;Taher Ghalandari ,&nbsp;Diederik Snoeck ,&nbsp;Ramiro Daniel Verástegui-Flores ,&nbsp;Gemmina Di Emidio","doi":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101530","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101530","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Utilising recycled materials, such as construction and demolition waste (C&amp;DW), into soil improvement projects offers a promising solution to reduce the environmental impact of the C&amp;DW industry. This approach helps address issues related to waste generation, resource depletion, and environmental degradation, while enhancing the overall sustainability and resilience of soil stabilisation efforts. This study investigates the effectiveness of incorporating recycled C&amp;DW into cement-treated peat and clayey soils to enhance their strength and stiffness. To achieve this goal, laboratory experiments were conducted on over 296 soil specimens to assess their Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS), small-strain Young’s modulus (E₀) and shear modulus (G₀). These tests included varying curing times (28, 60, 90, and 120 days), different cement and recycled material content, and water-to-cement ratios. Moreover, laboratory testing methods for determining geotechnical parameters are often time-consuming and prone to challenges. In this context, reliable predictive models, such as artificial neural networks (ANNs), offer an efficient alternative for accurately assessing these parameters.</div><div>The findings of this research reveal that, along with cement content, the water-to-cement ratio (w/c) and curing time are key factors influencing the strength and stiffness of treated soft soils, underscoring their critical role in soil stabilisation. Additionally, while minimizing cement content and increasing RM yield improvements in both peat and clay, the effect is more pronounced in peat due to the time-dependent nature of pozzolanic reactions. This suggests that achieving optimal performance with increased strength and stiffness requires a carefully balanced RM content. Finally, the study demonstrates that ANN-based models can accurately predict the strength and mechanical properties of soft soils, offering a viable alternative to traditional UCS and FFR tests.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56013,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Geotechnics","volume":"51 ","pages":"Article 101530"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143510610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Swelling and chemical degradation of sulfur-bearing fillers in high-speed railway subgrade: Effect of pH on ion release and material deterioration","authors":"Zihang Liu ,&nbsp;Zhangjun Dai ,&nbsp;Xiaodong Song ,&nbsp;Lanqiang Yang ,&nbsp;Fei Yu ,&nbsp;Shanxiong Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101546","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101546","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The deformation and degradation of sulfur-bearing fillers are critical factors affecting the long-term performance of high-speed railway subgrade materials. This study investigates the swelling and chemical degradation behavior of sulfur-bearing fillers under different pH environments (acidic pH = 2.03, neutral pH = 6.97, and alkaline pH = 11.95). Advanced analytical methods, including Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and Ion Chromatography (IC), were utilized to explore the structural and chemical changes in these materials. Results demonstrate that alkaline conditions significantly accelerate degradation, characterized by a higher rate of SO₄²⁻ release and an increase in porosity to 25.65 %, compared to 12.87 % in acidic conditions. The degradation process comprises three distinct stages: rapid initial degradation, intermediate deceleration, and final stabilization. Under alkaline conditions, the formation of white precipitates and increased fissures were observed, indicating severe structural deterioration. Conversely, acidic environments exhibit an inhibitory effect on filler degradation, characterized by reduced ion release rates and lower total ion concentrations. These findings enhance the understanding of the degradation mechanism of sulfur-bearing fillers and provide a basis for improving subgrade material selection and durability design in high-speed railway projects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56013,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Geotechnics","volume":"51 ","pages":"Article 101546"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143619200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spring load restriction methods: A comprehensive review","authors":"Muchun Liu ,&nbsp;Behnam Azmoon ,&nbsp;Mohammad Hossein Tavakoli Dastjerdi ,&nbsp;Aynaz Biniyaz ,&nbsp;Zhen Leo Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101532","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101532","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In cold regions, the seasonal freeze–thaw cycles constitute a significant challenge for pavement, leading to structural impairments and diminished long-term performance. During winter, the frozen water and ice formations increase pavement stiffness and bearing capacity. However, during the spring thaw, the liquid water above the frozen layer can be trapped by the impermeable frozen soil. This leads to a reduction in soil shear strength and pavement bearing capacity, resulting in deformations and damage to the roads. To mitigate these costs, Spring/Seasonal Load Restrictions (SLRs) policies have been implemented to limit axle loads and protect roads during the thaw-weakening. The success of SLR policies depends on an accurate estimation of the start date and duration of the reduced bearing capacity period. SLRs should also strike a balance between minimizing pavement damage and allowing traffic to flow freely as possible. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the existing SLR practices aṇssociated with their underlying mechanisms and different categories. SLR practices in Northern America are also summarized to evaluate the industry standards. In-depth discussions are added at the end based on this review to highlight the knowledge gaps and drawbacks of the current state of the practice.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56013,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Geotechnics","volume":"51 ","pages":"Article 101532"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143487241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Model tests study of multi-layer geosynthetic-reinforced pile-supported embankments and evaluation of analytical design models","authors":"Da Zhang ,&nbsp;Guangqing Yang ,&nbsp;Ting Li ,&nbsp;Peng Xu ,&nbsp;Penghui Su","doi":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101521","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101521","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Single and multi-layer geosynthetic-reinforced pile-supported (GRPS) embankments are widely used in practice. Various analytical design models were developed to analyze GRPS embankments. However, engineering experience has shown that the performance of multi-layer GRPS embankments differs from that of single-layer GRPS embankments. The applicability of these analytical design models based on different assumptions has not been fully validated. This paper conducted the physical model test on multi-layer GRPS embankments to clarify their macroscopic mechanical properties. The performance of eight analytical design models under different relative embankment heights was assessed based on the results of the physical model test, using arching efficiency and reinforcement strain as comparison parameters. The results from the physical model test indicated that increasing the number of reinforcement layers in GRPS embankments can more significantly enhance their performance in terms of load transfer and deformation control, as compared to increasing the reinforcement strength of single-layer GRPS embankments. Unlike the membrane behavior exhibited by single-layer reinforcement, the mechanism of multi-layer reinforcement is closer to beam behavior due to the interlock between the reinforcements and the granular fill. Additionally, there is a positive correlation between the prediction accuracy of analytical design models and the relative embankment height, both in predicting the arching efficiency and the reinforcement strain. The accuracy of selected analytical design models in predicting reinforcement strain is found to be weaker in comparison to their predictive capabilities for arching efficiency. Finally, the EBGEO model has good performance, which is grounded in limit equilibrium theory, considers subsoil bearing capacity, and assumes a triangular distribution of the overburden load on the reinforcement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56013,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Geotechnics","volume":"51 ","pages":"Article 101521"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143474834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Visualization of the microscopic mechanism of slurry infiltration and filter cake formation for slurry shield tunneling in saturated sand: A microfluidic chip experiment","authors":"Yanbo Chen ,&nbsp;Hao Liu ,&nbsp;Yufeng Gao ,&nbsp;Xiaowei Ye ,&nbsp;Haowen Guo ,&nbsp;Yunqi Gao ,&nbsp;Yandong Lv","doi":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101529","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101529","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigated the effects of slurry concentration and pressure on the micro-mechanisms of the slurry infiltration and filter cake formation through microfluidic chip experiments. The formation process of the clogging skeletons and filter cake was revealed. The formation time of clogging skeletons, particle deposition area, average clogging depth and clogging frequency were measured to evaluate the effects of slurry concentration and pressure. The results show that the bentonite particles can clog the pores through the effects of sieving and bridging, thereby forming weakly-permeable clogging skeletons. Subsequent particles deposit on the clogging skeletons and the filter cake begins to form. Higher slurry concentration can accelerate the clogging skeleton formation and enhances its stability. Increasing the concentration from 30 g/l to 60 g/l can increase the frequency of bridging-induced clogging by 2.66 %, leading to a 26 % decrease in the average clogging depth. The shallower clogging depth facilitates a larger external deposition area, significantly reducing the filter cake permeability. Higher slurry pressure can also accelerate the clogging skeleton formation and compacts the external deposited particles. Increasing the initial pressure from 30 kPa to 50 kPa can decrease the frequency of bridging-induced clogging by 2.41 % and increase the average clogging depth by 13 %, which induces the larger internal deposition area and lower filter cake permeability. Considering the effects of the cutter tool penetration depth and rotation frequency on the filter cake, it is recommended the concentration and excess pressure of the slurry used in the engineering applications should not be less than 60 g/l and 50 kPa, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56013,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Geotechnics","volume":"51 ","pages":"Article 101529"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143474833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Site-specific soil water characteristic curve prediction with extremely scarce data using data-driven hierarchical Bayesian model","authors":"Menglu Huang,&nbsp;Shin-Ichi Nishimura,&nbsp;Toshifumi Shibata,&nbsp;Linghao Huang,&nbsp;Shiying Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101527","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101527","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The soil-water characteristic curve (SWCC) is fundamental for understanding the hydro-mechanical behavior of unsaturated soils and is widely applied in various fields. However, determining the SWCC through laboratory experiments is time-consuming. As a result, developing efficient prediction models for SWCC is highly valuable for timely decision-making. Existing methods face fundamental limitations: Bayesian approaches rely on predefined empirical models that may fail to fully capture soil–water interactions, while current data-driven machine learning models struggle to handle extremely sparse measurements, incomplete inputs and uncertainty quantification. To address these challenges, this study introduces a data-driven hierarchical Bayesian model (HBM) that integrates an indirect database with extremely sparse site-specific measurements (e.g., fewer than four data points) to reliably predict the SWCC. The HBM operates in two stages where hyperparameters are first estimated from the database to establish a prior model, and then in the inference stage, the prior model is refined through transfer learning to generate a quasi-site-specific posterior model. Through conjugate priors and Gibbs sampling, this approach enables robust SWCC predictions with severely limited data and/or incomplete soil parameters. A comprehensive drying SWCC database with ten essential soil parameters is compiled to train and validate the model through three case studies and leave-one-site-out cross-validation. The results show that the HBM outperforms widely used machine learning models, such as Artificial Neural Networks and Extreme Gradient Boosting, offering a robust solution for SWCC prediction under site-specific data constraints.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56013,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Geotechnics","volume":"51 ","pages":"Article 101527"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143478656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of installation damage on the behavior of a polypropylene geogrid in an aggressive environment","authors":"Linda Naga ,&nbsp;Mohamed Chikhaoui ,&nbsp;Daniele Cazzuffi ,&nbsp;Lynda Djerbal","doi":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101523","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101523","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explores the effect of installation damage on the behavior of a polypropylene geogrid in an aggressive environment, providing a more realistic assessment of the long-term product behavior under severe conditions. The study’s novelty resides in evaluating the combined effect of installation damage and chemical degradation on the geosynthetic at microscopic and macroscopic scales. To this end, experimental tests were conducted in two phases. In the first phase, a full-scale field installation test and an accelerated aging test— specifically, immersion in sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) at a concentration of 3.1 mol/L at 80 °C—were performed separately on a virgin geogrid. In the second phase, the geogrid previously damaged under the installation test was exposed to the accelerated aging test (combined degradation). The damage sustained by the geogrid after the degradation tests was evaluated by monitoring changes in its mechanical behavior using the tensile test. In addition, differential scanning calorimetry analysis was performed to assess the evolution of the thermal and morphological properties of the polypropylene, while the surface morphology of the geogrid was examined through scanning electron microscopy. The findings demonstrated that chemical attack has a less pronounced effect on the thermal and mechanical behavior of the geogrid previously damaged during the installation process compared to the undamaged geogrid. Specifically, throughout the aging time, the reductions in tensile strength ranged from 17.59 − 26.38 % following combined degradation, compared to 27.19 − 39.75 % after the aging test (single degradation). This investigation underscores the significance of considering the combined effects of degradation agents to enhance the predictability of geosynthetics’ performance in real conditions, thereby ensuring the optimization of infrastructure longevity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56013,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Geotechnics","volume":"51 ","pages":"Article 101523"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143474837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}