Transportation Geotechnics最新文献

{"title":"Integrated geotechnical and electrical resistivity approaches for investigating rainfall-induced slope failure in a mountainous highway embankment","authors":"Ratchadakorn Chumkhiao ,&nbsp;Sukit Yindeesuk ,&nbsp;Kuo Chieh Chao ,&nbsp;Shinya Inazumi","doi":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101728","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101728","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A rainfall-induced slope failure occurred in October 2022 along Highway No. 1088 in northern Thailand. To investigate the failure mechanism, an integrated approach combining geotechnical, geological, and geophysical methods was employed. Borehole drilling and laboratory testing were conducted to evaluate soil stratigraphy, strength parameters, and water content, while 2D electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) was used to identify subsurface profiles and failure surfaces over a large area. The failure surface was inferred at depths between 3.00–6.45 m based on borehole data, characterized by low N₆₀-values and water contents exceeding the plastic limits. The 2D ERI results delineated a low-resistivity zone (10–20 Ωm) at depths between 6.00–9.00 m, indicating a preferentially saturated and mechanically weak layer consistent with the failure surface. Integration of the 2D ERI profiles revealed a northwest-oriented slope movement direction, aligning with field observations of fracture patterns and regional fault orientation. Geological investigation of outcrops supported the identification of semi-consolidated interbedded clay and gravel layers with high weathering susceptibility. The study demonstrates that the integration of resistivity imaging with conventional geotechnical investigations provides a robust framework for assessing failure surfaces and slope movement in complex geomaterials. These findings are essential for slope stability analysis, early-warning system design, and the development of targeted countermeasures in rainfall-prone mountainous regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56013,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Geotechnics","volume":"55 ","pages":"Article 101728"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145099844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A stacking-based machine learning framework for predicting the unconfined compressive strength of frozen soil with missing data imputation","authors":"Zhengyu Li ,&nbsp;Guanya Lu ,&nbsp;Xiyin Zhang ,&nbsp;Bingzhe Zhang ,&nbsp;Xuhao Lv","doi":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101730","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101730","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In cold-region engineering and artificial ground freezing applications, the unconfined compressive strength (UCS, <em>σ_m</em>) and failure strain (<em>ε_f</em>) of frozen soil are critical mechanical parameters for design and analysis. However, precisely predicting frozen soil mechanical behavior under complex conditions remains a significant challenge. This study compiled a dataset of 1,346 unconfined compression test records for frozen soils and addressed missing data via multivariate imputation by chained equations (MICE) utilizing a Random Forest (RF) algorithm. Leveraging Bayesian optimization (BO) and 10‐fold cross‐validation, we developed a stacked machine learning model combining three eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) predictors for integrated classification and regression tasks. Compared to conventional empirical formulations, the proposed model demonstrates significant improvements in predictive accuracy for stress–strain curve types, <em>σ_m</em>, and <em>ε_f</em>. To enhance the model’s interpretability, we employed the SHAP (Shapley Additive Explanations) method to explain the impact of each feature on predictions. Furthermore, for scenarios with constrained data availability, two stacking models requiring fewer input features were constructed. Collectively, the stacking ensemble framework provides a robust and interpretable methodology for the accurate prediction of frozen soil mechanical properties under diverse and complex conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56013,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Geotechnics","volume":"55 ","pages":"Article 101730"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145099840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A case study on performance enhancement and reliability assessment of lime re-stabilized waste lime soil","authors":"Shengnian Wang ,&nbsp;Yuting Xiang ,&nbsp;Haiyan Jiang ,&nbsp;Yue Li ,&nbsp;Leilei Gu","doi":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101723","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101723","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The disposal strategy of waste lime soil (WLS), as a primary material excavated from the existing road subgrade renovation, has become increasingly critical with the growing emphasis on environmental sustainability and green construction practices. The recycling of lime re-stabilized waste lime soil (LRWLS) can not only solve the challenges of its disposal and the shortage of road subgrade fillers in current and future road renovation and expansion projects, but also can reduce the consumption of lime and avoid the disposal process by transportation transfer, thereby decreasing carbon emissions. Taking the renovation and expansion project of National Highway 312 in Jurong, Zhenjiang, China, as the research background, this study evaluates the engineering performances of WLS first, including their grading characteristics, basic physical properties, and residual active calcium oxide content, and then investigates the performance evolution and application effect of LRWLS. Their compaction characteristics, mechanical properties such as unconfined compressive strength (UCS), tensile strength (TS), shear strength (SS), and California bearing ratio (CBR) with various lime dosages are explored through a series of indoor experiments. Their enhancement mechanism is revealed by observing the changes in pore structure and chemical products at different curing times by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and conducting theoretical analysis based on the principle of lime stabilization. Finally, the application reliability of LRWLS in the engineering road subgrade is examined comprehensively by subsequent field investigations, including compaction degree, deflection value, and long-term reliability. The results indicate that the demolished WLS contains some large-sized uncrushed calcium nodules that can worsen the particle size distribution of LRWLS should be removed before recycling. The grading of WLS after removing these nodules is favorable, with a residual active calcium oxide content ranging from 0.8 % to 1.5 %. As the lime dosage increases, the maximum dry density of LRWLS decreases linearly, while the optimum moisture content increases. The UCS and TS of LRWLS show a trend of initially increasing rapidly and then gradually decreasing as the lime dosage rises. The UCS and TS of LRWLS with a lime dosage of 2 % increase to approximately three times that of WLS. An increase in lime dosage significantly enhances the internal friction angle of LRWLS, but has a limited effect on cohesion. Similarly, the expansion rate of LRWLS decreases remarkably with the lime dosage, while their water absorption increases slightly at a high lime dosage. Their CBR value increases significantly, but their growth rate gradually slows with the increase in lime dosage. The microstructure and chemical products present indicate that LRWLS has become noticeably clustered at an early curing time and formed a compacted structure with filling of carbonate gels over the curing ","PeriodicalId":56013,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Geotechnics","volume":"55 ","pages":"Article 101723"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145099847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Domain-decomposed physics-informed neural network for one-dimensional soil consolidation under multi-step surcharge loading","authors":"Hao Zhang ,&nbsp;Bokai Song ,&nbsp;Linlong Zuo ,&nbsp;Lin Li","doi":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101722","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101722","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs) have become a powerful framework for solving both forward and inverse problems governed by partial differential equations, particularly when observational data are sparse or boundary conditions are complex. This study proposes a domain-decomposed PINN (DD-PINN) approach to model one-dimensional soil consolidation under multi-stage surcharge loading. By introducing a temporal subdomain partitioning strategy, separate neural networks are assigned to each loading interval, enabling the model to effectively capture discontinuities and improve training stability. The method is applied to both forward and inverse settings. In the forward problem, the model predicts the dissipation of excess pore water pressure under time-dependent surface loads and varying boundary drainage conditions. In the inverse problem, the coefficient of consolidation is identified from sparse observations by treating it as a trainable parameter within the neural network. Numerical experiments under different drainage conditions validate the accuracy and robustness of the proposed approach. The subdomain-based PINN demonstrates superior performance compared to conventional single-network architectures in terms of predictive accuracy and error convergence. This work highlights the potential of physics-informed deep learning in geotechnical modeling and provides a foundation for future applications involving nonlinear material behavior, multidimensional domains, or field-monitored datasets.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56013,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Geotechnics","volume":"55 ","pages":"Article 101722"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145099259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dem investigation of volumetric loss-induced failure mechanisms and soil arching evolution in inherent anisotropic sandy soil strata","authors":"Junnan Ren ,&nbsp;Qixiang Yan ,&nbsp;Jiangtao Wei ,&nbsp;Minghui Sun ,&nbsp;Yaozhong Cui ,&nbsp;Xiaolong Liao","doi":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101727","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101727","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soil arching effect induced by volumetric loss frequently leads to stress redistribution of sandy soil, even resulting in surface subsidence hazards. To systematically investigate the formation and evolution mechanisms of soil arches in inherent anisotropy strata, this paper conducts a set of anisotropic granular packing prepared for trapdoor tests with the objective of examining the effect of bedding angles (<span><math><mi>α</mi></math></span>) in sandy soil on the arching effect by employing the Discrete Element Method (DEM). This investigation systematically presents outcomes encompassing load–displacement curves, arching deformation patterns, and ground response within formations featuring distinct <span><math><mi>α</mi></math></span>. Furthermore, microscopic analyses are further adopted to endeavor to elucidate the behaviors influenced by <span><math><mi>α</mi></math></span>. Results indicate that under low fill heights, the specimen with<span><math><mi>α</mi></math></span> = 0° inclination exhibits a higher minimum load compared to others, attributed to increased bending moments generated by contact forces within the shear band. Specimens with<span><math><mi>α</mi></math></span> = 30° and 60° inclinations demonstrate significant lateral shifts in their maximum surface settlement points, a behavior accurately captured by the modified Peck formula proposed in this study. Furthermore, a three-stage evolution curve of soil arching is introduced to characterize the failure modes of granular materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56013,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Geotechnics","volume":"55 ","pages":"Article 101727"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145099262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of expanded polystyrene as a lightweight material in road construction under cyclic loading","authors":"Doğucan Resuloğulları,&nbsp;Cafer Kayadelen,&nbsp;Sercan Serin,&nbsp;Gökhan Altay","doi":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101717","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101717","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The construction industry is increasingly seeking sustainable materials to address the limitations of conventional subgrade materials in road construction. This research investigates the application of expanded polystyrene (EPS) as a subgrade material to improve the performance of road pavements subjected to cyclic loading. It explores EPS’s potential as an effective and sustainable alternative for subgrade materials in road construction. The findings may suggest that utilizing EPS can extend pavement lifespan and lower maintenance costs under certain conditions. The study involved experimental tests using Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) blocks with varying densities and thicknesses, positioned beneath sand subgrade layers to simulate road traffic conditions and evaluate their effect on roadway performance. The findings indicate that EPS considerably reduces both total and permanent settlement in road pavements. Specifically, higher-density EPS blocks exhibit improved load-bearing capacity and enhanced resistance to deformation. Furthermore, increasing the density of EPS boosts its performance under cyclic loading. Employing thicker reinforcement layers leads to even more significant reductions in settlement. Key outcomes include a 20–35% reduction in soil settlement when using EPS, as well as significant improvements in load distribution and resilience under cyclic loading, particularly in configurations utilizing high-density EPS combined with geosynthetic reinforcements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56013,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Geotechnics","volume":"55 ","pages":"Article 101717"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145099257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Scale-Dependent Particle Morphology on the Single-Particle Crushing Behavior of Granular Soil","authors":"Chen-Xi Tong ,&nbsp;Xin-Ji-Yuan Li ,&nbsp;Zong-Lei Dong ,&nbsp;Sheng Zhang ,&nbsp;Daichao Sheng","doi":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101720","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101720","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Granular soil particles display complex, multi-scale morphologies, including overall form, roundness, and surface roughness. Due to the interplay among shape features at different scales, isolating the effect of a single-scale shape characteristic on particle crushing behavior is challenging. To this purpose, a noise-based framework was employed to produce particle series with controlled gradients in a single-scale particle shape indicator. Over 600 single-particle crushing simulations were conducted using an improved bonded particle model capable of capturing realistic particle geometries. The simulation results highlight that particle crushing strength is governed by macro-scale sphericity, and the size effect is mainly influenced by meso-scale roundness, while micro-scale surface roughness has a negligible impact on crushing strength. As sphericity increases, both characteristic strength <em>σ</em>₀ and Weibull modulus <em>m</em> increase, indicating improved breakage resistance and reduced variability in crushing strength. The extent of the size effect exhibits a clear negative correlation with roundness, attributed to the contact area between the particle and the loading platens. Regardless of the initial particle shape, crushing strength has a positive correlation with contact area between the particle and loading platens. Finally, a probabilistic model for the characteristic crushing strength, incorporating both particle shape and size, is proposed and demonstrates good agreement with the test data.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56013,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Geotechnics","volume":"55 ","pages":"Article 101720"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145099260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study of freeze–thaw deformation in soil modified with phase change materials","authors":"Xiaoqiang Liu ,&nbsp;Kravchenko Ekaterina ,&nbsp;Yao Liu ,&nbsp;Wei Ma ,&nbsp;Jiankun Liu ,&nbsp;Zhifeng Ren","doi":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101719","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101719","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Previous studies have confirmed the potential use of phase change materials (PCMs) in reducing temperature fluctuations in soil. However, PCM’s impact on soil volumetric deformation due to freeze–thaw (F-T) cycles remains understudied. To address this gap, the thermal conductivity, Atterberg limit, permeability, and F-T deformation were investigated for the control and two PCM-modified soils. PCM-A and PCM-B were utilized in modifying the soil, which had phase change points of 10.65°C and −2.75°C, respectively. The results reveal that PCM-modified soils have less F-T deformation than the control soil, with PCM-A showing the least deformation. The increased plastic limit, decreased thermal conductivity, reduced permeability coefficient and decay of supercooling temperature reveal that the F-T deformation of PCM-modified soil diminishes with the addition of PCM. For PCM-A, a plastic limit exceeding its moisture content of 18 %, lower thermal conductivity, and an approximately equal permeability coefficient indicate the least frost heave during freezing. Based on grey incidence analysis, the phase change temperatures have a minimal impact on F-T deformation compared to other physical properties. The difference in the grey incidence between frost heave and phase change temperatures also indicates the stronger restraining effect of PCM-A on soil’s frost heave. PCM-A with an optimal content not exceeding 6 % is recommended for restricting F-T deformation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56013,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Geotechnics","volume":"55 ","pages":"Article 101719"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145099845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of railway ballast fouling using GPR and AI-Based learning from LDCP and geoendoscopy data","authors":"Jorge Rojas-Vivanco ,&nbsp;Miguel Benz-Navarrete ,&nbsp;José García ,&nbsp;Pierre Breul ,&nbsp;Aurélie Talon ,&nbsp;Gabriel Villavicencio","doi":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101701","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101701","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ballast is a key components of ballasted railway tracks. Its main function is to guarantee the vertical, lateral and longitudinal stability of the track for the passage of trains. These functions are compromised when ballast begins to deteriorate or becomes fouled, so it is imperative to monitor the rate of fouling index to determine the necessary maintenance or renovation actions. The objective of this study is to characterize the fouling index of the ballast using Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) measurements with 400 MHz antennas and employing machine learning techniques. The proposed methodology focuses on the parametric development of GPR signals, incorporating both time and frequency domain analyses, along with specific analytical parameters. This comprehensive approach enables a more precise characterization of GPR signals, enhancing their interpretation and analysis in various geotechnical contexts. This analysis will be carried out using a historical database of French railways, consisting of 4700 km of GPR measurements and 12,000 soundings with the light dynamic cone penetration (LDCP)/geoendoscopy test principle. The determination of the target variable, which is the fouling state of the ballast layer, will be performed through the soundings. The results obtained show that the most appropriate model for estimating the fouling index is Random Forest, demonstrating an accuracy of 96% in the training phase. On the other hand, in the model evaluation phase with cases external to the database, the XGBoost model obtained the best result, with a maximum accuracy of 86%.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56013,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Geotechnics","volume":"55 ","pages":"Article 101701"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145099846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental investigation of track substructure bearing pressures with under tie pads (UTPs)","authors":"Arthur de O. Lima ,&nbsp;Jaeik Lee ,&nbsp;J. Riley Edwards","doi":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101716","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101716","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The implementation of under tie pads (UTPs) in railway track structures has gained attention due to their potential to mitigate track degradation and extend maintenance intervals. This study evaluates the effects of UTPs on substructure bearing pressure through a combination of laboratory and field experiments. A laboratory experiment was first conducted to establish baseline pressure distributions under different UTP configurations and to provide proof of concept of the sensor arrangements for the subsequent field study. The results indicated that minor adjustments in crosstie position caused significant variability in pressure magnitudes with a maximum difference of 93.4 psi (644.0 kPa). This variability may be attributed to changes in ballast particle engagement that modified the vertical load path (i.e., force-chain), as well as variations in support conditions near the rail seat region, both of which contributed to measurement inconsistencies. To mitigate force-chain effects and ensure consistent pressure measurements during field experiments under heavy axle load (HAL) revenue service conditions, pressure cells were deployed at a depth of 16 in. (41 cm) within the sub-ballast layer. The field experiment included three scenarios: a control track and tracks with UTP Types A and B. Results indicated that UTP Type B exhibited the highest median pressure followed by the control track and UTP Type A. All three cases displayed a reduction in pressure over time, which can be attributed to accumulated tonnage leading to gradual stabilization and consolidation of the substructure. This reduction was more pronounced in the UTP padded tracks, highlighting the long-term benefits of UTPs as their impact became more evident with increased tonnage. Additionally, a Risk-Weighted Pressure Index (RWPI) was introduced to better capture and assess the potential risk associated with high-pressure occurrences. The control track showed the highest RWPI values, indicating a greater likelihood of high-pressure occurrences that could accelerate track degradation and lead to substructure failures. These findings highlight the role of UTPs in enhancing track resilience, optimizing substructure performance, and reducing track maintenance demands under HAL conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56013,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Geotechnics","volume":"55 ","pages":"Article 101716"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145018799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}