Transportation Geotechnics最新文献

{"title":"Responses of karst-penetrating piles under active and passive loading: experimental and numerical investigation","authors":"Wenzhe Peng ,&nbsp;Xiaojie Jiang ,&nbsp;Qin Zhu ,&nbsp;Ling Zhang ,&nbsp;Minghua Zhao ,&nbsp;Dequan Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101649","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101649","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study, part of a preliminary safety evaluation for a real project, investigates the responses of karst-penetrating piles under active and passive loading, compared to non-cave cases. A series of reduced-scale model experiments and numerical simulations were conducted with a 1:35 similarity ratio, considering the effects of cave number and height on dimensionless pile responses. The results revealed that the decrease in axial force within and near the caves is due to the vertical resistance generated by the bulged pile segment, the pile-rock interface, and the cave bottom against the bulged pile segment. The deflection and bending moment profiles of karst-penetrating piles, which are significantly affected by pile head constraints, resemble those in non-cave cases, but with increased magnitudes as cave number and height rise. Additionally, reduced pile-rock contact shortens the effective pile length, preventing the shallow soil layer from providing sufficient lateral resistance. Consequently, deeper soil layers must mobilize their resistance to maintain lateral equilibrium. The effects of caves on pile responses depend on their position relative to the critical pile length of 4/<em>α</em>. Finally, pile head settlement and deflection exhibit a nearly linear positive relationship with both cave number and height. To simplify future predictions, several fitting formulas are proposed to link pile responses with and without karst caves. These formulas enable convenient prediction of the responses of karst-penetrating piles by scaling non-cave responses, reducing the need for extensive testing across various undetected cave scenarios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56013,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Geotechnics","volume":"54 ","pages":"Article 101649"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144679147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the shear characteristics of undrained circulation of rubber sand under traffic load","authors":"Xingmin Zheng ,&nbsp;Jiawei Ji ,&nbsp;Feiyu Liu ,&nbsp;Weixiang Zeng","doi":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101650","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101650","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As a lightweight and environmentally friendly granular material, rubber-sand mixtures have been widely utilized in roadbed filling engineering due to their excellent vibration-damping performance. However, systematic and in-depth research on the dynamic response mechanisms of rubber–sand mixtures under traffic loading remains limited. In this study, hollow cylinder torsional shear tests were conducted to investigate the effects of varying rubber contents (0 %, 20 %, 40 %, and 60 %) on the dynamic shear characteristics of rubber sand subjected to traffic loading. Additionally, a three–dimensional discrete element method (DEM)–based undrained hollow cylinder torsional shear model was established to analyze the evolution of particle displacement, particle mechanical coordination number, strong chain percentage, and fabric anisotropy during the torsional shear process. The results indicate that at low and medium rubber contents (20 %, 40 %), liquefaction and reorganization of the particle skeleton trigger abrupt increases in axial strain and suppress the rebound effect. Meanwhile, horizontal shear–band reorientation accelerates axial strain accumulation. Under these conditions, as rubber content increases, the damping ratio rises linearly, while the shear modulus decreases. At the microscopic level, the particle contact network experiences a reduction in the ratio of mechanical coordination numbers and strong force chains, accompanied by an accelerated decay of normal contact forces in the vertical direction. However, when the rubber content reaches 60 %, the elastic continuous phase formed by densely packed rubber particles stabilizes the strain field and suppresses displacement localization, enhancing stiffness. Microscopically, the number of normal contacts increases, the percentage of strong chains stabilizes, and the rate of decay of vertical normal contact forces is significantly reduced.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56013,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Geotechnics","volume":"54 ","pages":"Article 101650"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144679146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Direct shear behavior of ballasts under differential cyclic normal loading conditions","authors":"Wengang Dang ,&nbsp;Xingling Li ,&nbsp;Hongfei Duan ,&nbsp;Junpeng Zou ,&nbsp;Kang Tao ,&nbsp;Linchong Huang ,&nbsp;Wenhao Zhang ,&nbsp;Yuyong Jiao","doi":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101647","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101647","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ballast is a common construction material, which often faces complex stress disturbances from nature and human activities. In this study, we conducted a series of direct shear tests on ballasts under constant and differential cyclic normal stresses. The effects of normal loading/unloading timespan ratios (<em>ξ</em>), applied peak normal stresses (<em>σ</em>_p), and shear rates (<em>v</em>) were explored. We found that the normal loading and unloading stiffness is related to <em>ξ</em>, <em>σ</em>_p, and <em>v</em>. Also, as <em>ξ</em>, <em>σ</em>_p, and <em>v</em> increase, the peak shear stress increases. The changing pattern of the time lag between the peak normal stress and peak shear stress is only related to <em>ξ</em>. When <em>ξ</em> ≤ 1/1, the peak shear stress lags behind the peak normal stress, showing dynamic weakening of shear strength. When <em>ξ</em> &gt; 1/1, the peak shear stress and peak normal stress occur simultaneously, showing dynamic strengthening of shear strength. Moreover, it always shows dynamic strengthening for different <em>σ</em>_p, while increasing <em>v</em> makes the shear strength transitions from dynamic weakening to dynamic strengthening. In the normal stress loading stage, the shear stress increases linearly, whereas in the normal stress unloading stage, the shear stress curves exhibit non-linear evolutions, resulting in differences in the slope coordination between the shear stress and normal stress. Our findings provide valuable insights into mechanical behavior of ballasts under irregular stress disturbance, aiding in mitigating associated risks in railway engineering.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56013,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Geotechnics","volume":"54 ","pages":"Article 101647"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144654830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of dynamic stress behavior in CRTS III slab track subjected to differential subgrade settlement and temperature gradient","authors":"Xi Wang ,&nbsp;Qingyuan Xu ,&nbsp;Shengwei Sun ,&nbsp;Bin Li ,&nbsp;Qi Wei ,&nbsp;Hao Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101632","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101632","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The CRTS III slab track operates in a complex environment where differential subgrade settlement (DSS) and temperature gradient (TG) significantly affect its mechanical properties and geometry, thereby impacting track durability and train safety. A train-CRTS III slab track-subgrade coupled dynamic model considering the contact nonlinearity is developed. Taking the state of track structure caused by DSS and TG as the initial condition, the combined effects of DSS and TG on the dynamic stress behavior in CRTS III slab track under moving train are explored. Results show that DSS causes sharp peaks in initial mechanical responses within the DSS region, while TG induces cyclic fluctuations across the entire track. Under combined loads, the moving train induces the greatest amplification in fastener compression force (increasing by 5.51 times), and the least amplification in base plate (BP) tensile stress (increasing by 0.11 times), relative to their initial values. The tensile stress in BP is primarily influenced by DSS, while the pressure stress on BP is predominantly affected by TG, and other indicators are influenced by both DSS and TG. DSS and TG significantly affect track structures, with composite slab failing when DSS exceeds 12.5 mm, BP failing when DSS exceeds 11 mm, and fasteners and subgrade requiring both high DSS and TG for failure. This research provides critical insights into track design and maintenance strategies to ensure the stability and safety of high-speed railway systems under dynamic loading conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56013,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Geotechnics","volume":"54 ","pages":"Article 101632"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144687565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deformation of tunnel surrounding soil under traffic loads considering Bi-directional PSR","authors":"Weipin Wu ,&nbsp;Yung-Tsang Chen ,&nbsp;Dariusz Wanatowski ,&nbsp;Juntian Wang ,&nbsp;Xiang Li","doi":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101621","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101621","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Under complex loading condition such as train-induced traffic loads, the foundation soil of transportation infrastructure experiences Bi-directional Principal Stress Rotation (PSR). Ignoring Bi-directional PSR may lead to an underestimation of the soil’s long-term deformation. However, due to the limitations in test equipment, current research predominantly focuses on considering only Uni-directional PSR. To tackle such challenge, this research first used the Finite Element Method (FEM) to obtain the stress paths in the soil around the tunnel under subway traffic loads, including the Bi-directional PSR. Based on these paths, Bi-directional dynamic simple shear tests on Leighton Buzzard sand were conducted. The axial and shear deformation, axial resilient modulus, and shear modulus under Bi-directional PSR were investigated. Results indicated that, under Bi-directional PSR, the vertical deformation of the soil under the tunnel was larger than that under Uni-directional PSR. In particular, the vertical deformation in the soil at few meters away from the centerline of the tunnel was larger than that at the centerline. Therefore, in prediction of vertical deformation of the surrounding soil of the tunnel subjected to long-term traffic loads, considering Bi-directional PSR provides more accurate results. This work provides valuable insights into the mechanical behavior of the subsoil of the tunnel under train-induced traffic loads.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56013,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Geotechnics","volume":"54 ","pages":"Article 101621"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144654826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Discrete element analysis of the influence of sleeper longitudinal creeping on the degradation of ballast bed lateral resistance","authors":"Xuhao Cui ,&nbsp;Yapeng Liu ,&nbsp;Yang Xu ,&nbsp;Yi Li ,&nbsp;Zhihai Zhang ,&nbsp;Yang Wang ,&nbsp;Yunhao Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101645","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101645","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the continuous expansion of mountainous railway networks, the stability challenges posed by longitudinal sleeper creeping in steep-gradient sections of continuous welded rail systems have become increasingly prominent. This study addresses the lateral resistance degradation of ballast beds induced by gradient-directional sleeper creeping. A refined three-dimensional sleeper-ballast bed coupling model was developed using the discrete element method, enabling coupled simulations of multi-stage longitudinal displacement loading and lateral resistance testing. The investigation systematically elucidates cross-scale mechanisms governing lateral resistance characteristics, mesoscopic contact redistribution, and ballast migration patterns under creeping conditions. Key findings reveal that longitudinal displacements reduce lateral resistance by 2.40 kN during the initial loading phase (0–1.0 mm lateral displacement) through weakened sleeper-base constraints and intensified leading-side friction. The resistance evolution exhibits triphasic behavior: differentiated growth phase (2.40 kN inter-case disparity), differential attenuation phase (disparity reduced to 1.22 kN), and stabilized equilibrium phase (0.66 kN residual difference). Longitudinal creeping fundamentally redistributes lateral resistance components, decreasing the sleeper-base contribution from 57 % (0 mm creeping) to 22 % (5 mm creeping) while increasing leading-side participation from 14 % to 53 % via enhanced ballast compaction. The asymmetric disturbance pattern amplifies particle migration in leading-side crib zones during lateral loading, creating pronounced spatial heterogeneity detrimental to ballast bed uniformity and stability. These findings establish a theoretical framework for optimizing CWR anti-buckling designs and implementing scientific maintenance strategies in steep-gradient railway sections.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56013,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Geotechnics","volume":"54 ","pages":"Article 101645"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144654772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Theoretical analysis of adaptive precise control of high-speed railway track under the action of fault dislocation","authors":"Hongliang Tu ,&nbsp;Hui Zhou ,&nbsp;Mingming Hu ,&nbsp;Jun Zheng ,&nbsp;Yang Gao ,&nbsp;Hongbin Xu ,&nbsp;Liu Yang ,&nbsp;Chengwei Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101646","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101646","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The operational deformation tolerance of high-speed railways demands millimeter-scale precision, which starkly contrasts with the meter-scale fault displacements commonly observed in seismic events. Resolving this critical conflict between infrastructure resilience and tectonic deformation remains fundamental to ensuring railway safety. On 8 January 2022, a magnitude M6.9 earthquake (epicentral depth: 10 km; seismic intensity: IX) struck Menyuan County, Qinghai Province, China. This event induced significant fault dislocation that severely damaged the Daliang tunnel on the Lanzhou-Xinjiang high-speed railway, leading to track warping deformation. Aiming at the adaptive precise control of high-speed railway track under fault dislocation, the research was conducted using the Daliang tunnel as an engineering case study. Key findings include: (1) The theory and technology of the trajectory adaptive precise control under strike-slip fault dislocation are established, with the motion trajectory equations of bearing center and boundary tangent points derived. (2) Based on the project’s actual dimensions, a 1:10 scale-down model of the control device was fabricated, followed by physical simulation tests to validate the accuracy of the regulation theory. (3) Parametric analysis identifies the distinct geometric effects of bearing radius, bevel gear radius, initial moment arm, and lead screw stroke on the sliding groove curve. Comparative analysis reveals that the condition that the initial force arm multiplied by the transmission coefficient equals 1 yields the optimal sliding groove geometry, achieving simultaneous reductions in structural thrust and bending moment while maintaining bearing mobility through minimized curvature discontinuities. These findings play an important supporting role in the high-quality construction of high-speed railways.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56013,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Geotechnics","volume":"54 ","pages":"Article 101646"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144662018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dosage framework and resilient behavior of waste foundry sand-cement mixtures","authors":"Marcelo Heidemann ,&nbsp;Helena Paula Nierwinski ,&nbsp;António Viana da Fonseca ,&nbsp;Sara Rios","doi":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101640","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101640","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Waste foundry sands (WFS) are a byproduct of the foundry industry with potential applications in construction, but WFS are still frequently landfilled worldwide. This study investigates the use of Portland cement (PC) to enhance the resilient modulus (RM) of compacted WFS, as its pure state does not meet the stiffness requirements for pavement layers. To provide a dosage framework and demonstrate the suitability of Portland cement as a stabilizing agent, the effects of different cement contents (<em>c_iv</em>), porosities <em>(η</em>), and curing times on the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and split tensile strength (STS) were evaluated through laboratory tests. Specimens were prepared under two distinct porosities, corresponding to normal and modified compaction energies, with five cement contents ranging from 3 % to 15 % and three curing periods (7, 14, and 28 days). The results indicate that UCS and STS are governed by the <em>η/c_iv</em> ratio, with their variation well described by a power function that also accounts for curing time. The STS/UCS ratio for WFS-PC mixtures is approximately 0.15. Cyclic triaxial tests revealed a significant RM increase due to PC addition, primarily controlled by the stress state but also consistently influenced by the <em>η/c_iv</em> ratio. A model based on confining and deviatoric stress was adapted to incorporate the influence of the <em>η /c_iv</em> ratio in RM predictions, in addition to the confining and deviator stresses. This revised model provides valuable insights for WFS-PC dosage, enabling the identification of multiple porosity and cement content combinations to achieve a target RM. Moreover, since UCS evolution over time can also be captured by a unified model based on <em>η/c_iv</em>, it is possible to predict long-term RM from UCS measurements at shorter curing times. Although such correlations are specific to this WFS, their extension to other WFS and natural materials can be easily performed following the framework proposed herein.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56013,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Geotechnics","volume":"54 ","pages":"Article 101640"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144623457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Large-scale model tests on the moisture and strength evolution of BT-SAP improved subgrade under full environmental cycle conditions","authors":"Xiaoning Zhang ,&nbsp;Xinzhuang Cui ,&nbsp;Xiongying Ma ,&nbsp;Kaiwen Liu ,&nbsp;Qing Jin ,&nbsp;Jianwen Hao ,&nbsp;Shang Gao ,&nbsp;Wei Lv ,&nbsp;Xiangyang Li","doi":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101634","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101634","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Subgrade moisture redistribution and strength degradation under coupled thermo-hydraulic cycles pose serious challenges for the long-term performance of transportation infrastructure. To overcome the limitations of small-scale tests and enable realistic assessment, an advanced all-weather environmental simulation platform was developed, integrating rainfall, snowfall, fog generation, temperature control, full-spectrum solar radiation, and real-time monitoring. Using this facility, large-scale trapezoidal subgrade models were constructed with and without bentonite-based superabsorbent polymer (BT-SAP). Two composite improvement schemes: layered and wrapped structures were tested alongside an unimproved control over 6 full environmental cycles. Key performance indicators (internal moisture distribution, surface compaction degree, deformation modulus, and settlement) were recorded. Results show that BT-SAP markedly reduces upward moisture migration, maintains surface compaction degrees within 6.25 % loss of initial values, and the deformation modulus within a 22.6 % loss of its original value, and preserves deformation modulus above 50 MPa after 6 cycles. Layered and wrapped subgrade structures exhibit comparable stabilization performance, with the layered design offering simpler constructability. These findings demonstrate BT-SAP’s capability to mitigate moisture-induced strength degradation and provide a scalable, full-section improvement methodology for enhancing subgrade durability under realistic environmental loading.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56013,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Geotechnics","volume":"54 ","pages":"Article 101634"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144623748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel multifunctional suction-controlled apparatus for investigating tensile strength of unsaturated soils","authors":"Xiang-Shen Fu ,&nbsp;Han-Lin Wang ,&nbsp;Ren-Peng Chen ,&nbsp;Cheng-Shuang Yin ,&nbsp;Yue-Hui Sun ,&nbsp;Xiao-Hu Zhang ,&nbsp;Daniel Dias","doi":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101642","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trgeo.2025.101642","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tensile failure is a critical mechanism in the cracking and destabilization of unsaturated soil structures such as slopes, landfill covers, and compacted embankments. Accurate characterization of tensile strength under controlled suction remains experimentally challenging due to limitations in existing apparatuses. This study presents a novel multifunctional apparatus designed and manufactured for unsaturated soil testing. The apparatus integrates suction control, tensile loading and vertical loading systems, enabling it to conduct tensile strength testing under controlled suction and constant normal stress, as well as pressure plate tests and unsaturated oedometer tests. A series of tests were conducted to assess its efficiency and applicability. The apparatus produced repeatable soil–water retention curves (SWRCs), demonstrating its effectiveness in suction control. Tensile strength characteristic curves (TSCCs) obtained from compacted clay samples revealed strong dependence on suction and compaction level, including the observation of double-peak tensile strength behaviour at high compaction. In addition, the application of cover loading (normal stress) was found to reduce the tensile strength relative to uniaxial conditions, particularly under low-suction states. Unsaturated oedometer tests under constant suction yielded compression and recompression indices. The developed apparatus offers a reliable, space-efficient, and cost-effective solution for unsaturated soil testing. Its multifunctionality and control precision enable in-depth investigations into suction-dependent tensile strength and compressibility behaviours, contributing to improved understanding and prediction of cracking and settlement in unsaturated soil structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56013,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Geotechnics","volume":"54 ","pages":"Article 101642"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144605080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}