Geomechanics for Energy and the Environment最新文献

{"title":"Research on the brittle characteristics of shale under long-term CO2-H2O-shale coupling effects","authors":"Zhengjie Liu ,&nbsp;Yongdong Jiang ,&nbsp;Shizhe Song ,&nbsp;Hongtao Zhang ,&nbsp;Fuxin Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.gete.2025.100696","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gete.2025.100696","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hybrid fracturing focuses on optimizing the extraction of shale gas. In order to solve the issues of shale reservoir fracturing and CO₂ storage stability. Research was conducted to examine the mechanical properties of shale under long-term CO₂-H₂O-shale coupling effects. The results reveal that the SC-CO₂-H₂O-shale coupling effects increase shale porosity and pore size due to the dissolution of minerals. Concurrently, Shale cohesion and internal friction angle decrease. Following prolonged SC-CO₂-H₂O-shale coupling effects, there is a decline in shale strength and elastic modulus decline, alongside a decrease in axial strain (such as the growth of the compaction segment, but the shortening of the elastic and strain hardening segments). lateral strain increase, resulting in a higher Poisson's ratio. Additionally, the indices BI₁ rises by 47.44 %, whereas BI₂ drops by 66.85 %, improving the shale's drillability and cuttability. the indices BI₃, BI₄, BI₅, and BI₆ increase by 11.90 %, 45.10 %, 15.19 %, and 8.99 %, respectively, highlighting the shale's brittle characteristics. However, the indices BI₇, BI₈, and BI₉ decrease by 35.05 %, 38.20 %, and 46.67 %, indicating a reduction in the shale's fracturability. Confining pressure reduces lateral strain and increases axial strain, result in an increase in shale Poisson's ratio and strength. Following enhanced confining pressure, the indices BI₃ drops by 1.19–10.61 %, BI₄ decreases by 43.14–61.29 %, BI₅ falls by 1.27–14.29 %, and BI₆ declines by 1.12–8.42 %. Consequently, the failure characteristics transition from brittle to plastic. The SC-CO₂-H₂O-shale coupling effects facilitate the growth of fractures in unfractured areas. However, the elevated ground stress and reduced fracturability of the shale reservoirs restricts the growth of fractures in fractured zone, ensuring the stability of CO₂ storage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56008,"journal":{"name":"Geomechanics for Energy and the Environment","volume":"43 ","pages":"Article 100696"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144241042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study of the time-dependent behaviour of fracture propagation in salt rock","authors":"Andreu Escanellas ,&nbsp;Eduardo Cámara ,&nbsp;Joaquín Liaudat ,&nbsp;Ignacio Carol","doi":"10.1016/j.gete.2025.100687","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gete.2025.100687","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents an experimental study investigating the time-dependent behaviour of fracture propagation in salt rock. The research is aimed at enhancing the understanding of the fracture mechanics of salt rock, which is crucial for applications such as underground storage of hazardous waste and energy storage. Thirteen Wedge Splitting Tests (WST) were performed on salt rock specimens at four different loading rates, complemented by nine uniaxial creep tests on the same material at three stress levels. The WST results revealed major effects of the loading rate on the fracturing process, with decreasing rates leading to increased mechanical work required for splitting and reduced peak splitting force. The produced experimental dataset offers an excellent benchmark for the validation of numerical models including creep and fracture of salt rock. Additionally, the paper includes preliminary finite element simulations incorporating an inviscid discrete fracture representation and linear viscoelastic creep modelling in the bulk material that provide first insights into the origin of the observed loading rate effects. The numerical study concludes that these effects are mainly due to phenomena developed in the fracture process zone. The findings emphasise the need to consider time-dependency in Cohesive Zone Models used for salt rock fracture representation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56008,"journal":{"name":"Geomechanics for Energy and the Environment","volume":"43 ","pages":"Article 100687"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144241043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energy evolution and distribution patterns of sandstone and its microscopic mechanism under multistage cyclic loading","authors":"Hongying Tan ,&nbsp;Hejuan Liu ,&nbsp;Chunhe Yang ,&nbsp;Haijun Mao ,&nbsp;Yujia Song ,&nbsp;Debin Xia ,&nbsp;Shengnan Ban ,&nbsp;Weimin Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.gete.2025.100694","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gete.2025.100694","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sandstone, as a fundamental engineering material in depleted oil and gas reservoir gas storage systems, is susceptible to damage and failure under periodic stress disturbances. In this study, multi-level multi-cyclic loading tests were carried out on sandstone samples over the confining pressures range of 5–40 MPa, accompanied by real-time acoustic emission (AE) monitoring and periodic nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements. This study investigats the effects of confining pressure, stress level, and the number of cycles on energy evolution and energy distribution in rock, revealing the micromechanisms of energy evolution during cyclic loading. The results indicate that during the first cyclic loading, the input energy is primarily converted into dissipated energy through the compression of small pores and some medium pores. In subsequent loading cycles, the input energy is primarily converted into dissipated energy through the initiation and propagation of internal microcracks. Under high confining pressure, the rock transitions from brittle to ductile behavior, enabling it to withstand greater deformation. Additionally, at high confining pressure, rocks accumulate more strain energy, while energy dissipation is higher compared to lower confining pressures. Throughout the cyclic loading, dissipated energy consistently accounts for less than 30 % of the total input energy across all stress levels. The linear energy storage coefficient remains independence from stress level and cycle number, but exhibits an inverse relationship with confining pressure. There is an obvious linear relationship between rock dissipation energy and AE energy. Higher AE energy indicate that the rock dissipates more strain energy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56008,"journal":{"name":"Geomechanics for Energy and the Environment","volume":"43 ","pages":"Article 100694"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144288867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Internal erosion of sandy gravels and occurrence of open-framework gravels in the subsoil of a river dike","authors":"Stéphane Bonelli ,&nbsp;Laurence Girolami","doi":"10.1016/j.gete.2025.100690","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gete.2025.100690","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>When a river dike is built on a sandy gravel paleo-valley, successive floods can induce internal erosion. This is the subject of this work, with a finite element analysis of a river dike system. This type of analysis makes it possible to find artesian and uplift zones in the protected floodplain, an element to be integrated into flood hazard mapping. The study area is the River Agly in southern France, where numerous leaks, sand boils and sinkholes have been observed along the dikes. The aim is to better understand the origin of these surface signatures, as well as the cause of the presence of open-framework gravel in the subsurface. A suffusion model for sandy gravel was used to describe internal erosion. Internal erosion effectively transforms the sandy gravel into gravel, revealing open-framework gravel zones in the paleo-valley. Contact erosion in gravel can be triggered by suffusion, showing that new models coupling suffusion and contact erosion are needed to model internal erosion in sandy gravels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56008,"journal":{"name":"Geomechanics for Energy and the Environment","volume":"42 ","pages":"Article 100690"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144195205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intelligent monitoring of loess landslides and research on multi-factor coupling damage","authors":"Zhiwu Zhou ,&nbsp;Yu jin Wang ,&nbsp;Lorena Yepes-Bellver ,&nbsp;Julián Alcalá ,&nbsp;Víctor Yepes","doi":"10.1016/j.gete.2025.100692","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gete.2025.100692","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Landslides in the Loess Plateau region is one of the most severe geological disasters worldwide that cause fatalities and property damage, and there is an urgent need for researchers to conduct in-depth research and scientific prevention and control measures. This paper comprehensively studies the micro and energy distribution and loss changes inside the structure of loess landslide groups under multiple factor disturbances through interdisciplinary theoretical research and comprehensive management experimental monitoring of practical cases, combined with establishing a three-dimensional monitoring network system and intelligent real-time deformation monitoring. The research conclusion provides a sufficient scientific basis for determining the dynamic deformation and development trend and predicting the stability of landslides. The spatial system achievements of the research provide rich experience and theoretical results for landslide instability warning, design and construction management, and comprehensive intelligent monitoring.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56008,"journal":{"name":"Geomechanics for Energy and the Environment","volume":"42 ","pages":"Article 100692"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144195204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DECOVALEX-2023: An international collaboration for advancing the understanding and modeling of coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical-chemical (THMC) processes in geological systems","authors":"Jens T. Birkholzer,&nbsp;Bastian J. Graupner,&nbsp;Jon Harrington,&nbsp;Rick Jayne,&nbsp;Olaf Kolditz,&nbsp;Kristopher L. Kuhlman,&nbsp;Tara LaForce,&nbsp;Rosie C. Leone,&nbsp;Paul E. Mariner,&nbsp;Christopher McDermott,&nbsp;Carlos Plúa,&nbsp;Emily Stein,&nbsp;Yutaka Sugita,&nbsp;Elena Tamayo-Mas,&nbsp;Kate Thatcher,&nbsp;Jeoung Seok Yoon,&nbsp;Alexander E. Bond","doi":"10.1016/j.gete.2025.100685","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gete.2025.100685","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The DECOVALEX initiative is an international research collaboration (<span><span>www.decovalex.org</span><svg><path></path></svg></span>), initiated in 1992, for advancing the understanding and modeling of coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical-chemical (THMC) processes in geological systems. DECOVALEX stands for “DEvelopment of COupled Models and VALidation against EXperiments”. The creation of this international initiative was motivated by the recognition that prediction of these coupled effects is an essential part of the performance and safety assessment of geologic disposal systems for radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel. DECOVALEX emphasizes joint analysis and comparative modeling of the complex perturbations and coupled processes in geologic repositories and how these impact long-term performance predictions. The most recent phase of the DECOVALEX Project, here referred to as DECOVALEX-2023, started in early 2020 and ended in late 2023. More than fifty research teams associated with 17 international DECOVALEX partner organizations participated in the comparative evaluation of eight modeling tasks covering a wide range of spatial and temporal scales, geological formations, and coupled processes. This Virtual Special Issue on DECOVALEX-2023 provides an in-depth overview of these collaborative research efforts and how these have advanced the state-of-the-art of understanding and modeling coupled THMC processes. While primarily focused on radioactive waste, much of the work included here has wider application to many geoengineering topics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56008,"journal":{"name":"Geomechanics for Energy and the Environment","volume":"42 ","pages":"Article 100685"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144271274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of an amended soil as a climate adaptive barrier: Element testing and physical modelling","authors":"Aditi Rana ,&nbsp;Ashutosh Kumar ,&nbsp;Arash Azizi ,&nbsp;Ashraf S. Osman ,&nbsp;David G. Toll","doi":"10.1016/j.gete.2025.100693","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gete.2025.100693","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper demonstrates the effectiveness of using waste from a drinking water treatment plant (water treatment residue WTR) to amend a natural soil and develop a climate-adaptive barrier layer (CABL) that can limit water migration into underlying layers, thereby mitigating climate risks for geotechnical infrastructure. Experimental results showed adding WTR to silty sand recovered from an active landslide site improved the soil’s engineering properties. In particular, a 5 % WTR amendment significantly enhanced water retention capacity and reduced saturated permeability, thereby improving its overall performance as a protective cover. Following this, a medium-scale physical model was developed to monitor water migration and suction evolution in a soil column with and without a CABL made from the WTR amended soil under atmospheric drying and artificial rainfall conditions. The amendment allowed the soil to store more water compared to unamended silty sand, delaying water infiltration into the underlying layers. Over 250 days of monitoring, the physical model indicated the effectiveness of the CABL in slowing the wetting and drying processes of the underlying soil. The enhanced water retention capacity of the CABL, combined with the contrasting unsaturated permeability values between the CABL and the natural soil, formed a barrier that slowed water infiltration and postponed the breakthrough point. Although the CABL did not entirely prevent breakthrough under simulated rainfall, the observed delay and increased water retention present clear advantage for developing more comprehensive mitigation systems. Vegetating the CABL or using multi-layered systems can enhance water loss through evapotranspiration or drainage, further reducing the risk of breakthrough. The outcome of this study not only contribute to the development of an effective soil cover system but also offers a sustainable pathway for the reuse of water treatment waste.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56008,"journal":{"name":"Geomechanics for Energy and the Environment","volume":"43 ","pages":"Article 100693"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144241044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Current in-situ stress field and its controlling factors of the Bozhong 19–6 structure in the offshore Bohai Bay Basin, Eastern China","authors":"Liang Zhou ,&nbsp;Chao Deng ,&nbsp;Xin Zhang ,&nbsp;Shuguang Xiao ,&nbsp;Kai Ji ,&nbsp;Changyu Fan ,&nbsp;Xiaofang Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.gete.2025.100688","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gete.2025.100688","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study established a comprehensive geomechanical model using the latest exploration well data to evaluate the present-day in-situ stress field of the Bozhong 19–6 (BZ19–6) structure, located in the offshore Bohai Bay basin of Eastern China. Interpretation of drilling-induced tensile fracture strikes and borehole breakout azimuths from borehole imaging logging indicates that the direction of maximum horizontal stress (SH_max) is oriented from NE to sub-EW (45°–110°). By establishing a mud weight–pore pressure (P_p) conversion model, the calibrated mud weight serves as a proxy for P_p. Constraints from formation leak-off tests were applied with Huang's model and the poroelastic strain model to quantify the minimum (SH_min) and SH_max components, which vary continuously with burial depth. Vertical stress (SV) is determined by integrating density logs. The relative magnitudes of the three stress components suggest a transitional stress regime between normal and strike-slip faulting (SH_min &lt; SH_max ≈ SV), where SV and SH_max are comparable in magnitude. Analysis of factors influencing stress magnitude—including burial depth, Young's modulus, and P_p—reveals a strong linear correlation with horizontal stress magnitude. A coupling relationship exists between P_p and SH_min, with a coupling ratio of 0.66. A wellbore trajectory model was employed to calculate parameters for the optimal well trajectory direction and analyze wellbore stability. Fault reactivation potential in the reservoir was evaluated using stress polygons derived from friction limit theory, indicating a low likelihood of fault reactivation due to P_p increases from hydraulic fracturing. This research enhances understanding of the present-day in-situ stress field, which is critical for applications in drilling design, wellbore stability analysis, and fault reactivation potential assessment. Such insights are particularly significant for hydrocarbon reservoir exploration and development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56008,"journal":{"name":"Geomechanics for Energy and the Environment","volume":"42 ","pages":"Article 100688"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144168017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A constitutive framework for caprocks accounting for viscoplastic cyclic degradation and coupled geo-chemo-mechanical processes","authors":"Andrea Ciancimino ,&nbsp;Trishala Daka ,&nbsp;Liliana Gramegna ,&nbsp;Guido Musso ,&nbsp;Giorgio Volonté ,&nbsp;Gabriele Della Vecchia","doi":"10.1016/j.gete.2025.100689","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gete.2025.100689","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper provides an extension of an existing elasto-plastic framework originally proposed by Gens &amp; Nova (1993) for modelling the response of structured soils and soft rocks. The model is enhanced to reproduce not only the mechanical response of caprocks under standard monotonic triaxial loading, but also the effects of the environmental and hydraulic loading induced by modern energy applications, including gas/hydrogen storage and geological carbon storage. The novelty of these applications, compared to the more usual ones developed by the oil and gas industry over decades, lies in the complex pore fluid and stress pressure histories applied and in the strong geochemical interaction of the rock formations with non-native fluids. Cyclic pore pressure histories due to seasonal gas storage may result in a mechanical degradation of the caprock material, while chemical degradation may occur due to pore water acidification resulting from the rock-water-CO₂ interaction. To cope with the cyclic mechanical degradation, the framework is first coupled with the extended overstress theory, so to satisfactorily reproduce the time-dependent behaviour of caprocks, which presents inelastic strains even within the yield surface. Such an extension is shown to be essential to reproduce the strong strain-rate dependence and the increase in the number of cycles to failure with the amplitude of cyclic loading observed in experimental data obtained on intact specimens of an Italian stiff carbonatic clay. The elasto-plastic model is then enhanced to account for chemical degradation, using the calcite mass fraction dissolution as a variable controlling damage evolution. Combined with a geochemical reactive transport model, this extension satisfactorily reproduces the progressive degradation of a Chinese shale due to CO₂ exposure, showing the ability of the framework to model coupled geo-chemo-mechanical processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56008,"journal":{"name":"Geomechanics for Energy and the Environment","volume":"42 ","pages":"Article 100689"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144168018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Laboratory evidences on accelerated fatigue failure in brittle granitic rock by coupled thermal and mechanical cyclic loading: Acoustic emission monitoring and implication to underground hydrogen storage","authors":"June-Ho Park ,&nbsp;Jinwoo Kim ,&nbsp;Gyeol Han ,&nbsp;Tae-Hyuk Kwon ,&nbsp;Chang-Ho Hong ,&nbsp;Jin-Seop Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.gete.2025.100686","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gete.2025.100686","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In underground hydrogen storage (UHS), injecting and recovering hydrogen in response to fluctuating energy supply and demand introduces unique challenges associated with thermal and mechanical cyclic loadings, leading to potential fatigue failure of the host rock. However, the effect of thermal cycles on the fatigue of crystalline rocks remains poorly understood. This study presents laboratory evidences on accelerated fatigue failure in brittle granitic rock by coupled thermal and mechanical cyclic loading, using acoustic emission (AE) monitoring. A series of uniaxial compression tests were conducted to characterize fatigue damage evolution under cyclic loading at a constant temperature of ∼8°C (CYC) and cyclic loading with temperature variations of ∼8–80°C (CYC-T). The results show that thermal cycles accelerate fatigue damage, with CYC-T specimens failing after an average of 3.3 cycles compared to 5.8 cycles for CYC specimens. This accelerated fatigue damage was corroborated by their systematically different increasing patterns of cumulative AE counts, which indicates that thermal cycles facilitate coalescence of fatigue microcracks leading to more abrupt and catastrophic failure. The shift in AE peak frequencies reveals the formation of a new group of cracks that differ in size and location, highlighting the complex interactions between thermally induced and mechanically induced microcracks. Young's modulus exhibits only a slight decrease while Poisson’s ratio increases markedly under both loading conditions, indicating significant dilative behavior and crack propagation. The findings in this study underscore the necessity of incorporating thermal stress management strategies in the design and operation of UHS systems for long-term stability and operational sustainability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56008,"journal":{"name":"Geomechanics for Energy and the Environment","volume":"42 ","pages":"Article 100686"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144107205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}