Geomechanics for Energy and the Environment最新文献

{"title":"Quantification of energy consumed in simulated percussive drilling process using dynamic indentation experiment","authors":"Wei Yao ,&nbsp;Xuan Li ,&nbsp;Guilherme Corrêa Soares ,&nbsp;Mikko Hokka","doi":"10.1016/j.gete.2024.100604","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gete.2024.100604","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The high cost of drilling deep wells is the main barrier to the widespread exploitation of deep geothermal energy. Percussive drilling is one of the significant drilling technologies used in energy exploration projects. However, there is no good quantitative understanding of how much energy in percussive drilling is consumed in pulverization, heating, the kinetic energy of particles, acoustic emission, etc. In this study, energy efficiency is quantitatively investigated to understand the percussive drilling process better. The dynamic percussive drilling was evaluated using a modified split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) system and non-contact measurements. The amount of energy dissipated in different processes and the overall energy efficiency was estimated for Kuru granite, Balmoral granite, and Kivijärvi gabbro. The energy spent on the kinetic energy <em>E</em>_<em>k</em> of fragments was evaluated using a high-speed camera, whereas the energy consumed on heat or the thermal energy <em>E</em>_<em>t</em> was obtained by high-speed infrared imaging. The cracking energy <em>E</em>_<em>c</em> was measured by using the surface energy of rock and the total newly created surface areas. The results indicate that the fragment size distribution of these three rocks generally varies with the penetration speed, and the fragmentation level of these rocks increases with the penetration speed. The input energy and the energy consumption grow with the increase of the penetration speed. The proportions of <em>E</em>_<em>t</em>, <em>E</em>_<em>k</em>, and <em>E</em>_<em>c</em> in the total energy consumption for these three rocks increase with the penetration speed. The energy efficiency obtained from the dynamic indentation experiments for the three rocks generally increases with the penetration speed and almost approaches a limit value when the penetration speed is high. A model is improved to describe the relationship between energy efficiency and penetration speed quantitatively. Therefore, the penetration process should be optimized to balance the high drilling efficiency and the low energy consumption.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56008,"journal":{"name":"Geomechanics for Energy and the Environment","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 100604"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142424098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental investigation into the effect of porosity on the strains developing during anhydrite to gypsum transformation","authors":"Antonia Nousiou,&nbsp;Erich Pimentel,&nbsp;Georgios Anagnostou","doi":"10.1016/j.gete.2024.100601","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gete.2024.100601","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The swelling of anhydritic claystones often leads to severe tunnel damage. Even though this phenomenon has gained significant scientific interest, particularly in the last decades, there are still open questions which introduce uncertainties in tunnel design. One question concerns the strains developing during the anhydrite to gypsum transformation (AGT). These depend, among other factors, on whether the gypsum crystals grow within the available pore space or whether they tend to push the particles apart, leading to an expansion of the matrix and, in turn, larger macroscopic strains. The experimental investigations of this paper aim to assess the influence of the initial porosity on the strains developing during AGT. Specimens consisting of highly compacted anhydrite and kaolin powders are created with varying initial porosities between 0.22 and 0.35. It is concluded that, <em>ceteris paribus</em>, the strains developing during AGT decreases with increasing initial porosity. The results also indicate that in the case of high initial porosity the gypsum crystals grow in the available pore space, thus decreasing the porosity, while in the case of low initial porosity, gypsum growth leads to an increase of the pore space. The results are applicable to porous media where crystallisation may occur within the pores.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56008,"journal":{"name":"Geomechanics for Energy and the Environment","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 100601"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142424095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geothermal bridge deck de-icing using a novel external hydronic heating system with insulated pipe loops","authors":"Omid Habibzadeh-Bigdarvish ,&nbsp;Gang Lei ,&nbsp;Hussein Hashemi Senejani ,&nbsp;Alireza Fakhrabadi ,&nbsp;Anand J. Puppala ,&nbsp;Xinbao Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.gete.2024.100602","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gete.2024.100602","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A geothermal-based external hydronic heating system (EHHS) has been developed as an effective solution to address the de-icing needs of in-service bridges with minimum negative impacts on the structure, traffic, and environment. This paper discusses the implementation and operational response of a new design of the EHHS in which rather than the whole bottom surface of the bridge deck, only the hydronic heating loops are covered with insulation material and provides the accessibility for visual inspection of the bridge deck. The first full-scale external hydronic heating system with an insulated loop (EHHS-IL) was installed on a mock-up bridge deck in north Texas and tested in a record snowstorm with a low ambient temperature of −19.5 ˚C. The system operated in three different stages, and the inlet fluid temperature was adjusted according to the weather forecast. Overall, during a 10-day operation, three ice and snow events and 209 hours of freezing ambient temperature were observed. The heating system was able to maintain the heated bridge deck surface temperature above freezing except for 1.3 hours when the −19.5 ˚C low ambient temperature coincided with snowfall. The average surface heat flux during the test varied from 34.8 – 84 W/m^2, and the average heating efficiency was estimated at 17.7 %. The seasonal performance factor (SPF) of the system remains consistently greater than 1 during the heating period. Also, 422 kWh of electrical energy was consumed during 10 days of operation by the entire geothermal de-icing system. This new geothermal bridge deicing system offers a practical solution to icy bridges by retrofitting.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56008,"journal":{"name":"Geomechanics for Energy and the Environment","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 100602"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142424210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vertical dynamic responses of model energy piles","authors":"Lingfei Su ,&nbsp;Chenglong Wang ,&nbsp;Abdelmalek Bouazza ,&nbsp;Gangqiang Kong ,&nbsp;Xuanming Ding","doi":"10.1016/j.gete.2024.100598","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gete.2024.100598","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper explores the dynamic responses of model energy piles embedded in sand subjected to the combined effects of temperature change and cyclic mechanical loading. The same type of cyclic loading was applied separately on three single energy piles with temperature differences (ΔT) of −20 ℃, +20 ℃ and 0 ℃, respectively. The results show that after 2000 cycles of mechanical loading, the cumulative displacement of the energy pile increased under cooling conditions and decreased under heating conditions. The tip resistance of a single energy pile increased under both conditions, especially during cooling.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56008,"journal":{"name":"Geomechanics for Energy and the Environment","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 100598"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142322185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shear-induced fluid localization, episodic fluid release and porosity wave in deformable low-permeability rock salt","authors":"Yifeng Wang ,&nbsp;Hua Shao ,&nbsp;Kristopher L. Kuhlman ,&nbsp;Carlos F. Jove-Colon ,&nbsp;Olaf Kolditz","doi":"10.1016/j.gete.2024.100600","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gete.2024.100600","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding fluid distribution and migration in deformable low-permeability rock salt is critical for geologic disposal of nuclear waste. Field observations indicate that fluids in a salt formation are likely compartmentalized into relatively isolated patches and fluid release from such a formation is generally episodic. The underlying mechanism for these phenomena remains poorly understood. In this paper, a hydrological-mechanical model is formulated for fluid percolation in a rock salt formation under a deviatoric stress. Using a linear stability analysis, we show that a porosity wave (a train of alternating high and low porosity pockets) can emerge from positive feedbacks among intergranular wetting, grain boundary weakening and shear-induced material dilatancy. Fluid localization or episodic release can be viewed as a stationary or propagating porosity wave respectively. Fluid pockets transported via a porosity wave remain relatively isolated with minimal mixing between neighboring pockets. We further show that the velocity of fluid flow can be significantly enhanced by the emergence of a porosity wave. The concept and the related model presented in this paper provide a unified consistent explanation for the key features observed in fluid flow in rock salt. The similar process is expected to occur in other deformable low-permeability media such as shale and partially molten rocks under a deviatoric stress. Thus, the result presented here has an important implication to hydrocarbon expulsion from shale source rocks, radioactive waste isolation in a tight rock repository, and caprock integrity of a subsurface gas (CO₂, H₂ or CH₄) storage system. It may also help develop a new engineering approach to fluid injection into or extraction from unconventional reservoirs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56008,"journal":{"name":"Geomechanics for Energy and the Environment","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 100600"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142322183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing swelling-induced damage in shale samples during triaxial testing","authors":"E. Crisci ,&nbsp;R. Ewy ,&nbsp;A. Ferrari ,&nbsp;S.B. Giger","doi":"10.1016/j.gete.2024.100599","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gete.2024.100599","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In shale testing, understanding the impact of effective stress and saturation conditions is crucial for accurate material behaviour assessment and parameter determination. In some cases, saturation in triaxial testing starts at low effective stress before ramping up for shearing. However, when in contact with water (or saline water), shales are prone to swelling, particularly at low effective stress levels, which can induce fissures and alter material properties. This study investigates the influence of fluid saturation strategies and stress/pressure variations on the mechanical behaviour of shales, particularly under low effective confinement. Building upon the comprehensive testing campaign (&gt;140 tests) in Crisci et al. (2024), additional tests were conducted on Opalinus Clay shale, focusing on sample saturation methods and loading histories before shearing. The conditions under which tested specimens experience damage were detected through diagnostic indicators such as differences in stress path and lower strength and stiffness compared to intact specimens with identical basic properties. Micro CT scanning confirms that damage is related to the development of fissures. The volumetric changes in specimens were quantified throughout the testing phases and thresholds for tolerable strains and effective stresses, specific to this material, were established. Comparative analysis with Opalinus Clay from shallower depths and other shales globally revealed consistent findings. Notably, it is shown that, for all shale types analyzed, a linear failure envelope emerges in the low to intermediate effective stress regime when filtering out \"damaged\" specimens. This suggests that non-linear failure envelopes observed in some cases may stem from exposing specimens to low effective stress before shearing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56008,"journal":{"name":"Geomechanics for Energy and the Environment","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 100599"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142322184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A numerical analysis of Thermo–Hydro–Mechanical behavior in the FE experiment at Mont Terri URL: Investigating capillary effects in bentonite on the disposal system","authors":"Taehyun Kim ,&nbsp;Chan-Hee Park ,&nbsp;Changsoo Lee ,&nbsp;Jin-Seop Kim ,&nbsp;Eui-Seob Park ,&nbsp;Bastian Graupner","doi":"10.1016/j.gete.2024.100597","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gete.2024.100597","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We investigated thermo–hydro–mechanical (T-H–M) coupled behavior observed during the full-scale heater emplacement experiment at the Mont-Terri underground research laboratory conducted in the Opalinus clay as part of the DECOVALEX-2023 Task C project. Utilizing the OGS-FLAC simulator, we created a three-dimensional model to simulate multiphase flow in the experiment, applying extended Philip and de Vries’ model and incorporating the anisotropic T–H–M properties of the Opalinus clay. The simulation, which included a ventilation process, spanned five years of heating experiments and successfully replicated the measured temperature, pore pressure, displacement, and relative humidity results in bentonite and host rock during the experiment. The analysis revealed that capillary pressure significantly influenced the pore pressure change in the host rock near the tunnel, while thermal pressurization became dominant with increasing distance. Consequently, we conducted a sensitivity analysis on a simplified model to evaluate the effect of capillary pressure on the disposal system. Capillarity is a dominant factor for the multiphase flow depending on the distance from the heat. Variations in capillary pressure were observed depending on the gas entry pressure and water retention model, indicating that the capillarity of unsaturated bentonite could inherently affect the T–H–M results within the disposal system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56008,"journal":{"name":"Geomechanics for Energy and the Environment","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 100597"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142318598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical investigation of the thermal hydrofracturing behavior of the Callovo-Oxfordian claystone","authors":"Carlos Plúa ,&nbsp;Minh-Ngoc Vu ,&nbsp;Gilles Armand ,&nbsp;Zady Ouraga ,&nbsp;Zhan Yu ,&nbsp;Jian-Fu Shao ,&nbsp;Qianyun Wang ,&nbsp;Hua Shao ,&nbsp;Tsubasa Sasaki ,&nbsp;Sangcheol Yoon ,&nbsp;Jonny Rutqvist ,&nbsp;Fei Song ,&nbsp;Stefano Collico ,&nbsp;Antonio Gens ,&nbsp;Louise Bruffell ,&nbsp;Kate Thatcher ,&nbsp;Alexander E. Bond","doi":"10.1016/j.gete.2024.100596","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gete.2024.100596","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study addresses the thermal hydrofracturing behavior in claystone within the context of the high-level and intermediate-level long-lived radioactive waste disposal. The heat generated by the waste packages will lead to a temperature increment within the host formation, inducing a pore pressure build-up essentially due to the difference between the thermal expansion coefficient of the pore water and that of the solid skeleton. If the induced pore pressure build-up is too high, the host formation will experience tensile stresses, potentially exceeding its tensile strength and resulting in fracturing. Understanding of these processes and improving numerical models to reproduce them will help the design, optimization, and safety of the repository. Additionally, it will contribute to demonstrating robustness by showing that such processes are not expected to occur at the repository scale.</div><div>This study was conducted as part of the DECOVALEX-2023 project and synthesizes the efforts of six research teams modelling laboratory thermal extension tests conducted on Callovo-Oxfordian claystone (COx) samples, as well as an in-situ thermal hydrofracturing experiment conducted at the Meuse/Haute-Marne Underground Research Laboratory in France. The teams used different numerical codes with different approaches, including continuum and discrete approaches, to model these two tests. The laboratory tests were used to calibrate the teams’ models, such as the fracturing criterion. The teams considered a thermo-hydromechanical formulation under saturated conditions. One of the key features of their models was the incorporation of changes in the hydraulic properties of the COx through hydromechanical coupling.</div><div>The approaches developed by the teams demonstrated their capability to analyze and reproduce fracture initiation in the COx in terms of time of occurrence and location based on their respective stress analyses. However, attempts to reproduce fracture aperture or fracture propagation were less accurate and remain areas for future research, which were beyond the scope of this study.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56008,"journal":{"name":"Geomechanics for Energy and the Environment","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 100596"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142315150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A complete experimental study on hard granites: Microstructural characterization, mechanical response, and failure criterion","authors":"Stéphane Dumoulin ,&nbsp;Isabelle Thenevin ,&nbsp;Alexandre Kane ,&nbsp;Ahmed Rouabhi ,&nbsp;John-Paul Latham ,&nbsp;Emad Jahangir ,&nbsp;Hedi Sellami","doi":"10.1016/j.gete.2024.100592","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gete.2024.100592","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study, performed during the ORCHYD European project, devoted to drilling deep geothermal boreholes, has many potential applications to mechanical studies. It gathers geological descriptions of three outcropping granites from Scandinavia (Kuru Grey and Red Bohus) and from the South of France (Sidobre). Microstructural investigations include optical microscopy and X-ray tomography. The three granites chosen contain grain sizes that cover all the common ranges for granites: fine, medium and coarse. As the mineral phase volume fractions are similar in each, the grain defects and grain boundaries are carefully studied in an attempt to understand the physical and mechanical properties of the three granite rock samples measured at laboratory specimen scale. The rocks are tested for UCS, BTS and triaxial compressive strength with confining pressures up to 225 MPa or/and high strain-rates up to 10³/s. The micro-structural parameters influencing the mechanical behaviour are highlighted. Test results show that the effect of confining pressure and strain-rate on compressive strength are uncoupled. These effects are then estimated independently, and a fracture criterion in compression accounting for both variables is proposed for the family of very hard granites. This criterion takes as a single reference strength measure for each rock the deviatoric stress at failure under 20 MPa confining stress in the quasi-static regime. It is then compared with existing datasets for which both quasi-static and dynamic regime data are available. This complete data set on these three very hard granites (UCS ∼ 200 MPa), together with a synthesis for failure prediction, has the potential to inform numerous rock engineering projects and be of value to the scientific community.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":56008,"journal":{"name":"Geomechanics for Energy and the Environment","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 100592"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352380824000595/pdfft?md5=a9ab308b23241c7272095cdbad5eba81&pid=1-s2.0-S2352380824000595-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142233897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on energy consumption and failure mechanism of water-saturated coal sample during impact cracking","authors":"Zhoujie Gu ,&nbsp;Rongxi Shen ,&nbsp;Zhentang Liu ,&nbsp;Xin Zhou ,&nbsp;Xiulei Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.gete.2024.100593","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gete.2024.100593","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>To uncover the mechanism of energy dissipation in coal samples when subjected to both water and dynamic load, the damage patterns and energy absorption properties of coal samples in their natural and saturated states were investigated and analyzed through Hopkinson impact experiments. The results of the study show that the mass and wave velocity of the natural coal samples show an increasing trend when they are saturated with water. And the mass and wave velocity increase by 6.35 % and 21.42 % respectively. The coal sample's level of fragmentation and dynamic strength exhibited a positive correlation with the velocity (1 m/s-5.69 m/s) of impact. When subjected to dynamic loads, both natural and water-saturated coal samples primarily undergo splitting, fracturing, and crushing. Compared with natural coal samples, saturated water coal samples show greater degree of crushing and lower mechanical strength. The dynamic strength of saturated coal sample at 5.25 m/s (15.66 MPa) decreased by 33.86 % compared with that at 5.69 m/s (23.68 MPa). The mean size of particles in coal samples, both in their natural state and when saturated with water, had an linear reduction relationship with impact speed. Conversely, the fractal dimension, which represents dissipation, had a direct relationship with impact speed. The fractal dimensions of dry and saturated coal samples are distributed in the ranges of 1.56–2.08 and 1.65–2.1, respectively. And the dissipative energy of natural coal samples between 1.09 m/s and 5.67 m/s is about 0.039 J/cm³-0.175 J/cm³, and that of saturated coal samples between 1 m/s and 5.25 m/s is about 0.034 J/cm³-0.088 J/cm³. The surface energy of coal samples was analysed and calculated, and an energy consumption prediction model was proposed to predict the energy consumption of coal samples after dynamic crushing.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":56008,"journal":{"name":"Geomechanics for Energy and the Environment","volume":"40 ","pages":"Article 100593"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142233896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}