Geoderma Regional最新文献

{"title":"Soil carbon stocks and nutrient stratification in a volcanically active coffee-dominated landscape in south-central Guatemala","authors":"Heidi Allen Asensio ,&nbsp;Kevin McSweeney ,&nbsp;Taya Brown ,&nbsp;Devon Barker ,&nbsp;Juan Charuc ,&nbsp;Leo Lombardini ,&nbsp;Andrew J. Margenot","doi":"10.1016/j.geodrs.2024.e00857","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geodrs.2024.e00857","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The volcanoclastic mountains of Central America offer elevations ideal for coffee production. Both vulcanism and land use can have significant impacts on soil formation and properties. We evaluated how the interactive impacts of soil formation and coffee-dominated land use modulate soil storage and vertical distribution of organic carbon and nutrient elements in a volcanically active landscape dominated by coffee agriculture in south-central Guatemala. Thirty-seven pedons under coffee production (<em>n</em> = 29), forest cover (<em>n</em> = 5) and pasture (<em>n</em> = 3) were characterized and classified, and concentrations and stocks of organic carbon and macronutrient and micronutrient elements were quantified across genetic horizons. Additionally, soil organic carbon (SOC) stock values calculated using the fixed depth (FD) and equivalent soil mass (ESM) methodologies were compared. The active stratovolcano in the region had a strong effect on the development of andic properties and soil horizon burial, with thirty-one pedons classified as Andisols, three as Inceptisols and three as Entisols. Land use management practices and soil horizon burial by deposition of volcanic material were partly reflected in the vertical distribution of SOC concentrations and stocks. The vertical distribution of macronutrients was generally more sensitive to land use than the vertical distribution micronutrients, which could potentially reflect differences in inputs via fertilizers and vegetation cover and in outputs with biomass harvest. Soil organic carbon stocks were similar when calculated by FD and ESM, reflecting relatively consistent depth-wise bulk density. These results demonstrate that in volcanically active landscapes, land use should be considered in concert with soil-forming factors to comprehensively understand organic carbon and nutrient element storage in soils.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":56001,"journal":{"name":"Geoderma Regional","volume":"39 ","pages":"Article e00857"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142169261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wildfire burn severity and post-wildfire time impact mechanical and hydraulic properties of forest soils","authors":"Ryan A. Ramirez ,&nbsp;Woojae Jang ,&nbsp;Tae-Hyuk Kwon","doi":"10.1016/j.geodrs.2024.e00856","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geodrs.2024.e00856","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Vegetation contributes to the overall slope stability and is recognized as an environmentally friendly nature-based solution. Wildfires burn and denude vegetated slopes, thus increasing the risk of shallow landslides and debris flows. However, little attention has been given to assessing the effects of burn severity and the time elapsed since a wildfire on the hydro-geomechanical properties of burned slopes. This study performed a series of standard laboratory tests to evaluate the shear strength and saturated hydraulic conductivity (<em>k</em>_<em>sat</em>) of forest soils collected from moderate-low (ML) burned, moderate-high (MH) burned, and unburned (UB) test plots. The plots were sampled one, four, and six months after the March 2022 wildfire in Uljin County, South Korea. The results show that the continuous deterioration of roots highly depended on the burn severity. The root biomass of ML- and MH-burned soils was consistently lower than those of the UB soils. The root deterioration reduced the shear strength of the soils temporally. The burned soil's cohesion intercept was 1.80–2.30 times lower than that of the UB soil six months post-wildfire, with the friction angle unaffected. One- and four-months post-wildfire, <em>k</em>_<em>sat</em> of the burned soils was 1.22–3.15 times lower than the UB soil. Such lowered <em>k</em>_<em>sat</em> was due to the fine ash-clogged pores and hydrophobic layers beneath the soil surface. However, six months post-wildfire, the burned soils' <em>k</em>_<em>sat</em> increased by approximately twice that of the pre-wildfire condition because of macropore flow passages formed by impoverished roots. The appreciation of sand fraction, depreciation of fines content, and weakening of hydrophobicity over time have also emphasized their role in the temporal shifts in the properties of the ML- and MH-burned soils. The documented results herein can be incorporated into rainfall infiltration and stability analyses of wildfire-affected slopes, landslide susceptibility mapping, and mitigation measures design.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":56001,"journal":{"name":"Geoderma Regional","volume":"39 ","pages":"Article e00856"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352009424001032/pdfft?md5=aa16305a5d05a6acaaf0a58903fa5f42&pid=1-s2.0-S2352009424001032-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142149418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing and mapping of soil organic carbon at multiple depths in the semi-arid Trans-Ural steppe zone","authors":"Suleymanov Azamat ,&nbsp;Asylbaev Ilgiz ,&nbsp;Suleymanov Ruslan ,&nbsp;Ramil Mirsayapov ,&nbsp;Gabbasova Ilyusya ,&nbsp;Iren Tuktarova ,&nbsp;Larisa Belan","doi":"10.1016/j.geodrs.2024.e00855","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geodrs.2024.e00855","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The quantification of soil organic carbon (SOC) and its vertical distribution is crucial for understanding carbon dynamics in terrestrial ecosystems. This study aimed to 2.5D digital mapping of SOC content in the Trans-Ural steppe zone (Russia) using a quantile regression forest (QRF) approach. The study utilized a dataset comprising 2495 SOC measurements collected from 1316 locations across three soil depths: 0–20 cm, 20–40 cm, and 40–60 cm. Environmental covariates were incorporated into the SOC modeling process, capturing major soil formation factors, and the uncertainty of the generated maps was estimated. The results revealed that SOC content ranged from 0.59 to 9.05 % in the topsoil, from 0.5 to 6.61 % in the subsurface layer and from 0.06 to 4.64 % in the subsoil. Based on the error metrics, including root mean square error (RMSE), coefficient of determination (R²), and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient (NSE), we found a decrease in prediction accuracy with increasing soil depth. Furthermore, climate and vegetation variables, as well as elevation, emerged as key factors influencing the prediction of SOC concentrations at all depths. We also made an attempt to assess the future change of SOC under the influence of climate and anthropogenic impact. We anticipate that climate aridization and plowing will lead to a decline in SOC content in the Trans-Ural steppe region. Our findings contribute to the existing knowledge of SOC dynamics in steppe ecosystems at several depths, supporting informed decision-making for sustainable land use and climate change mitigation strategies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":56001,"journal":{"name":"Geoderma Regional","volume":"38 ","pages":"Article e00855"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142136681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Provenance of soil parent materials in relation to regional environmental changes in the Songnen Plain, Northeast China","authors":"Yonghui Shi ,&nbsp;Fei Yang ,&nbsp;Hao Long ,&nbsp;David G. Rossiter ,&nbsp;Aimin Zhang ,&nbsp;Ganlin Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.geodrs.2024.e00848","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geodrs.2024.e00848","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Parent materials have a strong control on soil formation process and soil properties, understanding their provenance can provide important information for soil genesis, classification, and regionalization. The Songnen Plain in northeast China has large areas of Phaeozems and Chernozems, popularly known as “black soils”, but their parent material provenance and sedimentary processes are still unclear. Therefore, this paper analyzes the types and formation process of soil parent materials in the context of regional environmental changes. This analysis is based on the characteristics of grain size distribution and quartz particle morphology at the regional and profile scales. The results indicate that aeolian loess is the predominant parent material. For instance, the surface of quartz particles exhibits characteristics indicative of mechanical impact, which is produced during the process of wind transportation. The particle size distribution curve displays a bimodal pattern, and the soil particle size tends to become finer from west to east. However, in some areas, the soil is influenced by river or lake sediments. The main source areas of aeolian deposits are likely the Gobi and sandy land in the upwind direction of the study area, while the Songhua River alluvial deposits only provide source material in local areas. High-resolution grain size analysis and K-feldspar single-particle OSL chronology show that from the Last Glacial Maximum to the Early Holocene, far-source materials dominated the deposition process. In the Middle Holocene, climate warming increased the frequency of dust activities and accelerated the deposition process. In the late Holocene, climate fluctuations and intensified human activities led to more intense dust storms in the provenance area, which in turn promoted the continuous accumulation of parent materials for soils that developed into Phaeozems and Chernozems.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":56001,"journal":{"name":"Geoderma Regional","volume":"38 ","pages":"Article e00848"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142099239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Biochar soil amendment as carbon farming practice in a Mediterranean environment” [Geoderma Regional, 33, 2013, e00634]","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.geodrs.2024.e00812","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geodrs.2024.e00812","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":56001,"journal":{"name":"Geoderma Regional","volume":"38 ","pages":"Article e00812"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352009424000592/pdfft?md5=136c622e862e49ba3b36aa91a699bb9e&pid=1-s2.0-S2352009424000592-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141040000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impacts of soil de-sealing practices on urban land-uses, soil functions and ecosystem services in French cities","authors":"Claire Vieillard ,&nbsp;Laure Vidal-Beaudet ,&nbsp;Robin Dagois ,&nbsp;Maïwenn Lothode ,&nbsp;François Vadepied ,&nbsp;Mathieu Gontier ,&nbsp;Christophe Schwartz ,&nbsp;Stéphanie Ouvrard","doi":"10.1016/j.geodrs.2024.e00854","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geodrs.2024.e00854","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Soil sealing has been recognised as one of the main causes of urban soil degradation in Europe. To tackle this issue, de-sealing measures have recently been promoted in cities to increase the sustainability of soil ecosystem services. To our knowledge, very few evaluations of de-sealing projects have as yet been done to assess the current framework of these urban planning practices. Therefore, we conducted an online survey to collect and analyse soil de-sealing projects throughout mainland France. A 60-question survey was run over a 4-month-period, and data about 57 projects were collected. The answers covered a diversity of projects, structures and stakeholders and included data such as the location / objectives / costs and benefits of the projects implemented in cities of various sizes. A typology of urban land-uses before and after de-sealing was defined. Among the diverse objectives of de-sealing, rainwater management, reducing urban heat, and greening were most frequent. More than half of the respondents (64%) indicated that ecosystem services were used to drive their de-sealing project. The methods usually required excavation of the sealing cover and road layers being replaced by newly imported fertile materials. Recent de-sealing projects have reused derelict materials from the site (soil-material inventory) and/or local urban waste for soil construction, which can help minimise both the economic and environmental costs of urban greening projects. The results of this study provide quite an exhaustive view of current French de-sealing practices and could provide guidelines for improving soil functions by applying soil engineering processes to construct sustainable fertile soils for urban greening.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":56001,"journal":{"name":"Geoderma Regional","volume":"38 ","pages":"Article e00854"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352009424001019/pdfft?md5=d343cdc51f3a390348296e8d899357a7&pid=1-s2.0-S2352009424001019-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142129949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rapid characterization of soil horizons for different soil series utilizing Vis-NIR spectral information","authors":"Mehmet Ali Çullu ,&nbsp;Hamdiye Şeker ,&nbsp;Gafur Gozukara ,&nbsp;Hikmet Günal ,&nbsp;Ali Volkan Bilgili","doi":"10.1016/j.geodrs.2024.e00853","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geodrs.2024.e00853","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The visible-near infrared (Vis-NIR) reflectance technique is a powerful tool, particularly for obtaining faster information about soil texture, organic matter, and calcium carbonate content. However, there is limited research on the characterization of soil horizons using Vis-NIR data in profiles of different soil series. This study investigated the relationship between soil properties and spectral reflectance (Vis-NIR) in eight soil profiles with varying genetic properties from Harran Plain, Türkiye, focusing on variations within profiles (A, B, and C horizons) and across different soil series. A total of 36 soil samples were collected from the A, B, and C horizons, and spectral reflectance was measured along with calcium carbonate, organic matter, and particle size distribution. High variability was observed in calcium carbonate (11.58–52.50%) and organic matter content (0.60–3.71%), reflecting complex soil composition influenced by parent material and land management. Distinct reflectance patterns were observed within profiles, reflecting variations in soil composition. Ap horizons with higher organic matter content often exhibited lower reflectance (visible region). Clay content influenced NIR reflectance, with higher absorption in clay-rich profiles. The Kaynakli series (Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Calcixerepts) showed differentiation in reflectance between A and B horizons after 700 nm due to horizon formation and clay/carbonate accumulation. Increasing calcium carbonate content in Ck horizons led to higher reflectance compared to other layers. Confirmed that Vis-NIR reflectance could explain a significant portion of the variance in soil properties (A: 87.7%, B: 88.3%, and C: 90.6%). PCA results supported the notion that spectral signatures captured by Vis-NIR reflectance measurements are indicative of inherent differences between A, B, and C horizons. This study contributes to the growing body of knowledge on the application of Vis-NIR spectroscopy for soil assessment and monitoring. However, future research should focus on understanding spectral reflectance variations under diverse soil and environmental conditions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":56001,"journal":{"name":"Geoderma Regional","volume":"38 ","pages":"Article e00853"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142076519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamics of soil water potential as a function of stand types in a temperate forest: Emphasis on flash droughts","authors":"Blandine Courcot ,&nbsp;Daniel Lemire ,&nbsp;Nicolas Bélanger","doi":"10.1016/j.geodrs.2024.e00850","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geodrs.2024.e00850","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the context of a changing climate and the increasing occurrences of extreme events, including droughts, field evidence, and models suggest that cases of forest decline and migration of tree species to more suitable climates will augment in the 21st century. In northeastern North America, an expansion of American beech at the expense of maples has been observed since the 1970s and has been associated to several causes. Through an analysis of time series leveraging thousands of data collected in a temperate forest in southern Quebec, Canada, dynamics of soil water potential were analyzed in interaction with soil temperature, meteorological variables and forest types, including hardwoods (mostly maple) with a large presence of beech trees (hardwood-beech stands), hardwoods (maple and birch) and mixedwoods (maple and fir). During flash drought events with a net precipitation deficit and water stress, the presence of beech led to a decrease in soil temperature and favored the maintenance of low soil water potential and faster restoration of water reserves compared to mixedwoods. Using machine learning-based approaches, distinct critical soil temperature thresholds in regard to water potential were identified for the various forest types, and the temporality in soil water regime changes was more favorable under hardwood-beech stands. The presence of beech appears to render greater resilience in regard to water stress in this forest. A greater capacity of beech to preserve and restore soil water not only offers an additional explanation for its establishment in hardwoods in the last decades, but greater water conservation in the presence of beech, assuming it remains in the landscape, could also help local plant species adapt to climate change and to the predicted increased water deficits, as well as species migrating northward to find more suitable environmental envelopes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":56001,"journal":{"name":"Geoderma Regional","volume":"38 ","pages":"Article e00850"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S235200942400097X/pdfft?md5=d40bfa52fda8c8a3dffed870ab6b7c88&pid=1-s2.0-S235200942400097X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142011245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exchangeable acidity characteristics of farmland black soil in northeast China","authors":"Wenrui Zhao ,&nbsp;Wenyou Hu ,&nbsp;Feng Zhang ,&nbsp;Yangxiaoxiao Shi ,&nbsp;Yadan Wang ,&nbsp;Xueqing Zhang ,&nbsp;Tianhua Feng ,&nbsp;Zhineng Hong ,&nbsp;Jun Jiang ,&nbsp;Renkou Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.geodrs.2024.e00852","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geodrs.2024.e00852","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Exchangeable aluminum (Exc-Al), an often overlooked yet indispensable soil parameter, predominantly contributes to soil exchangeable acidity. In this study, we utilized data from 53 sets of surface and subsurface black soil characteristics, including Exc-Al, exchangeable acid (Exc-acid), pH, soil organic matter (SOM), and available and total nutrient levels, to develop a neural network prediction model for estimating Exc-Al and Exc-acid in the black soil area of northeast China. The deterministic neural network model (NNM) was employed to predict Exc-Al and Exc-acid contents in 690 sets of surface and subsurface farmland soil samples with unknown Exc-Al and Exc-acid values. Subsequently, a black soil exchangeable acidity map for northeast China was generated through spatial interpolation. Our results revealed that the average Exc-Al and Exc-acid contents in the 53 surface soils were 0.82 and 0.93 cmol kg⁻¹, respectively, while those in the corresponding subsurface soils were 0.58 and 0.70 cmol kg⁻¹, respectively. Multi-layer perceptron (MLP) neural networks effectively simulated Exc-Al and Exc-acid contents in the surface and subsurface black soils, with calibrated determination coefficients (<em>R</em>_<em>adj</em>^<em>2</em>) of 0.95–0.96, relative root mean square errors (<em>rRMSE</em>) of 17.3%–24.8%, and statistical significance <em>α</em> at 0.001. The MLP estimations and spatial interpolations revealed that 2.0% and 17.6% of the surface black soil area, and 0% and 3.7% of the subsurface soil area exhibited Exc-Al content exceeding 2.0 and 1.0 cmol kg⁻¹, respectively. Furthermore, 6.7% and 24.9% of the surface black soil area, and 0% and 6.3% of the subsurface soil area showed Exc-acid content exceeding 2.0 and 1.0 cmol kg⁻¹, respectively. These findings break the limitation of relying solely on soil pH as the unique indicator, enrich our knowledge of black soil exchangeable acidity, and enhance our understanding of the black soil acidity status in northeast China.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":56001,"journal":{"name":"Geoderma Regional","volume":"38 ","pages":"Article e00852"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141990501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dry season assessment of carbon storage and emission from upland and riparian soils in the Ganga River basin","authors":"Sanchit Kumar,&nbsp;Anshumali","doi":"10.1016/j.geodrs.2024.e00851","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geodrs.2024.e00851","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Soil organic carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) are profoundly affected by changes in land use and land cover (LULC), especially by farming in riparian zones. The five LULC classes were selected in contiguous order, i.e., undisturbed forest (CAL_ref), conventional agriculture lands (CAL), reservoir riparian zones (RSRZ), river riparian zones (RRZ), and undisturbed riparian zones (RZ_ref) in the Ganga River basin to study the C storage and emission trends at a landscape scale. The riparian soils showed higher moisture, temperature, and bulk density than the upland soils, strongly determining the spatial variations in the CO₂ equivalent (CO₂e), C:N ratio, and CO₂ efflux. Riparian CO₂e was more bulk density-dependent, while upland CO₂e showed greater dependence on TOC. The C:N ratio showed a higher mean value in the reference soils (CAL_ref and RZ_ref) than in the other soils (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). The total nitrogen (TN), total protein (TP), and NH₄-N (ammonium‑nitrogen) showed the following trend: RSRZ &gt; CAL &gt; RRZ &gt; RZ_ref &gt; CAL_ref. The stepwise multiple regression models illustrated that soil moisture was the primary regulator of the C:N ratio and CO₂ efflux in the upland soils while the temperature in the riparian soils. These intrinsic soil variables resulted in 1.15 to 2.26 times higher CO₂ efflux from the cultivated soils (CAL, RSRZ, and RRZ) than from the reference soils. Hence, the present study revealed how agricultural practices tangibly increase the riparian system's carbon footprint while offering unsustainable livelihood options to farmers.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":56001,"journal":{"name":"Geoderma Regional","volume":"38 ","pages":"Article e00851"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141990500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}