Jinpeng Huang, Changlu Zhou, Chunping Li and Zhong Xin*,
{"title":"Study on Continuous-Flow Process for Direct Synthesis of p-Aminophenol from Nitrobenzene","authors":"Jinpeng Huang, Changlu Zhou, Chunping Li and Zhong Xin*, ","doi":"10.1021/acs.oprd.4c0027510.1021/acs.oprd.4c00275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.oprd.4c00275https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.oprd.4c00275","url":null,"abstract":"<p ><i>p</i>-Aminophenol (PAP) is an important organic chemical raw material and a pharmaceutical intermediate. Catalytic hydrogenation of nitrobenzene (NB) is an environmentally friendly and economical production method. However, the one-pot method in a traditional batch reactor often leads to a low reaction rate and low PAP yield at low hydrogen pressure. In this work, a continuous-flow process for direct synthesis of PAP by the hydrogenation–rearrangement of NB was established, which provides a safe, green, and efficient method for the synthesis of PAP. The effects of various reaction conditions were investigated. Under the optimal reaction conditions, a 94.5% yield of phenylhydroxylamine (PHA) was achieved in the hydrogenation process under atmospheric pressure. The catalyst activity remained good for 50 h of continuous operation. Solvent tetrahydrofuran (THF) and additive 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) are more conducive to the synthesis of PHA than other solvents. For different acid catalysts in the Bamberger rearrangement with an equivalent concentration of 2 N, stronger acidity led to greater conversion of PHA. The Bamberger rearrangement is solvent-sensitive, and aprotic solvents will reduce the conversion of PHA. The full continuous process for direct synthesis of PAP from NB was studied by mixing sulfuric acid solution and PHA/THF solution with a microfluidic chip. The conversion of PHA was 100% with a low H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> concentration of 1 wt % at a residence time of 13.6 min. The process was reduced from the hour level of the batch process to the minute level, and the H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> concentration was reduced.</p>","PeriodicalId":55,"journal":{"name":"Organic Process Research & Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142273906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yang Zhang, Lu Zhang, Guangzheng Zhou, Jian Heng, Xue Zhong Wang
{"title":"PAT Aided Feasibility Study on Continuous Crystallization of Benzotriazole","authors":"Yang Zhang, Lu Zhang, Guangzheng Zhou, Jian Heng, Xue Zhong Wang","doi":"10.1021/acs.oprd.4c00201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.oprd.4c00201","url":null,"abstract":"As an important fine chemical with a wide range of applications, benzotriazole has traditionally been purified by batch crystallization. Batch operation has some potential known disadvantages compared with continuous mode operation, including batch-to-batch variations, the need for large inventories, and being more challenging to process control. In this feasibility study, continuous mixed-suspension-mixed-product removal (MSMPR) crystallization is investigated for benzotriazole purification with the support of online microscopic imaging and attenuated total reflectance ultraviolet (ATR-UV) spectroscopy. The metastable zone width is determined by the in situ imaging method, and the growth rate of needle-shaped crystals is found to be independent of their dimensions. The ATR-UV spectroscopy is utilized to provide real-time concentration measurements with a calibration model established by a chemometric method. The steady state of the crystallization process is online-identified by spectrum analysis, which always becomes stable around 7–8 residence times, regardless of initial solution concentration and residence time. The optimum process parameters of continuous crystallization are determined according to the product yield and particle size distribution.","PeriodicalId":55,"journal":{"name":"Organic Process Research & Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142166488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Study on Continuous-Flow Process for Direct Synthesis of p-Aminophenol from Nitrobenzene","authors":"Jinpeng Huang, Changlu Zhou, Chunping Li, Zhong Xin","doi":"10.1021/acs.oprd.4c00275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.oprd.4c00275","url":null,"abstract":"<i>p</i>-Aminophenol (PAP) is an important organic chemical raw material and a pharmaceutical intermediate. Catalytic hydrogenation of nitrobenzene (NB) is an environmentally friendly and economical production method. However, the one-pot method in a traditional batch reactor often leads to a low reaction rate and low PAP yield at low hydrogen pressure. In this work, a continuous-flow process for direct synthesis of PAP by the hydrogenation–rearrangement of NB was established, which provides a safe, green, and efficient method for the synthesis of PAP. The effects of various reaction conditions were investigated. Under the optimal reaction conditions, a 94.5% yield of phenylhydroxylamine (PHA) was achieved in the hydrogenation process under atmospheric pressure. The catalyst activity remained good for 50 h of continuous operation. Solvent tetrahydrofuran (THF) and additive 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) are more conducive to the synthesis of PHA than other solvents. For different acid catalysts in the Bamberger rearrangement with an equivalent concentration of 2 N, stronger acidity led to greater conversion of PHA. The Bamberger rearrangement is solvent-sensitive, and aprotic solvents will reduce the conversion of PHA. The full continuous process for direct synthesis of PAP from NB was studied by mixing sulfuric acid solution and PHA/THF solution with a microfluidic chip. The conversion of PHA was 100% with a low H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> concentration of 1 wt % at a residence time of 13.6 min. The process was reduced from the hour level of the batch process to the minute level, and the H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> concentration was reduced.","PeriodicalId":55,"journal":{"name":"Organic Process Research & Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142166489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yang Zhang, Lu Zhang, Guangzheng Zhou*, Jian Heng and Xue Zhong Wang*,
{"title":"PAT Aided Feasibility Study on Continuous Crystallization of Benzotriazole","authors":"Yang Zhang, Lu Zhang, Guangzheng Zhou*, Jian Heng and Xue Zhong Wang*, ","doi":"10.1021/acs.oprd.4c0020110.1021/acs.oprd.4c00201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.oprd.4c00201https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.oprd.4c00201","url":null,"abstract":"<p >As an important fine chemical with a wide range of applications, benzotriazole has traditionally been purified by batch crystallization. Batch operation has some potential known disadvantages compared with continuous mode operation, including batch-to-batch variations, the need for large inventories, and being more challenging to process control. In this feasibility study, continuous mixed-suspension-mixed-product removal (MSMPR) crystallization is investigated for benzotriazole purification with the support of online microscopic imaging and attenuated total reflectance ultraviolet (ATR-UV) spectroscopy. The metastable zone width is determined by the in situ imaging method, and the growth rate of needle-shaped crystals is found to be independent of their dimensions. The ATR-UV spectroscopy is utilized to provide real-time concentration measurements with a calibration model established by a chemometric method. The steady state of the crystallization process is online-identified by spectrum analysis, which always becomes stable around 7–8 residence times, regardless of initial solution concentration and residence time. The optimum process parameters of continuous crystallization are determined according to the product yield and particle size distribution.</p>","PeriodicalId":55,"journal":{"name":"Organic Process Research & Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142273881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Melissa A. Ashley, Miles H. Aukland, Marian C. Bryan, Megan A. Cismesia, Theresa Dutschei, Oliver D. Engl, Pascal S. Engl, Álvaro Enriquez Garcia, Vanessa Harawa, George Karageorgis, Christopher B. Kelly, Alexandre Leclair, Johnny W. Lee, Zhen Lei, Wei Li, Jan Pawlas, Paul F. Richardson, Samuel C. Scott, Alan Steven, Balaram S. Takale, Dauzhan Yerkozhanov, Mingshuo Zeng
{"title":"Green Chemistry Articles of Interest to the Pharmaceutical Industry","authors":"Melissa A. Ashley, Miles H. Aukland, Marian C. Bryan, Megan A. Cismesia, Theresa Dutschei, Oliver D. Engl, Pascal S. Engl, Álvaro Enriquez Garcia, Vanessa Harawa, George Karageorgis, Christopher B. Kelly, Alexandre Leclair, Johnny W. Lee, Zhen Lei, Wei Li, Jan Pawlas, Paul F. Richardson, Samuel C. Scott, Alan Steven, Balaram S. Takale, Dauzhan Yerkozhanov, Mingshuo Zeng","doi":"10.1021/acs.oprd.4c00300","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.oprd.4c00300","url":null,"abstract":"This article has not yet been cited by other publications.","PeriodicalId":55,"journal":{"name":"Organic Process Research & Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142160905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Melissa A. Ashley, Miles H. Aukland, Marian C. Bryan*, Megan A. Cismesia, Theresa Dutschei, Oliver D. Engl, Pascal S. Engl, Álvaro Enriquez Garcia, Vanessa Harawa, George Karageorgis, Christopher B. Kelly, Alexandre Leclair, Johnny W. Lee, Zhen Lei, Wei Li, Jan Pawlas, Paul F. Richardson, Samuel C. Scott, Alan Steven*, Balaram S. Takale, Dauzhan Yerkozhanov and Mingshuo Zeng,
{"title":"Green Chemistry Articles of Interest to the Pharmaceutical Industry","authors":"Melissa A. Ashley, Miles H. Aukland, Marian C. Bryan*, Megan A. Cismesia, Theresa Dutschei, Oliver D. Engl, Pascal S. Engl, Álvaro Enriquez Garcia, Vanessa Harawa, George Karageorgis, Christopher B. Kelly, Alexandre Leclair, Johnny W. Lee, Zhen Lei, Wei Li, Jan Pawlas, Paul F. Richardson, Samuel C. Scott, Alan Steven*, Balaram S. Takale, Dauzhan Yerkozhanov and Mingshuo Zeng, ","doi":"10.1021/acs.oprd.4c0030010.1021/acs.oprd.4c00300","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.oprd.4c00300https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.oprd.4c00300","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55,"journal":{"name":"Organic Process Research & Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/epdf/10.1021/acs.oprd.4c00300","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142270090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Clarence KeiKwan Chum, Iain Robert Gladwell, Ivan Marziano, Matteo Salvalaglio
{"title":"Unravelling the Impact of Process Impurities on the Crystallization of Ritlecitinib Tosylate Using Molecular Dynamics","authors":"Clarence KeiKwan Chum, Iain Robert Gladwell, Ivan Marziano, Matteo Salvalaglio","doi":"10.1021/acs.oprd.4c00106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.oprd.4c00106","url":null,"abstract":"We investigate the influence of oligomeric impurities on the crystallization of ritlecitinib tosylate, an active pharmaceutical compound, using a combined experimental and molecular modeling approach. Ritlecitinib oligomers, particularly hexamers, were identified as key species hindering crystal growth. Experimental outcomes highlighted the inhibitory effects of oligomers on crystallization kinetics, yield, and physical properties. Simplified free energy methods based on the linear interaction energy model revealed a nonmonotonic relationship between oligomer size and surface affinity, with hexamers having the most prominent tendency to block the surface of ritlecitinib tosylate crystals, thus impacting crystal growth. A competitive Langmuir adsorption isotherm model quantified the reduction in crystal growth rates due to oligomer adsorption, providing a systematic approach to understanding these inhibitory effects. This research enhances our understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing oligomer adsorption, and more generally, impurity adsorption, on crystal surfaces and offers insights for designing crystal growth inhibitors in pharmaceutical applications.","PeriodicalId":55,"journal":{"name":"Organic Process Research & Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142160906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Catalytic Advancements: Optimizing Pd-Based Cross-Coupling Reactions Through Flow Chemistry","authors":"Iqra S. Patel, Gokul Ganesan, Shilpa Jain","doi":"10.1021/acs.oprd.4c00027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.oprd.4c00027","url":null,"abstract":"Flow chemistry is a method of conducting a reaction in continuous flow through channels by pumping the reactants into the system. This advanced method offers rapid and efficient mixing, precise control of reaction conditions, high-throughput screening, and rapid optimization of the reaction as compared to batch conditions. In the current times, various pharmaceutical intermediates are being produced efficiently using flow chemistry. One of the most important reactions emerging is the carbon–carbon cross coupling reaction using transition metal catalysis especially palladium. Cross-coupling reactions are vital in the creation of advanced materials with tailored properties desired for pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and fine chemicals. Over the years, numerous Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions, such as Suzuki-Miyaura coupling, Mizoroki-Heck coupling, Sonogashira coupling, Stille coupling, Negishi coupling, etc., have been explored and widely applied. Continuous-flow methods for heterogeneous catalysis have enhanced the reaction by integrating the separation process into a single step using packed bed reactors and eliminating the need for additional steps for catalyst recovery. The focus of this review is to address various catalysts developed for Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions in a flow reaction, followed by optimization such as flow rate, residence time, temperature, Pd loading, solvent, base, and concentration of starting material. This review presents a comprehensive study of these catalysts used for C–C coupling using flow chemistry.","PeriodicalId":55,"journal":{"name":"Organic Process Research & Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142159005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Clarence KeiKwan Chum, Iain Robert Gladwell, Ivan Marziano* and Matteo Salvalaglio*,
{"title":"Unravelling the Impact of Process Impurities on the Crystallization of Ritlecitinib Tosylate Using Molecular Dynamics","authors":"Clarence KeiKwan Chum, Iain Robert Gladwell, Ivan Marziano* and Matteo Salvalaglio*, ","doi":"10.1021/acs.oprd.4c0010610.1021/acs.oprd.4c00106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.oprd.4c00106https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.oprd.4c00106","url":null,"abstract":"<p >We investigate the influence of oligomeric impurities on the crystallization of ritlecitinib tosylate, an active pharmaceutical compound, using a combined experimental and molecular modeling approach. Ritlecitinib oligomers, particularly hexamers, were identified as key species hindering crystal growth. Experimental outcomes highlighted the inhibitory effects of oligomers on crystallization kinetics, yield, and physical properties. Simplified free energy methods based on the linear interaction energy model revealed a nonmonotonic relationship between oligomer size and surface affinity, with hexamers having the most prominent tendency to block the surface of ritlecitinib tosylate crystals, thus impacting crystal growth. A competitive Langmuir adsorption isotherm model quantified the reduction in crystal growth rates due to oligomer adsorption, providing a systematic approach to understanding these inhibitory effects. This research enhances our understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing oligomer adsorption, and more generally, impurity adsorption, on crystal surfaces and offers insights for designing crystal growth inhibitors in pharmaceutical applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":55,"journal":{"name":"Organic Process Research & Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/epdf/10.1021/acs.oprd.4c00106","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142270124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Catalytic Advancements: Optimizing Pd-Based Cross-Coupling Reactions Through Flow Chemistry","authors":"Iqra S. Patel, Gokul Ganesan and Shilpa Jain*, ","doi":"10.1021/acs.oprd.4c0002710.1021/acs.oprd.4c00027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.oprd.4c00027https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.oprd.4c00027","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Flow chemistry is a method of conducting a reaction in continuous flow through channels by pumping the reactants into the system. This advanced method offers rapid and efficient mixing, precise control of reaction conditions, high-throughput screening, and rapid optimization of the reaction as compared to batch conditions. In the current times, various pharmaceutical intermediates are being produced efficiently using flow chemistry. One of the most important reactions emerging is the carbon–carbon cross coupling reaction using transition metal catalysis especially palladium. Cross-coupling reactions are vital in the creation of advanced materials with tailored properties desired for pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and fine chemicals. Over the years, numerous Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions, such as Suzuki-Miyaura coupling, Mizoroki-Heck coupling, Sonogashira coupling, Stille coupling, Negishi coupling, etc., have been explored and widely applied. Continuous-flow methods for heterogeneous catalysis have enhanced the reaction by integrating the separation process into a single step using packed bed reactors and eliminating the need for additional steps for catalyst recovery. The focus of this review is to address various catalysts developed for Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions in a flow reaction, followed by optimization such as flow rate, residence time, temperature, Pd loading, solvent, base, and concentration of starting material. This review presents a comprehensive study of these catalysts used for C–C coupling using flow chemistry.</p>","PeriodicalId":55,"journal":{"name":"Organic Process Research & Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142273804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}