{"title":"Continuous Flow Enabled Synthesis of Multiresistant Drug Clofazimine","authors":"Rajat Pandey, Faith Akwi, Paul Watts","doi":"10.1021/acs.oprd.4c00420","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.oprd.4c00420","url":null,"abstract":"Drug resistance to tuberculosis is still one of the major challenges worldwide. Clofazimine, which belongs to the riminophenazine (antibiotic) class, is still one of the active drugs that are efficient against drug-resistant <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>. Apart from this, it is also a WHO-approved drug for the treatment of leprosy and, at present, is under phase 2 clinical trial for its activity against the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Owing to its vast importance in clinical research, we have developed a semicontinuous flow-mediated synthesis of Clofazimine using readily available <i>p</i>-chloroaniline and 1-fluoro-2-nitrobenzene. The target drug molecule was obtained from four consecutive chemical transformations with nominal residence time, improved purity, and yields when compared to the batch process. Moreover, the first two steps were also successfully telescoped under the optimized reaction conditions.","PeriodicalId":55,"journal":{"name":"Organic Process Research & Development","volume":"97 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142562200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Miroslav Labaj, Zdeněk Jalový*, Robert Matyáš, Jiří Nesveda, Jakub Mikuláštík and Adam Votýpka,
{"title":"One-Pot Synthesis of Guanidinium 5,5′-Azotetrazolate Avoiding Isolation of Hazardous Sodium 5,5′-Azotetrazolate","authors":"Miroslav Labaj, Zdeněk Jalový*, Robert Matyáš, Jiří Nesveda, Jakub Mikuláštík and Adam Votýpka, ","doi":"10.1021/acs.oprd.4c0036410.1021/acs.oprd.4c00364","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.oprd.4c00364https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.oprd.4c00364","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Sodium 5,5′-azotetrazolate (Na<sub>2</sub>AzT) is a starting material for various azotetrazole salts that find applications as lead-free primary explosives or high-nitrogen compounds for inflating safety systems (in particular, guanidinium azotetrazolate, GZT). Sodium azotetrazolate, after preparation, is commonly isolated as the pentahydrate, which is relatively safe for handling. But it readily loses hydrate water molecules at higher temperatures or by treatment with organic solvents. In such cases, sensitivity to mechanical stimuli increases considerably and explosion accidents may occur. In this work, the thermal conditions and the role of solvents in water loss from sodium 5,5′-azotetrazolate pentahydrate are presented. Impact and friction sensitivity parameters of the products are described. In the case of guanidinium azotetrazolate, the process for its preparation without producing sodium 5,5′-azotetrazolate is introduced, thus avoiding manipulation of hazardous material and increasing the safety of the procedure.</p>","PeriodicalId":55,"journal":{"name":"Organic Process Research & Development","volume":"28 11","pages":"4091–4098 4091–4098"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/epdf/10.1021/acs.oprd.4c00364","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142640724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Miroslav Labaj, Zdeněk Jalový, Robert Matyáš, Jiří Nesveda, Jakub Mikuláštík, Adam Votýpka
{"title":"One-Pot Synthesis of Guanidinium 5,5′-Azotetrazolate Avoiding Isolation of Hazardous Sodium 5,5′-Azotetrazolate","authors":"Miroslav Labaj, Zdeněk Jalový, Robert Matyáš, Jiří Nesveda, Jakub Mikuláštík, Adam Votýpka","doi":"10.1021/acs.oprd.4c00364","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.oprd.4c00364","url":null,"abstract":"Sodium 5,5′-azotetrazolate (Na<sub>2</sub>AzT) is a starting material for various azotetrazole salts that find applications as lead-free primary explosives or high-nitrogen compounds for inflating safety systems (in particular, guanidinium azotetrazolate, GZT). Sodium azotetrazolate, after preparation, is commonly isolated as the pentahydrate, which is relatively safe for handling. But it readily loses hydrate water molecules at higher temperatures or by treatment with organic solvents. In such cases, sensitivity to mechanical stimuli increases considerably and explosion accidents may occur. In this work, the thermal conditions and the role of solvents in water loss from sodium 5,5′-azotetrazolate pentahydrate are presented. Impact and friction sensitivity parameters of the products are described. In the case of guanidinium azotetrazolate, the process for its preparation without producing sodium 5,5′-azotetrazolate is introduced, thus avoiding manipulation of hazardous material and increasing the safety of the procedure.","PeriodicalId":55,"journal":{"name":"Organic Process Research & Development","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142542181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Michaela Čierna, Blažej Horváth, Filip Pančík, Michal Šoral, Andrej Kolarovič, Pavol Jakubec
{"title":"Tris(trimethylsilyl)silane in Photochemical Hydrodesulfurization─Methodology and Pyrophoricity","authors":"Michaela Čierna, Blažej Horváth, Filip Pančík, Michal Šoral, Andrej Kolarovič, Pavol Jakubec","doi":"10.1021/acs.oprd.4c00410","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.oprd.4c00410","url":null,"abstract":"A novel visible-light-induced hydrodesulfurization of a thioacetal was developed. The reaction operates under mild conditions using user-friendly tris(trimethylsilyl)silane as the reductant and a low catalyst loading of photoactive 4CzIPN. The expansion of the reaction scope was thwarted by the operationally hazardous nature of the process, occasionally producing fire. Careful examination of reaction mixtures allowed to identify silane (SiH<sub>4</sub>) as the likely culprit causing the pyrophoricity.","PeriodicalId":55,"journal":{"name":"Organic Process Research & Development","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142541975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Michaela Čierna, Blažej Horváth, Filip Pančík, Michal Šoral, Andrej Kolarovič and Pavol Jakubec*,
{"title":"Tris(trimethylsilyl)silane in Photochemical Hydrodesulfurization─Methodology and Pyrophoricity","authors":"Michaela Čierna, Blažej Horváth, Filip Pančík, Michal Šoral, Andrej Kolarovič and Pavol Jakubec*, ","doi":"10.1021/acs.oprd.4c0041010.1021/acs.oprd.4c00410","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.oprd.4c00410https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.oprd.4c00410","url":null,"abstract":"<p >A novel visible-light-induced hydrodesulfurization of a thioacetal was developed. The reaction operates under mild conditions using user-friendly tris(trimethylsilyl)silane as the reductant and a low catalyst loading of photoactive 4CzIPN. The expansion of the reaction scope was thwarted by the operationally hazardous nature of the process, occasionally producing fire. Careful examination of reaction mixtures allowed to identify silane (SiH<sub>4</sub>) as the likely culprit causing the pyrophoricity.</p>","PeriodicalId":55,"journal":{"name":"Organic Process Research & Development","volume":"28 11","pages":"4156–4162 4156–4162"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142641129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jan Schütz, Julia Witte, Maurus Marty and Roman Goy*,
{"title":"Industrial-Scale Organic Solvent Nanofiltration for Dimer Impurity Removal: Enhancing Vitamin D3 Production","authors":"Jan Schütz, Julia Witte, Maurus Marty and Roman Goy*, ","doi":"10.1021/acs.oprd.4c0033310.1021/acs.oprd.4c00333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.oprd.4c00333https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.oprd.4c00333","url":null,"abstract":"<p >This work details the removal of an azine-dimer (AD) impurity from 7-dehydrocholesterol (DHC), a precursor of vitamin D<sub>3</sub>, using a newly developed, sustainable hybrid membrane process, from the idea to implementation. Developed by an international team collaborating under tight time frame and COVID restrictions, this innovative method exemplifies a versatile, energy-saving, and cost-effective separation technology by organic solvent nanofiltration (OSN). Traditional purification methods proved to be unsuccessful, costly, or unsustainable, but this process achieved DHC purification with a minimal yield loss of 0.1%. This separation challenge goes beyond typical OSN applications (solute concentration or solvent exchange) by separating two similar solutes in a solvent mixture. In a three-stage OSN process, the impurity level was reduced from approximately 2600 ppm to below 50 ppm in the final permeate. After developing and scaling up the process, the OSN, precipitation, and filtration units were engineered and constructed. These units were installed in the dsm-firmenich vitamin D<sub>3</sub> plant, and the purification process was successfully commissioned.</p>","PeriodicalId":55,"journal":{"name":"Organic Process Research & Development","volume":"28 11","pages":"4046–4058 4046–4058"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/epdf/10.1021/acs.oprd.4c00333","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142640844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Industrial-Scale Organic Solvent Nanofiltration for Dimer Impurity Removal: Enhancing Vitamin D3 Production","authors":"Jan Schütz, Julia Witte, Maurus Marty, Roman Goy","doi":"10.1021/acs.oprd.4c00333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.oprd.4c00333","url":null,"abstract":"This work details the removal of an azine-dimer (AD) impurity from 7-dehydrocholesterol (DHC), a precursor of vitamin D<sub>3</sub>, using a newly developed, sustainable hybrid membrane process, from the idea to implementation. Developed by an international team collaborating under tight time frame and COVID restrictions, this innovative method exemplifies a versatile, energy-saving, and cost-effective separation technology by organic solvent nanofiltration (OSN). Traditional purification methods proved to be unsuccessful, costly, or unsustainable, but this process achieved DHC purification with a minimal yield loss of 0.1%. This separation challenge goes beyond typical OSN applications (solute concentration or solvent exchange) by separating two similar solutes in a solvent mixture. In a three-stage OSN process, the impurity level was reduced from approximately 2600 ppm to below 50 ppm in the final permeate. After developing and scaling up the process, the OSN, precipitation, and filtration units were engineered and constructed. These units were installed in the dsm-firmenich vitamin D<sub>3</sub> plant, and the purification process was successfully commissioned.","PeriodicalId":55,"journal":{"name":"Organic Process Research & Development","volume":"236 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142489991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Koji Machida, Koichi Igarashi, Hideo Kawachi, Mai Okamoto, Shumpei Yonezawa, Yuka Morishige, Masayuki Azuma, Akira Nishiyama
{"title":"Continuous Sonocrystallization Process for Controlling the Polymorphs and Particle Size of Perampanel","authors":"Koji Machida, Koichi Igarashi, Hideo Kawachi, Mai Okamoto, Shumpei Yonezawa, Yuka Morishige, Masayuki Azuma, Akira Nishiyama","doi":"10.1021/acs.oprd.4c00293","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.oprd.4c00293","url":null,"abstract":"Sonocrystallization is a promising technology for improving the reproducibility and productivity of the crystallization process because of the unique cavitation effect of ultrasound as well as for controlling crystal polymorphs and particle size. Despite these advantages, the use of ultrasound for crystallization has typically been limited to laboratory studies and has not been widely adopted on an industrial scale by the pharmaceutical industry. In this study, ultrasound was combined with continuous crystallization using a mixed-suspension, mixed-product removal (MSMPR) crystallizer, and this technology was applied to the crystallization of perampanel, demonstrating the effects of ultrasound and its practicality. Finally, the continuous sonocrystallization process was successfully scaled up using a 10 L ultrasonic crystallizer capable of direct ultrasound irradiation, providing a methodology for the scale-up of the continuous sonocrystallization process.","PeriodicalId":55,"journal":{"name":"Organic Process Research & Development","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142488075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
UnJin Ryu, Duc Ly, Kristin Shimabukuro, Huw M. L. Davies* and Christopher W. Jones*,
{"title":"Facile Recovery and Recycling of a Soluble Dirhodium Catalyst in Asymmetric Cyclopropanation via a Catalyst-in-Bag System","authors":"UnJin Ryu, Duc Ly, Kristin Shimabukuro, Huw M. L. Davies* and Christopher W. Jones*, ","doi":"10.1021/acs.oprd.4c0040010.1021/acs.oprd.4c00400","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.oprd.4c00400https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.oprd.4c00400","url":null,"abstract":"<p >A catalyst-in-bag system facilitates the recovery and recycling of chiral dirhodium carboxylate catalysts used for enantioselective, intermolecular cyclopropanation. The catalyst-in-bag system incorporates a soluble enantioselective dirhodium complex catalyst within a reusable, commercial dialysis membrane. Dirhodium catalysts of different sizes are examined, and two catalysts with molecular weights above 2400 Da are well-retained by the membrane. The catalyst Rh<sub>2</sub>(<i>S</i>-TPPTTL)<sub>4</sub> [TPPTTL = (1,3-dioxo-4,5,6,7-tetraphenylisoindolin-2-yl)-3,3-dimethylbutanoate] is explored in enantioselective cyclopropanation reactions under a variety of conditions. The Rh<sub>2</sub>(<i>S</i>-TPPTTL)<sub>4</sub> catalyst, when contained in the catalyst-in-bag system, provides high yields and enantioselectivities, akin to the homogeneous catalyst in solution, with negligible rhodium permeation out of the bag over five catalytic cycles. The catalyst-in-bag approach facilitates recovery of the expensive rhodium metal and ligand, with only ppm level Rh detected in the reaction products. The flexible and expandable catalyst-in-bag system can be accommodated in vessels of different shapes and dimensions.</p>","PeriodicalId":55,"journal":{"name":"Organic Process Research & Development","volume":"28 11","pages":"4146–4155 4146–4155"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/epdf/10.1021/acs.oprd.4c00400","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142641004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Peter E. Maligres, Zhiguo Jake Song, Lu Chen, Birgit Kosjek, Omer Ad, Cheol K. Chung
{"title":"Selective Synthesis of N6,3′,5′-Tripivaloyladenosine via Dynamic Kinetic Crystallization and Regioselective Preparation of Pivalated 2′-Deoxy-2′-fluoroarabinoadenosines","authors":"Peter E. Maligres, Zhiguo Jake Song, Lu Chen, Birgit Kosjek, Omer Ad, Cheol K. Chung","doi":"10.1021/acs.oprd.4c00391","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.oprd.4c00391","url":null,"abstract":"A four chemical step route to 2′-deoxy-2′-fluoro-<i>N</i><sup>6</sup>,3′-dipivaloylarabinoadenosine and 2′-deoxy-2′-fluoro-<i>N</i><sup>6</sup>-pivaloylarabinoadenosine from adenosine was developed for the preparation of ulevostinag in our STING (Stimulator of Interferon Genes) program. This 4-step route is based on the selective protection of adenosine with a dynamic kinetic crystallization of the desired <i>N</i><sup>6</sup>,3′,5′-tripivaloyladenosine. This is followed by activation of the 2′-alcohol as its triflate without pivalate migration. Subsequently, the triflate is displaced with fluoride under mild conditions. Selective deprotection of the esters can give a variety of mono- and diacylated products including the 3′- or 5′-protected 2′-fluoroarabinonucleoside in the presence of the <i>N</i><sup>6</sup>-pivalamide.","PeriodicalId":55,"journal":{"name":"Organic Process Research & Development","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142487943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}