Biofilm最新文献

{"title":"Vaginal Lactobacillus gasseri biosurfactant: a novel bio- and eco-compatible anti-Candida agent","authors":"Federica Monti ,&nbsp;Barbara Giordani ,&nbsp;Stefano Fedi ,&nbsp;Daniele Ghezzi ,&nbsp;Paola Galletti ,&nbsp;Laura Mercolini ,&nbsp;Roberto Mandrioli ,&nbsp;Carola Parolin ,&nbsp;Barbara Luppi ,&nbsp;Beatrice Vitali","doi":"10.1016/j.bioflm.2025.100299","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bioflm.2025.100299","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) and recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC), caused by <em>Candida</em> spp. overgrowth, are common and challenging infections of the genital tract. Among <em>Candida</em> virulence factors, the ability to adhere to host epithelium and to form biofilms are frequently retrieved, especially in RVVC. Vaginal pathogen overgrowth is counteracted by resident lactobacilli, which exert a barrier thanks to the production of antimicrobial metabolites, such as biosurfactants (BS).</div><div>BS was recovered from vaginal <em>Lactobacillus gasseri</em> BC12 and its chemical characteristics as well as its ability to lower the surface tension and to emulsify two different immiscible phases were investigated. BS showed the typical features of a lipopeptide with a critical micellar concentration of 1.2 mg/mL. BS showed antibiofilm activity towards various <em>Candida albicans</em> and non-<em>albicans</em> isolates, notably, it was able to prevent biofilm formation and eradicate preformed biofilms. The absence of cytotoxicity of BS and its ability to counteract the adhesion of <em>Candida</em> spp. were highlighted on HeLa cells through MTT and competition/exclusion assays, respectively. The environmental impact of BS was also investigated on a microcosm model (spring water) by culture-based and molecular (16S rRNA-targeted Illumina sequencing) methods, and no remarkable modifications in the taxonomy composition of the bacterial ecosystem were observed.</div><div>To conclude, BS from <em>L. gasseri</em> BC12 appears as a promising, biocompatible and environmentally friendly approach to prevent and treat VVC/RVVC.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55844,"journal":{"name":"Biofilm","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100299"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144490743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of multiple-enzyme treatment on in situ oral biofilm formation in healthy participants","authors":"Pernille Dukanovic Rikvold ,&nbsp;Andreas Møllebjerg ,&nbsp;Eero Juhani Raittio ,&nbsp;Signe Maria Nielsen ,&nbsp;Karina Kambourakis Johnsen ,&nbsp;Marie Braad Lund ,&nbsp;Mette Rose Jørgensen ,&nbsp;Rikke Louise Meyer ,&nbsp;Sebastian Schlafer","doi":"10.1016/j.bioflm.2025.100298","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bioflm.2025.100298","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Novel approaches for the prevention of biofilm-mediated oral diseases aim to control dental biofilms rather than eradicating bacteria in the mouth. One such approach is the use of enzymes that specifically target and degrade the dental biofilm matrix and thereby facilitate biofilm removal. Matrix-degrading enzymes have consistently shown promising results <em>in vitro</em>, but data on <em>in situ</em>-grown oral biofilms are limited. This study aimed to investigate the effect of combined treatment with mutanase, beta-glucanase and DNase on <em>in situ</em> biofilm formation and removal, microbial biofilm composition and biofilm pH.</div><div>Biofilms from healthy participants were grown for 48 or 72 h on lower-jaw splints and enzyme or control-treated during (3x/day, 30 min) or after growth (30 min). Under the tested conditions, enzyme treatment had no significant effect on biofilm formation or removal compared to control, as assessed by optical coherence tomography and confocal microscopy. Likewise, enzymatic treatment did not induce significant changes in the microbial composition of the biofilms that were dominated by <em>Streptococcus</em>, <em>Haemophilus</em>, <em>Neisseria</em>, <em>Veillonella</em> and <em>Fusobacterium</em> species. The biofilm pH response to a sucrose challenge was assessed using confocal microscopy-based pH ratiometry, and the average biofilm pH was not significantly different between the intervention groups. Under the conditions employed in this study, the tested enzymes had no significant impact on <em>in situ</em> grown biofilms. The treatment regimen, the biofilm composition, or the analytical methods employed may explain the difference to previous results. Further studies are warranted to assess the therapeutic potential of multi-enzyme treatment for dental biofilm control.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55844,"journal":{"name":"Biofilm","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100298"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144490742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bacillus-derived lipopeptides inhibit and eradicate Candida tropicalis Biofilms: An in vitro exploration","authors":"Madhuri Madduri ,&nbsp;Shivaprakash M Rudramurthy ,&nbsp;Utpal Roy","doi":"10.1016/j.bioflm.2025.100294","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bioflm.2025.100294","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Candida tropicalis</em> is a WHO-prioritised opportunistic fungal pathogen capable of causing superficial-to-systemic fungal infections and forming biofilms on both biotic and abiotic surfaces, such as tissues and medical implants. The rising incidence of fungal infections and the emergence of drug resistance underscore the urgent need for alternative, natural therapeutic agents such as antifungal macromolecules. AF₄ and AF₅, natural antifungal lipopeptide homologs derived from the <em>Bacillus subtilis</em> RLID strain, were purified to homogeneity from the cell free supernatant using semi-preparative scale HPLC with a C18 column at the final step. Using these lipopeptide fractions AF₄ and AF₅, the <em>anti</em>-biofilm efficacies were evaluated against <em>C. tropicalis</em> ATCC 750 biofilms and their synergistic potential with the standard antifungal fluconazole. Two compounds with amphiphilic nature were highly effective in preventing adhesion and inhibiting the formation of biofilm within 6 h. Additionally, they eradicated 24 h mature biofilms, as were demonstrated through various biofilm quantification techniques, including the crystal violet assay, XTT reduction assay, quantification of EPS, and ATR-FTIR analysis of biochemical composition of treated biofilms. <em>In vitro</em> studies revealed that AF₄ and AF₅ significantly reduced biofilm biomass and metabolic activity of cells embedded within the biofilm. Furthermore, morphological analysis of biofilms stained with Con A and FUN-1 using CLSM and COMSTAT analyses demonstrated a strong antibiofilm effect, including damaged cell surfaces and reduced hyphae structures, indicating effective biofilm disruption. Combinations of fluconazole with AF₅ exhibited improved synergistic <em>anti</em>-biofilm effects. However, AF₄ alone demonstrated strong potential to combat all phases of <em>C. tropicalis</em> biofilms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55844,"journal":{"name":"Biofilm","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100294"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144502209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of the vfm quorum-sensing system on the phenotypic features and virulence of Dickeya zeae WH1","authors":"Xiaojuan Tan,&nbsp;Ting Yang,&nbsp;Minglong Wu,&nbsp;Liping Luo,&nbsp;Ruyi Zheng,&nbsp;Qianqian Liu,&nbsp;Guoping Zhu,&nbsp;Yang Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.bioflm.2025.100295","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bioflm.2025.100295","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>mailto:Soft rot caused by <em>Dickeya zeae</em> is an important bacterial disease affecting rice and other plants around the world. Several studies found that the specific virulence factor-modulating quorum sensing (<em>vfm</em>-QS) system is present in bacteria. <em>vfmI</em> is the key member encoding a two-component system sensor histidine kinase. Therefore, to determine the effects of <em>vfm</em>-QS on phenotypic features and virulence, the system was inactivated through the construction of a <em>vfmI</em> mutant in the <em>D. zeae</em> WH1 strain. The results of the phenotypic features and pathogenicity assays revealed that the deletion of <em>vfmI</em> abolished motility and reduced biofilm-forming capacity. Moreover, the mutation had a limited role in regulating the activity of plant cell wall-degrading enzymes (PCWDEs) and decreased the maceration of potato tubers in the tested dicotyledonous plants. Importantly, the <em>vfmI</em> mutant became avirulent to the rice plants, although the gene mutation slightly increased rice seed germination. These features are considerably different from those that have been shown for other <em>Dickeya</em> strains. Finally, our findings indicated that the <em>vfm</em> system controls the motility of WH1 by regulating flagellar biosynthesis and biofilm formation, which is achieved by regulating the intracellular c-di-GMP level. Taken together, these findings highlight the complexity and plasticity of QS regulatory circuits in the <em>D. zeae</em> strain.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55844,"journal":{"name":"Biofilm","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100295"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144280854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of the ATP-dependent DNA ligase, Lig E, on Neisseria gonorrhoeae microcolony and biofilm formation","authors":"Jolyn Pan ,&nbsp;Abdullah Albarrak ,&nbsp;Joanna Hicks ,&nbsp;David Williams ,&nbsp;Adele Williamson","doi":"10.1016/j.bioflm.2025.100292","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bioflm.2025.100292","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</em>, the causative agent of the sexually transmitted infection, gonorrhoea, is known to form biofilms rich in extracellular DNA on human cervical cells. Biofilm formation is conducive to increased antimicrobial resistance and evasion of the host immune system, potentially causing asymptomatic infections. Using plate-based assays we have previously shown that disruption of a potential extracellular DNA ligase, Lig E, in <em>N. gonorrhoeae</em> impacts biofilm formation. In this research, we further explored this phenotype using confocal and scanning electron microscopy to directly visualise the morphology of microcolony and biofilm formation. Biofilm growth on artificial surfaces and on 3-dimensional human vaginal epithelial tissue was evaluated for strains where <em>lig E</em> was either disrupted or overexpressed. Results demonstrated that Lig E was important for the formation of robust, compact <em>N. gonorrhoeae</em> microcolonies, as well as extensive biofilms on artificial surfaces. The <em>lig E</em> deletion strain also had the highest tendency to be retained on the surface of epithelial tissues, with decreased invasion and damage to host cell layers. These findings support a role for Lig E to be secreted from <em>N. gonorrhoeae</em> cells for the purpose of inter-cell adhesion and biofilm formation. We suggest that Lig E strengthens the extracellular matrix and hence microcolony and biofilm formation of <em>N. gonorrhoeae</em> by ligation of extracellular DNA.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55844,"journal":{"name":"Biofilm","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100292"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144322607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corticosteroids modulate biofilm formation and virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa","authors":"Elena Jordana-Lluch ,&nbsp;María Escobar-Salom ,&nbsp;Gabriel Torrens ,&nbsp;Isabel María Barceló ,&nbsp;Miguel Ángel Estévez ,&nbsp;Alex González-Alsina ,&nbsp;Amanda Iglesias ,&nbsp;Pere Joan Pont-Antona ,&nbsp;María D. Macià ,&nbsp;Sebastián Albertí ,&nbsp;Paul Williams ,&nbsp;Borja G. Cosío ,&nbsp;Carlos Juan ,&nbsp;Antonio Oliver","doi":"10.1016/j.bioflm.2025.100289","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bioflm.2025.100289","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Corticosteroids are anti-inflammatory drugs commonly administered to patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cystic fibrosis and similar lung pathologies, in which persistent infections with <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em> are frequent. However, their therapeutic value is debatable because of their adverse impact on host immunity. The aim of this work was to determine the impact of budesonide and fluticasone propionate on <em>P. aeruginosa</em> biology. We found that these corticosteroids attenuated its intrinsic pro-inflammatory properties (reduction of IL-8 release compared to controls ca. 15 % (budesonide) and 50 % (fluticasone propionate)) and cellular invasiveness (25 % and 40 % respectively). Corticosteroids enhanced <em>P. aeruginosa</em> biofilm formation in a time/dose-dependent manner (around 1.6-fold for the highest concentration, with this increase occurring more readily in sputum media)) and stimulated the release of extracellular DNA (2-fold increase), a key component of the biofilm matrix. Regarding the mechanisms involved, our results suggest that corticosteroids diffuse through <em>P. aeruginosa</em>'s membrane influencing its fluidity and triggering cell envelope stress signalling pathways, as shown by an initial increase in <em>muc</em>A (σ²² regulon) expression, outer membrane vesicle release and accumulation of cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP). Changes in the levels of this intracellular signalling molecule, responsible for the switch from planktonic to biofilm lifestyle, may explain some of the phenotypes observed. In conclusion, our data, first obtained with type strains and proved to be reproducible when using COPD clinical isolates, suggest that corticosteroids could mediate a faster acquisition of the phenotypic characteristics associated with <em>P. aeruginosa</em> long-term adaptation to the chronic lung niche without undergoing mutation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55844,"journal":{"name":"Biofilm","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100289"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144231619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A guide to publishing in Biofilm: how to avoid a desk rejection","authors":"Tom Coenye ,&nbsp;Darla M. Goeres ,&nbsp;Birthe Veno Kjellerup ,&nbsp;Ákos T. Kovács","doi":"10.1016/j.bioflm.2025.100282","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bioflm.2025.100282","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55844,"journal":{"name":"Biofilm","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100282"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144279998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Proteomic signatures of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm maturation on orthopaedic implants","authors":"C. Kuik ,&nbsp;C. de Boer ,&nbsp;S.W.G. van Hoogstraten ,&nbsp;K. Freulings ,&nbsp;M. Honing ,&nbsp;J.J.C. Arts ,&nbsp;B. Cillero-Pastor","doi":"10.1016/j.bioflm.2025.100287","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bioflm.2025.100287","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Implant-associated infections pose a significant clinical challenge in the orthopaedic field, often leading to implant failure and revision surgeries. These infections are hard to treat, particularly due to the formation of bacterial biofilms. Orthopaedic implant surfaces feature varying roughness and compositions to optimise implant osseointegration and performance. Highly polished surfaces are used in articulating areas of high shear force to minimise wear particle formation, while rough or porous surfaces enhance implant and bone fixation. However, increased surface roughness or porosity can also promote bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation, potentially elevating the risk of chronic infections. In this study, an automated single-pot solid-phase enhanced sample preparation protocol (SP3) workflow was developed to investigate the differences in proteomic response of immature and mature <em>S. aureus</em> biofilms on titanium (Ti) surfaces with varying roughness (polished, corundum-blasted), and a plasma-sprayed microporous calcium phosphate coated surface (plasmapore), representing clinically relevant orthopaedic implants. Mature biofilms showed increased proteins related to toxin activity and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, while immature biofilms had elevated proteins tied to binding, catalytic activities, and metabolism, suggesting surface topography influences early biofilm formation. This study highlights potential protein targets for novel antimicrobial therapies and suggests testing these as coatings on Ti surfaces, with the proteomics platform serving as a tool to evaluate bacterial and host responses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55844,"journal":{"name":"Biofilm","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100287"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144190518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Squalamine and claramine A1 disperse Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm","authors":"Anne-Sophie Tareau ,&nbsp;Ali Tahrioui ,&nbsp;Mathieu Gonzalez ,&nbsp;Evan Croize ,&nbsp;Jennifer Varin Simon ,&nbsp;Magalie Barreau ,&nbsp;Audrey David ,&nbsp;Fany Reffuveille ,&nbsp;Jean-Michel Brunel ,&nbsp;Olivier Lesouhaitier ,&nbsp;Sylvie Chevalier","doi":"10.1016/j.bioflm.2025.100293","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bioflm.2025.100293","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em> is an opportunistic pathogen that causes both acute and chronic infections, including pneumonia, bloodstream infections, urinary tract infections, and surgical site infections. It poses a significant threat to individuals with chronic lung conditions, particularly those with cystic fibrosis. Squalamine and claramine A1 have emerged as promising antibacterial compounds, exhibiting activity against a broad range of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Beyond their potent antibacterial properties, our findings reveal that sub-inhibitory concentrations of claramine A1 and squalamine can disperse pre-formed <em>P. aeruginosa</em> biofilm without impacting bacterial growth. While claramine A1, but not squalamine, enhances membrane fluidity, the structural difference between these compounds lies primarily in their spermine and spermidine moieties. Notably, we found that spermine, unlike spermidine, was able to both disperse biofilm and increase membrane fluidity. Together, our results suggest that while both compounds are effective at disrupting <em>P. aeruginosa</em> biofilm, they likely act through distinct mechanisms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55844,"journal":{"name":"Biofilm","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100293"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144166736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unfolding the collective functional potential of a synergistic multispecies community through genotypic and phenotypic analyses","authors":"Dana Ronin ,&nbsp;Mads Frederik Hansen ,&nbsp;Maximilian Lukas Flaig ,&nbsp;Morten Kam Dahl Dueholm ,&nbsp;Anders Ogechi Hostrup Daugberg ,&nbsp;Joseph Nesme ,&nbsp;Witold Kot ,&nbsp;Mette Burmølle","doi":"10.1016/j.bioflm.2025.100290","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bioflm.2025.100290","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>By studying model multispecies biofilm systems, we can further our knowledge regarding why some properties emerge solely in a multispecies setting. In this study, the model system under investigation is composed of four bacterial species: <em>Paenibacillus amylolyticus</em>, <em>Microbacterium oxydans</em>, <em>Stenotrophomonas rhizophila</em> and <em>Stenotrophomonas maltophilia</em>. This community was isolated from soil and has previously shown synergistic biofilm formation capabilities in vitro, along with other intrinsic properties, some of which could lead to potential industrial and agricultural applications. In this study, we conducted the first complete genome assemblies for these four strains and performed a manually curated annotation of the genomes to identify genomic features that could guide the selection of relevant phenotypic assays. In all four strains, we identified genes linked to interspecies communication, biofilm formation, secondary metabolite production, antibiotic resistance, enzymatic activity and metabolism of toxic xenobiotics. With metabolism being the largest gene function category identified, we then conducted growth assays on various carbon sources and relevant polysaccharides. This revealed interesting emergent behaviors - regarding growth and enzymatic activity - in the four-species community which were not seen in the monocultures. Overall, analysis of the complete genomes of this model community uncovered gene functions which could play a role in the previously observed community intrinsic properties, as well as provided insight to the positive social interactions observed in vitro.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55844,"journal":{"name":"Biofilm","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100290"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144480342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}