Biofilm最新文献

{"title":"Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm in inflammatory breast cancer and its treatment strategies","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.bioflm.2024.100220","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bioflm.2024.100220","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Bacterial biofilms represent a significant challenge in both clinical and industrial settings because of their robust nature and resistance to antimicrobials. Biofilms are formed by microorganisms that produce an exopolysaccharide matrix, protecting function and supporting for nutrients. Among the various bacterial species capable of forming biofilms, <em>Staphylococcus epidermidis</em>, a commensal organism found on human skin and mucous membranes, has emerged as a prominent opportunistic pathogen, when introduced into the body via medical devices, such as catheters, prosthetic joints, and heart valves. The formation of biofilms by <em>S. epidermidis</em> on these surfaces facilitates colonization and provides protection against host immune responses and antibiotic therapies, leading to persistent and difficult-to-treat infections.</p><p>The possible involvement of biofilms for breast oncogenesis has recently created the curiosity. This paper therefore delves into <em>S. epidermidis</em> biofilm involvement in breast cancer. <em>S. epidermidis</em> biofilms can create a sustained inflammatory environment through their metabolites and can break DNA in breast tissue, promoting cellular proliferation, angiogenesis, and genetic instability.</p><p>Preventing biofilm formation primarily involves preventing bacterial proliferation using prophylactic measures and sterilization of medical devices and equipment. In cancer treatment, common modalities include chemotherapy, surgery, immunotherapy, alkylating agents, and various anticancer drugs. Understanding the relationship between anticancer drugs and bacterial biofilms is crucial, especially for those undergoing cancer treatment who may be at increased risk of bacterial infections, for improving patient outcomes. By elucidating these interactions, strategies to prevent or disrupt biofilm formation, thereby reducing the incidence of infections associated with medical devices and implants, can be identified.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55844,"journal":{"name":"Biofilm","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590207524000455/pdfft?md5=1fb371c428a577224608a5bd3dd4959e&pid=1-s2.0-S2590207524000455-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142233638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Real-time acid production and extracellular matrix formation in mature biofilms of three Streptococcus mutans strains with special reference to xylitol","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.bioflm.2024.100219","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bioflm.2024.100219","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Acidogenicity and production of an extracellular matrix (ECM) are important virulence factors for the dental caries-associated bacteria, such as <em>Streptococcus mutans,</em> that live in biofilms on tooth surface. The ECM protects the bacteria from the flushing and buffering effects of saliva resulting in highly acidic microenvironments inside the biofilm.</p></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><p>In this <em>in vitro</em> study, we applied real-time assays to follow biofilm formation and pH decrease in a growth medium and saliva by three <em>S. mutans</em> strains, as well as acid neutralization inside the mature biofilm. Results were compared with the biofilm composition. Effects of a non-fermentable polyol, xylitol, on acid production and acid neutralization in mature biofilms were evaluated by real-time pH measurements and confocal microscopy.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Combination of real-time pH measurements with biofilm accumulation assays revealed growth media dependent differences in the pH decrease and biofilm accumulation, as well as strain differences in acid production and biofilm formation but not in the buffer diffusion through ECM. The presence of xylitol reduced the pH drop during biofilm formation of all strains. In addition, with strain Ingbritt xylitol reduced the amount of ECM in biofilm, which increased the rate of acid neutralization inside the biofilm after buffer exposure.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Our results stress the importance of biofilm matrix in creating the acidic environment inside a <em>S. mutans</em> biofilm, especially in the presence of saliva. In addition, our results suggest a novel mechanism of xylitol action. The observed increase in the permeability of the <em>S. mutans</em> ECM after xylitol exposure may allow acid-neutralizing saliva to reach deeper layer of the biofilms and thus, in part, explain previous clinical observations of reduced plaque acidogenicity after frequent xylitol use.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55844,"journal":{"name":"Biofilm","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590207524000443/pdfft?md5=ac06536303e51d97c8570d3c631aec0d&pid=1-s2.0-S2590207524000443-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142097317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A cyanobacterial sigma factor F controls biofilm-promoting genes through intra- and intercellular pathways","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.bioflm.2024.100217","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bioflm.2024.100217","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Cyanobacteria frequently constitute integral components of microbial communities known as phototrophic biofilms, which are widespread in various environments. Moreover, assemblages of these organisms, which serve as an expression platform, simplify harvesting the biomass, thereby holding significant industrial relevance. Previous studies of the model cyanobacterium <em>Synechococcus elongatus</em> PCC 7942 revealed that its planktonic growth habit results from a biofilm-suppression mechanism that depends on an extracellular inhibitor, an observation that opens the door to investigating cyanobacterial intercellular communication. Here, we demonstrate that the RNA polymerase sigma factor SigF1, is required for this biofilm-suppression mechanism whereas the <em>S. elongatus</em> paralog SigF2 is not involved in biofilm regulation. Comprehensive transcriptome analyses identified distinct regulons under the control of each of these sigma factors. <em>sigF1</em> inactivation substantially lowers transcription of genes that code for the primary pilus subunit and consequently prevents pilus assembly. Moreover, additional data demonstrate absence of the biofilm inhibitor from conditioned medium of the <em>sigF1</em> mutant, further validating involvement of the pilus assembly complex in secretion of the biofilm inhibitor. Consequently, expression is significantly upregulated for the <em>ebfG</em>-operon that encodes matrix components and the genes that encode the corresponding secretion system, which are repressed by the biofilm inhibitor in the wild type. Thus, this study uncovers a basic regulatory component of cyanobacterial intercellular communication, a field that is in its infancy. Elevated expression of biofilm-promoting genes in a <em>sigF1</em> mutant supports an additional layer of regulation by SigF1 that operates via an intracellular mechanism.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55844,"journal":{"name":"Biofilm","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S259020752400042X/pdfft?md5=fa75a18dbe3dd11b375e5e81acf76dee&pid=1-s2.0-S259020752400042X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141850457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antifungal and antibiofilm activities of flavonoids against Candida albicans: Focus on 3,2′-dihydroxyflavone as a potential therapeutic agent","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.bioflm.2024.100218","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bioflm.2024.100218","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Effective management of microbial biofilms holds significance within food and medical environments. <em>Candida albicans</em>, an opportunistic fungus, forms mucosal biofilms closely linked to candidiasis and drug-resistant infections due to their drug tolerance. Morphologic change from yeast to filamentous cells is a key virulence factor and a prerequisite for biofilm development. This study investigated the anti-fungal and antibiofilm activities of 20 flavonoids against <em>C. albicans</em>. With their known antioxidant capabilities, flavonoids hold promise in combating infections associated with biofilms. Among them, flavone and its derivatives exhibited moderate antifungal activity, 3,2′-dihydroxyflavone (3,2′-DHF) at 1 μg/mL exhibited strong antibiofilm activity (MIC 50 μg/mL). In addition, 3,2′-DHF dramatically inhibited cell aggregation and germ tube/hyphae formation. Transcriptomic analyses revealed that flavone and 3,2′-DHF behaved differently, as 3,2′-DHF downregulated the expressions of germ tube/hyphae-forming and biofilm-related genes (<em>ECE1</em>, <em>HWP1</em>, <em>TEC1,</em> and <em>UME6</em>) but upregulated the biofilm/hyphal regulators (<em>CHK1</em>, <em>IFD6</em>, <em>UCF1</em>, and <em>YWP1</em>). Tests evaluating toxicity with plant and nematode models revealed that flavone and 3,2′-DHF exhibited mild toxicity. Current results indicate that hydroxylated flavone derivatives can enhance anti-fungal and antibiofilm activities and provide a source of potential anti-fungal agents against drug-resistant <em>C. albicans</em>.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55844,"journal":{"name":"Biofilm","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590207524000431/pdfft?md5=c05fe939b23eef0aaca689178ea4cb28&pid=1-s2.0-S2590207524000431-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141840452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bacterial extracellular vesicle: A non-negligible component in biofilm life cycle and challenges in biofilm treatments","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.bioflm.2024.100216","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bioflm.2024.100216","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Bacterial biofilms, especially those formed by pathogens, have been increasingly impacting human health. Bacterial extracellular vesicle (bEV), a kind of spherical membranous structure released by bacteria, has not only been reported to be a component of the biofilm matrix but also plays a non-negligible role in the biofilm life cycle. Nevertheless, a comprehensive overview of the bEVs functions in biofilms remains elusive. In this review, we summarize the biogenesis and distinctive features characterizing bEVs, and consolidate the current literature on their functions and proposed mechanisms in the biofilm life cycle. Furthermore, we emphasize the formidable challenges associated with vesicle interference in biofilm treatments. The primary objective of this review is to raise awareness regarding the functions of bEVs in the biofilm life cycle and lay the groundwork for the development of novel therapeutic strategies to control or even eliminate bacterial biofilms.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55844,"journal":{"name":"Biofilm","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590207524000418/pdfft?md5=76e0c6806bd1b7fe3c1ac4f1e48af347&pid=1-s2.0-S2590207524000418-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141848468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum sensing and biofilm attenuation by a di-hydroxy derivative of piperlongumine (PL-18)","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.bioflm.2024.100215","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bioflm.2024.100215","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Bacterial communication, Quorum Sensing (QS), is a target against virulence and prevention of antibiotic-resistant infections. 16 derivatives of Piperlongumine (PL), an amide alkaloid from <em>Piper longum</em> L., were screened for QS inhibition. PL-18 had the best QSI activity. PL-18 inhibited the <em>lasR-lasI, rhlR-rhlI,</em> and <em>pqs</em> QS systems of <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em>. PL-18 inhibited pyocyanin and rhamnolipids that are QS-controlled virulence elements. Iron is an essential element for pathogenicity, biofilm formation and resilience in harsh environments, its uptake was inhibited by PL-18. Pl-18 significantly reduced the biofilm biovolume including in established biofilms. PL-18-coated silicon tubes significantly inhibited biofilm formation. The transcriptome study of treated <em>P. aeruginosa</em> showed that PL-18 indeed reduced the expression of QS and iron homeostasis related genes, and up regulated sulfur metabolism related genes. Altogether, PL-18 inhibits QS, virulence, iron uptake, and biofilm formation. Thus, PL-18 should be further developed against bacterial infection, antibiotic resistance, and biofilm formation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55844,"journal":{"name":"Biofilm","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590207524000406/pdfft?md5=d5f54150d637486fcc088113ac106d80&pid=1-s2.0-S2590207524000406-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141839786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intra-strain colony biofilm heterogeneity in uropathogenic Escherichia coli and the effect of the NlpI lipoprotein","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.bioflm.2024.100214","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bioflm.2024.100214","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Biofilm growth facilitates the interaction of uropathogenic <em>Escherichia coli</em> (UPEC) with the host environment. The extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of UPEC biofilms are composed prominently of curli amyloid fiber and cellulose polysaccharide. When the organism is propagated as a colony biofilm on agar media, these macromolecules can generate pronounced macroscopic structures. Moreover, curli/cellulose associate tightly with Congo red, generating a characteristic pink-to-red staining pattern when the media is supplemented with this dye. Among different clinical isolates of UPEC, changes in the abundance of curli/cellulose can lead to diverse colony biofilm phenotypes on a strain-by-strain basis. Nevertheless, for any given isolate, these phenotypes are classically homogenous throughout the colony biofilm. Here, we report that a subset of clinical UPEC isolates display heterogenous ‘peppermint’ colony biofilms, with distinct pale and red subpopulations. Through isolation of these subpopulations and whole genome sequencing, we demonstrate various emergent mutations associated with the phenomenon, including within the gene encoding the outer membrane lipoprotein <em>nlpI</em>. Deletion of <em>nlpI</em> within independent strain-backgrounds increased biofilm rugosity, while its overexpression induced the peppermint phenotype. Upregulation of EPS-associated proteins and transcripts was likewise observed in the absence of <em>nlpI</em>. Overall, these results demonstrate that EPS elaboration in UPEC is impacted by <em>nlpI</em>. More broadly, this phenomenon of intra-strain colony biofilm heterogeneity may be leveraged as a tool to identify additional members within the broad collection of genes that regulate or otherwise affect biofilm formation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55844,"journal":{"name":"Biofilm","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S259020752400039X/pdfft?md5=1c8e88b80f11d17ebcd57389f0455a51&pid=1-s2.0-S259020752400039X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141845904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"d-Methionine-induced DNases disperse established Burkholderia pseudomallei biofilms and promotes ceftazidime susceptibility","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.bioflm.2024.100213","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bioflm.2024.100213","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><em>Burkholderia pseudomallei</em> biofilm is correlated with pathogenesis, antibiotic resistance, and relapsing cases of melioidosis, leading to challenges in clinical management. There is increasing interest in employing biofilm dispersal agents as adjunctive treatments for biofilm-associated infections. Methionine (Met) has shown promise as an anti-biofilm agent by inducing bacterial DNase production, resulting in the degradation of extracellular DNA (eDNA) and dispersion of bacterial biofilm. In this study, we investigated the impact of 0.05–50 μM D-Met and L-Met on the 24-h established biofilm of a clinical isolate, <em>B. pseudomallei</em> H777. Our findings revealed the ability of D-Met and L-Met to disperse the established biofilm in a non-dose-dependent manner accompanied by eDNA depletion. Real-time PCR analysis further identified an up-regulation of bacterial nuclease genes, including <em>recJ</em>, <em>eddB</em>, <em>nth</em>, <em>xth</em>, and <em>recD,</em> in the presence of 0.05 μM D-Met. Similarly, <em>recJ</em> and <em>eddB</em> in <em>B. pseudomallei</em> were up-regulated in response to the presence of 0.05 μM L-Met. Notably, D-Met enhanced the susceptibility of <em>B. pseudomallei</em> H777 biofilm cells to ceftazidime. Our findings indicate a correlation between methionine supplementation and the up-regulation of nuclease genes, leading to eDNA depletion and the dispersal of preformed <em>B. pseudomallei</em> H777 biofilm. This enhances the susceptibility of biofilm cells to ceftazidime, showing promise in combating biofilm-associated <em>B. pseudomallei</em> infections.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55844,"journal":{"name":"Biofilm","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590207524000388/pdfft?md5=1de1bbe8ed2c7737cf33f49a0e39809c&pid=1-s2.0-S2590207524000388-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141708369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The maturation of native uropathogenic Escherichia coli biofilms seen through a non-interventional lens","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.bioflm.2024.100212","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bioflm.2024.100212","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Urinary tract infections (UTI) caused by uropathogenic <em>Escherichia coli</em> (UPEC) are a significant global health challenge. The UPEC biofilm lifestyle is believed to play an important role in infection recurrency and treatment resistance, but our understanding of how the extracellular matrix (ECM) components curli and cellulose contribute to biofilm formation and pathogenicity is limited. Here, we study the spatial and temporal development of native UPEC biofilm using agar-based detection methods where the non-toxic, optically active fluorescent tracer EbbaBiolight 680 reports the expression and structural location of curli in real-time. An <em>in vitro</em> screen of the biofilm capacity of common UPEC strains reveals significant strain variability and identifies UPEC No. 12 (UPEC12) as a strong biofilm former at 28 °C and 37 °C. Non-interventional microscopy, including time-lapse and 2-photon, reveal significant horizontal and vertical heterogeneity in the UPEC12 biofilm structure. We identify region-specific expression of curli, with a shift in localization from the bottom of the flat central regions of the biofilm to the upper surface in the topographically dramatic intermediate region. When investigating if the rdar morphotype affects wettability of the biofilm surface, we found that the nano-architecture of curli guided by cellulose, rather than the rdar macrostructures, leads to increased hydrophobicity of the biofilm. By providing new insights at exceptional temporal and spatial resolution, we demonstrate how non-interventional analysis of native biofilms will facilitate the next generation of understanding into the roles of ECM components during growth of UPEC biofilms and their contribution to the pathogenesis of UTI.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55844,"journal":{"name":"Biofilm","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590207524000376/pdfft?md5=686f47897b4df26bfcbcb4f12961721c&pid=1-s2.0-S2590207524000376-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141630769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global challenges and microbial biofilms: Identification of priority questions in biofilm research, innovation and policy","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.bioflm.2024.100210","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bioflm.2024.100210","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Priority question exercises are increasingly used to frame and set future research, innovation and development agendas. They can provide an important bridge between the discoveries, data and outputs generated by researchers, and the information required by policy makers and funders. Microbial biofilms present huge scientific, societal and economic opportunities and challenges. In order to identify key priorities that will help to advance the field, here we review questions from a pool submitted by the international biofilm research community and from practitioners working across industry, the environment and medicine. To avoid bias we used computational approaches to group questions and manage a voting and selection process. The outcome of the exercise is a set of 78 unique questions, categorized in six themes: (i) Biofilm control, disruption, prevention, management, treatment (13 questions); (ii) Resistance, persistence, tolerance, role of aggregation, immune interaction, relevance to infection (10 questions); (iii) Model systems, standards, regulatory, policy education, interdisciplinary approaches (15 questions); (iv) Polymicrobial, interactions, ecology, microbiome, phage (13 questions); (v) Clinical focus, chronic infection, detection, diagnostics (13 questions); and (vi) Matrix, lipids, capsule, metabolism, development, physiology, ecology, evolution environment, microbiome, community engineering (14 questions). The questions presented are intended to highlight opportunities, stimulate discussion and provide focus for researchers, funders and policy makers, informing future research, innovation and development strategy for biofilms and microbial communities.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55844,"journal":{"name":"Biofilm","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590207524000352/pdfft?md5=883e17aa6557cf972a1d0c614c8741b2&pid=1-s2.0-S2590207524000352-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141712422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}