{"title":"Study on the Role of Project Manager in Improving the Project Performance","authors":"O. Giri","doi":"10.3126/tj.v1i1.27711","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/tj.v1i1.27711","url":null,"abstract":"A project manager is the person who has the overall responsibility for the successful initiation, planning, design, execution, monitoring, controlling and closure of a project. Project manager is responsible to complete the project within time, cost and quality towards making the project a success. Construction industry plays an important role in the economy of the country. The industry, however, is beset with many challenges, including delivering projects within cost, time and quality. Therefore project manager is a critical resource in the project to achieve its objectives. Sadly, the role of the project manager is often overlooked. It is assumed that the leadership role of the project manager is measured against time, cost, quality, and customer satisfaction. The importance of this study is to find various roles that project managers ought to play for improving project performance. Good project management practices and competent project managers always deliver better result.","PeriodicalId":55592,"journal":{"name":"Bell Labs Technical Journal","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81754438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Quo Vadis Qubit?","authors":"Dimitrios Schinianakis;Enrique Martín-López","doi":"10.15325/BLTJ.2018.2860381","DOIUrl":"10.15325/BLTJ.2018.2860381","url":null,"abstract":"Imagine that in a few years from now a full-scale, practical quantum computer hits the headlines. In this apocalyptic scenario, the world of cryptography would be in a state of shock, since almost everything that forms the foundations of current security would collapse. Indeed, the presence of a quantum computer would render state-of-the-art, public-key cryptography useless. All the underlying assumptions about the intractability of mathematical problems that offer confident levels of security today would no longer apply in the presence of a quantum computer. But are we really doomed? Is cryptography dead? Well, luckily no. This paper examines the technologies that will enable crypto to survive the post-apocalyptic world of quantum computing. There are many things yet to be done to offer an environment as safe as current crypto does, but the tools are there. It is now a game of engineering, pro-active standardization and ingenious mathematics, while following a careful development approach to pave a safe way through the qubits inferno.","PeriodicalId":55592,"journal":{"name":"Bell Labs Technical Journal","volume":"23 ","pages":"1-17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.15325/BLTJ.2018.2860381","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49258838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Will productivity growth return in the new digital era","authors":"Iraj Saniee;Sanjay Kamat;Subra Prakash;Marcus Weldon","doi":"10.15325/BLTJ.2017.2714819","DOIUrl":"10.15325/BLTJ.2017.2714819","url":null,"abstract":"It is increasingly acknowledged that we are on the verge of the next technological revolution and the fourth industrial revolution, driven by the digitization and interconnection of all physical elements and infrastructure under the control of advanced intelligent systems. Therefore, there will be a new era of automation that should result in enhanced productivity. However, such productivity enhancements have been anticipated before, particularly during the third industrial revolution commonly known as the `information age', and have failed to materialize. Were the productivity increases observed following the first and second industrial revolutions a one-time aberration that will not be repeated in the new digital age? In this paper, we attempt to address this question by a semi-quantitative analysis of the prior productivity jumps and their physical technological origins, and extend this analysis to the latent set of analogous digital technologies. Using this approach, we project that there will indeed be a second productivity jump in the United States that will occur in the 2028-2033 timeframe when the aggregate of the constituent technologies reaches the tipping point at 51 percent penetration.","PeriodicalId":55592,"journal":{"name":"Bell Labs Technical Journal","volume":"22 ","pages":"1-18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.15325/BLTJ.2017.2714819","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44776340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Scalable Algorithms for Large and Dynamic Networks: Reducing Big Data for Small Computations","authors":"I. Saniee","doi":"10.15325/BLTJ.2015.2437465","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15325/BLTJ.2015.2437465","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we summarize recent research regarding a novel characterization of large-scale real-life informational networks which can be leveraged to speed computations for network analytics purposes by orders of magnitude. First, using publicly available data, we show that informational networks not only satisfy well-known principles such as the small-world property and variants of the power law degree distribution, but that they also exhibit the geometric property of large-scale negative curvature, also referred to as hyperbolicity. We then provide examples of large-scale physical networks that universally lack this property, thus showing that hyperbolicity is not an ever-present feature of real-life networks in general. We document how hyperbolicity leads to unusually high centrality in informational networks. We then describe an approximation of hyperbolic networks that leverages the observed property of high centrality. We provide evidence that the fidelity of the proposed approximation is not only high for applications such as distance approximation, but that it can speed computation by a factor of 1000X or more. Finally, we discuss two applications of our proposed linear-time distance approximation for informational networks: one for personalized ranking and the other for clustering. These and many more algorithms yet to be developed take full advantage of our proposed tree-approximation of hyperbolic networks and further demonstrate its power and utility.","PeriodicalId":55592,"journal":{"name":"Bell Labs Technical Journal","volume":"20 1","pages":"23-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.15325/BLTJ.2015.2437465","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67385090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Scalable Algorithms for Large and Dynamic Networks: Reducing Big Data for Small Computations","authors":"Iraj Saniee","doi":"10.15325/BLTJ.2015.2437465","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15325/BLTJ.2015.2437465","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we summarize recent research regarding a novel characterization of large-scale real-life informational networks which can be leveraged to speed computations for network analytics purposes by orders of magnitude. First, using publicly available data, we show that informational networks not only satisfy well-known principles such as the small-world property and variants of the power law degree distribution, but that they also exhibit the geometric property of large-scale negative curvature, also referred to as hyperbolicity. We then provide examples of large-scale physical networks that universally lack this property, thus showing that hyperbolicity is not an ever-present feature of real-life networks in general. We document how hyperbolicity leads to unusually high centrality in informational networks. We then describe an approximation of hyperbolic networks that leverages the observed property of high centrality. We provide evidence that the fidelity of the proposed approximation is not only high for applications such as distance approximation, but that it can speed computation by a factor of 1000X or more. Finally, we discuss two applications of our proposed linear-time distance approximation for informational networks: one for personalized ranking and the other for clustering. These and many more algorithms yet to be developed take full advantage of our proposed tree-approximation of hyperbolic networks and further demonstrate its power and utility.","PeriodicalId":55592,"journal":{"name":"Bell Labs Technical Journal","volume":"20 ","pages":"23-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.15325/BLTJ.2015.2437465","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50416591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Massive MIMO: An Introduction","authors":"Thomas L. Marzetta","doi":"10.15325/BLTJ.2015.2407793","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15325/BLTJ.2015.2407793","url":null,"abstract":"Demand for wireless throughput, both mobile and fixed, will always increase. One can anticipate that, in five or ten years, millions of augmented reality users in a large city will want to transmit and receive 3D personal high-definition video more or less continuously, say 100 megabits per second per user in each direction. Massive MIMO-also called Large-Scale Antenna Systems-is a promising candidate technology for meeting this demand. Fifty-fold or greater spectral efficiency improvements over fourth generation (4G) technology are frequently mentioned. A multiplicity of physically small, individually controlled antennas performs aggressive multiplexing/demultiplexing for all active users, utilizing directly measured channel characteristics. Unlike today's Point-to-Point MIMO, by leveraging time-division duplexing (TDD), Massive MIMO is scalable to any desired degree with respect to the number of service antennas. Adding more antennas is always beneficial for increased throughput, reduced radiated power, uniformly great service everywhere in the cell, and greater simplicity in signal processing. Massive MIMO is a brand new technology that has yet to be reduced to practice. Notwithstanding, its principles of operation are well understood, and surprisingly simple to elucidate.","PeriodicalId":55592,"journal":{"name":"Bell Labs Technical Journal","volume":"20 ","pages":"11-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.15325/BLTJ.2015.2407793","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50327059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Massive MIMO: An Introduction","authors":"T. Marzetta","doi":"10.15325/BLTJ.2015.2407793","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15325/BLTJ.2015.2407793","url":null,"abstract":"Demand for wireless throughput, both mobile and fixed, will always increase. One can anticipate that, in five or ten years, millions of augmented reality users in a large city will want to transmit and receive 3D personal high-definition video more or less continuously, say 100 megabits per second per user in each direction. Massive MIMO-also called Large-Scale Antenna Systems-is a promising candidate technology for meeting this demand. Fifty-fold or greater spectral efficiency improvements over fourth generation (4G) technology are frequently mentioned. A multiplicity of physically small, individually controlled antennas performs aggressive multiplexing/demultiplexing for all active users, utilizing directly measured channel characteristics. Unlike today's Point-to-Point MIMO, by leveraging time-division duplexing (TDD), Massive MIMO is scalable to any desired degree with respect to the number of service antennas. Adding more antennas is always beneficial for increased throughput, reduced radiated power, uniformly great service everywhere in the cell, and greater simplicity in signal processing. Massive MIMO is a brand new technology that has yet to be reduced to practice. Notwithstanding, its principles of operation are well understood, and surprisingly simple to elucidate.","PeriodicalId":55592,"journal":{"name":"Bell Labs Technical Journal","volume":"20 1","pages":"11-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.15325/BLTJ.2015.2407793","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67385051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Past, Present, and Future of Copper Access","authors":"Jochen Maes;Carl J. Nuzman","doi":"10.15325/BLTJ.2015.2397851","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15325/BLTJ.2015.2397851","url":null,"abstract":"Digital Subscriber Line technology has democratized broadband access, and over the past several decades, telecommunications providers have evolved from providing plain old telephone service (POTS) over a copper loop plant to providing broadband access and high-definition video over hybrid fiber-copper networks. This article focuses on three revolutionary copper technologies in different stages of development that will enable hybrid networks to continue to increase data rates over orders of magnitude for many years to come. The first of the three, vectoring, is a mature technology with massive ongoing rollout that provides end user speeds above 100 Mb/s across typical distances of 500m. The second, G.fast, is the first ultrabroadband technology offering 1 Gb/s speeds, across typical distances of 100m. It has recently gained approval in the standards bodies and is currently undergoing trials both in research labs and in the field by numerous telecom operators. Finally, we discuss Bell Labs' XG-FAST technology, now in proof of concept, which can deliver 10 Gb/s across a 30 meter copper drop cable. XG-FAST paves the way for a homes-passed fiber network, leveraging high speed copper to the premises to increase its homes-connected.","PeriodicalId":55592,"journal":{"name":"Bell Labs Technical Journal","volume":"20 ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.15325/BLTJ.2015.2397851","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50416592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Past, Present, and Future of Copper Access","authors":"J. Maes, C. Nuzman","doi":"10.15325/BLTJ.2015.2397851","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15325/BLTJ.2015.2397851","url":null,"abstract":"Digital Subscriber Line technology has democratized broadband access, and over the past several decades, telecommunications providers have evolved from providing plain old telephone service (POTS) over a copper loop plant to providing broadband access and high-definition video over hybrid fiber-copper networks. This article focuses on three revolutionary copper technologies in different stages of development that will enable hybrid networks to continue to increase data rates over orders of magnitude for many years to come. The first of the three, vectoring, is a mature technology with massive ongoing rollout that provides end user speeds above 100 Mb/s across typical distances of 500m. The second, G.fast, is the first ultrabroadband technology offering 1 Gb/s speeds, across typical distances of 100m. It has recently gained approval in the standards bodies and is currently undergoing trials both in research labs and in the field by numerous telecom operators. Finally, we discuss Bell Labs' XG-FAST technology, now in proof of concept, which can deliver 10 Gb/s across a 30 meter copper drop cable. XG-FAST paves the way for a homes-passed fiber network, leveraging high speed copper to the premises to increase its homes-connected.","PeriodicalId":55592,"journal":{"name":"Bell Labs Technical Journal","volume":"55 1","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.15325/BLTJ.2015.2397851","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67384977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ryan Enright;Shenghui Lei;Kevin Nolan;Ian Mathews;Alexandre Shen;Guillaume Levaufre;Ronan Frizzell;Guang-Hua Duan;Domhnaill Hernon
{"title":"A Vision for Thermally Integrated Photonics Systems","authors":"Ryan Enright;Shenghui Lei;Kevin Nolan;Ian Mathews;Alexandre Shen;Guillaume Levaufre;Ronan Frizzell;Guang-Hua Duan;Domhnaill Hernon","doi":"10.15325/BLTJ.2014.2364431","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15325/BLTJ.2014.2364431","url":null,"abstract":"Thermal management has traditionally been relegated to the last step in the design process. However, with the exponential growth in data traffic leading to ever-greater levels of component integration and ever-higher levels of energy consumption, thermal management is rapidly becoming one of the most critical areas of research within the ICT industry. Given the vast use of optics for efficient transmission of high-speed data, this paper focuses on a new thermal solution for cooling the components within pluggable optical modules. Thermally Integrated Photonics Systems (TIPS) represents a new vision for the thermal building blocks required to enable exponential traffic growth in the global telecommunications network. In the TIPS program, existing thermal solutions cannot scale to meet the needs of exponential growth in data traffic. The main barriers to enabling further growth were identified and a research roadmap was developed around a scalable and efficient integrated thermal solution. In particular, the effects of replacing inefficient materials and large macroTECs with better thermal spreaders and μTECs are investidated. In addition, new forms of μChannel cooling into the package to more efficiently remove the heat generated by the lasers and the TECs are being studied which can lead to future photonic devices that can be deployed in a vastly more dense and integrated manner to address the requirements of future telecommunication networks.","PeriodicalId":55592,"journal":{"name":"Bell Labs Technical Journal","volume":"19 ","pages":"31-45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.15325/BLTJ.2014.2364431","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50320562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}