Artificial LifePub Date : 2025-09-04DOI: 10.1162/artl_a_00467
Priyanka Mehra;Arend Hintze
{"title":"Continuous Evolution in the NK Treadmill Model","authors":"Priyanka Mehra;Arend Hintze","doi":"10.1162/artl_a_00467","DOIUrl":"10.1162/artl_a_00467","url":null,"abstract":"The NK fitness landscape is a well-known model with which to study evolutionary dynamics in landscapes of different ruggedness. However, the model is static, and genomes are typically small, allowing observations over only a short adaptive period. Here we introduce an extension to the model that allows the experimenter to set the velocity at which the landscape changes independently from other parameters, such as the ruggedness or the mutation rate. We find that, similar to the previously observed complexity catastrophe, where evolution comes to a halt when environments become too complex due to overly high degrees of epistasis, here the same phenomenon occurs when changes happen too rapidly. Our expanded model also preserves essential properties of the static NK landscape, allowing for proper comparisons between static and dynamic landscapes.","PeriodicalId":55574,"journal":{"name":"Artificial Life","volume":"31 3","pages":"256-275"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143449978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Akarsh Kumar, Chris Lu, Louis Kirsch, Yujin Tang, Kenneth O Stanley, Phillip Isola, David Ha
{"title":"Automating the Search for Artificial Life With Foundation Models.","authors":"Akarsh Kumar, Chris Lu, Louis Kirsch, Yujin Tang, Kenneth O Stanley, Phillip Isola, David Ha","doi":"10.1162/ARTL.a.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/ARTL.a.8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>With the recent Nobel Prize awarded for radical advances in protein discovery, foundation models (FMs) for exploring large combinatorial spaces promise to revolutionize many scientific fields. Artificial Life (ALife) has not yet integrated FMs, thus presenting a major opportunity for the field to alleviate the historical burden of relying chiefly on manual design and trial and error to discover the configurations of lifelike simulations. This article presents, for the first time, a successful realization of this opportunity using vision-language FMs. The proposed approach, called automated search for Artificial Life (ASAL), (a) finds simulations that produce target phenomena, (b) discovers simulations that generate temporally open-ended novelty, and (c) illuminates an entire space of interestingly diverse simulations. Because of the generality of FMs, ASAL works effectively across a diverse range of ALife substrates, including Boids, Particle Life, the Game of Life, Lenia, and neural cellular automata. A major result highlighting the potential of this technique is the discovery of previously unseen Lenia and Boids life-forms, as well as cellular automata that are open-ended like Conway's Game of Life. Additionally, the use of FMs allows for the quantification of previously qualitative phenomena in a human-aligned way. This new paradigm promises to accelerate ALife research beyond what is possible through human ingenuity alone.</p>","PeriodicalId":55574,"journal":{"name":"Artificial Life","volume":"31 3","pages":"368-396"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145002024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Artificial LifePub Date : 2025-09-04DOI: 10.1162/artl_a_00476
Emma Stensby Norstein;Kotaro Yasui;Takeshi Kano;Akio Ishiguro;Kyrre Glette
{"title":"Behaviour Diversity in a Walking and Climbing Centipede-Like Virtual Creature","authors":"Emma Stensby Norstein;Kotaro Yasui;Takeshi Kano;Akio Ishiguro;Kyrre Glette","doi":"10.1162/artl_a_00476","DOIUrl":"10.1162/artl_a_00476","url":null,"abstract":"Robot controllers are often optimized for a single robot in a single environment. This approach proves brittle, as such a controller will often fail to produce sensible behavior for a new morphology or environment. In comparison, animal gaits are robust and versatile. By observing animals, and attempting to extract general principles of locomotion from their movement, we aim to design a single, decentralized controller applicable to diverse morphologies and environments. The controller implements the three components of (a) undulation, (b) peristalsis, and (c) leg motion, which we believe are the essential elements in most animal gaits. This work is a first step toward a general controller. Accordingly, the controller has been evaluated on a limited range of simulated centipede-like robot morphologies. The centipede is chosen as inspiration because it moves using both body contractions and legged locomotion. For a controller to work in qualitatively different settings, it must also be able to exhibit qualitatively different behaviors. We find that six different modes of locomotion emerge from our controller in response to environmental and morphological changes. We also find that different parts of the centipede model can exhibit different modes of locomotion, simultaneously, based on local morphological features. This controller can potentially aid in the design or evolution of robots, by quickly testing the potential of a morphology, or be used to get insights about underlying locomotion principles in the centipede.","PeriodicalId":55574,"journal":{"name":"Artificial Life","volume":"31 3","pages":"321-344"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144683585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Word From the Editors.","authors":"Alan Dorin, Susan Stepney","doi":"10.1162/ARTL.e.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/ARTL.e.11","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55574,"journal":{"name":"Artificial Life","volume":"31 3","pages":"249"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145001996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Artificial LifePub Date : 2025-09-04DOI: 10.1162/artl_a_00462
Carlos Gershenson
{"title":"Complexity, Artificial Life, and Artificial Intelligence","authors":"Carlos Gershenson","doi":"10.1162/artl_a_00462","DOIUrl":"10.1162/artl_a_00462","url":null,"abstract":"The scientific fields of complexity, Artificial Life (ALife), and artificial intelligence (AI) share commonalities: historic, conceptual, methodological, and philosophical. Although their origins trace back to the 1940s birth of cybernetics, they were able to develop properly only as modern information technology became available. In this perspective, I offer a personal (and thus biased) account of the expectations and limitations of these fields, some of which have their roots in the limits of formal systems. I use interactions, self-organization, emergence, and balance to compare different aspects of complexity, ALife, and AI. Even when the trajectory of the article is influenced by my personal experience, the general questions posed (which outweigh the answers) will, I hope, be useful in aligning efforts in these fields toward overcoming—or accepting—their limits.","PeriodicalId":55574,"journal":{"name":"Artificial Life","volume":"31 3","pages":"289-303"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11154117","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142689715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Artificial LifePub Date : 2025-09-04DOI: 10.1162/artl_a_00468
Dan-Lu Fei;Zi-Wei Wu;Kang Zhang
{"title":"Benefit Game 2.0: Alien Seaweed Swarms—Exploring the Interplay of Human Activity and Environmental Sustainability","authors":"Dan-Lu Fei;Zi-Wei Wu;Kang Zhang","doi":"10.1162/artl_a_00468","DOIUrl":"10.1162/artl_a_00468","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents Benefit Game 2.0, a multiscreen Artificial Life gameplay installation. Saccharina latissima, a seaweed species economically beneficial to humans but threatened by overexploitation, motivates the creation of this artwork. Technically, the authors create an underwater virtual ecosystem consisting of a seaweed swarm and symbiotic fungi, created using procedural content generation via machine learning and rule-based methods. Moreover, the work features a unique cybernetic loop structure, incorporating audience observation and game token interactions. This virtual system is also symbolically influenced in real time by indoor carbon dioxide measurements, serving as an artistic metaphor for the broader impacts of climate change. This integration with the physical game machine underscores the fragile relationship between human activities and the environment under severe global climate change and immerses the audience in the challenging balance between sustainability and profit seeking in this context.","PeriodicalId":55574,"journal":{"name":"Artificial Life","volume":"31 3","pages":"304-320"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143652032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Flow-Lenia: Emergent Evolutionary Dynamics in Mass Conservative Continuous Cellular Automata","authors":"Erwan Plantec;Gautier Hamon;Mayalen Etcheverry;Bert Wang-Chak Chan;Pierre-Yves Oudeyer;Clément Moulin-Frier","doi":"10.1162/artl_a_00471","DOIUrl":"10.1162/artl_a_00471","url":null,"abstract":"Central to the Artificial Life endeavor is the creation of artificial systems that spontaneously generate properties found in the living world, such as autopoiesis, self-replication, evolution, and open-endedness. Though numerous models and paradigms have been proposed, cellular automata (CA) have taken a very important place in the field, notably because they enable the study of phenomena like self-reproduction and autopoiesis. Continuous CA like Lenia have been shown to produce lifelike patterns reminiscent, from both aesthetic and ontological points of view, of biological organisms we call “creatures.” We propose Flow-Lenia, a mass conservative extension of Lenia. We present experiments demonstrating its effectiveness in generating spatially localized patterns with complex behaviors and show that the update rule parameters can be optimized to generate complex creatures showing behaviors of interest. Furthermore, we show that Flow-Lenia allows us to embed the parameters of the model, defining the properties of the emerging patterns, within its own dynamics, thus allowing for multispecies simulation. Using the evolutionary activity framework and other metrics, we shed light on the emergent evolutionary dynamics taking place in this system.","PeriodicalId":55574,"journal":{"name":"Artificial Life","volume":"31 2","pages":"228-248"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144060523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Artificial LifePub Date : 2025-03-01DOI: 10.1162/artl_a_00472
Federico Pigozzi
{"title":"Of Typewriters and PCs: How the Complication of Computers Limits Us and What to Do About It","authors":"Federico Pigozzi","doi":"10.1162/artl_a_00472","DOIUrl":"10.1162/artl_a_00472","url":null,"abstract":"PCs are complicated. Yet, being generally more effective, they have replaced typewriters in everyday life. Because of their complications, many of us wonder at PCs as if they were mysterious ghosts in the machine: entities with powers we cannot explain or control, almost supernatural. I analyze how this increase in technological complication may be limiting our society at two levels, one economic and one scientific, and I discuss how the field of Artificial Life (ALife) can attempt to rescue it. At the economic level, there is evidence that computers, being complicated, slow labor productivity rather than increasing it (e.g., maintenance, malware, distractions). Computers are also the subject of debate surrounding technological unemployment and elite overproduction. I advocate for ALife to focus on minimally intrusive developments to our everyday work and to occupy unfilled economic niches, like xenobots or bacterial biofilms. At the scientific level, the surge in artificial intelligence has resulted in many complex algorithms that mimic the cognition happening in brains: Even their creators struggle to make sense of them. I advocate for ALife to focus more on basal forms of cognition, cognition that requires as little “brain” as possible, potentially none—algorithms that think through their bodies, stripped of any superfluous complications, just like typewriters. Ultimately, my goal is for the reader to ask themselves what values should drive ALife.","PeriodicalId":55574,"journal":{"name":"Artificial Life","volume":"31 2","pages":"195-210"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144041072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Artificial LifePub Date : 2025-03-01DOI: 10.1162/artl_e_00474
Hiroyuki Iizuka;Keisuke Suzuki;Reiji Suzuki;Eduardo J. Izquierdo;Manuel Baltieri
{"title":"Editorial Introduction to the 2023 Conference on Artificial Life Special Issue","authors":"Hiroyuki Iizuka;Keisuke Suzuki;Reiji Suzuki;Eduardo J. Izquierdo;Manuel Baltieri","doi":"10.1162/artl_e_00474","DOIUrl":"10.1162/artl_e_00474","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55574,"journal":{"name":"Artificial Life","volume":"31 2","pages":"125-128"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144060900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Network Bottlenecks and Task Structure Control the Evolution of Interpretable Learning Rules in a Foraging Agent","authors":"Emmanouil Giannakakis;Sina Khajehabdollahi;Anna Levina","doi":"10.1162/artl_a_00458","DOIUrl":"10.1162/artl_a_00458","url":null,"abstract":"Developing reliable mechanisms for continuous local learning is a central challenge faced by biological and artificial systems. Yet, how the environmental factors and structural constraints on the learning network influence the optimal plasticity mechanisms remains obscure even for simple settings. To elucidate these dependencies, we study meta-learning via evolutionary optimization of simple reward-modulated plasticity rules in embodied agents solving a foraging task. We show that unconstrained meta-learning leads to the emergence of diverse plasticity rules. However, regularization and bottlenecks in the model help reduce this variability, resulting in interpretable rules. Our findings indicate that the meta-learning of plasticity rules is very sensitive to various parameters, with this sensitivity possibly reflected in the learning rules found in biological networks. When included in models, these dependencies can be used to discover potential objective functions and details of biological learning via comparisons with experimental observations.","PeriodicalId":55574,"journal":{"name":"Artificial Life","volume":"31 2","pages":"177-194"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142559568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}