{"title":"Bio-inspired multimodal soft grippers: a review.","authors":"Minshi Liang, Jiaqi Zhu, Xingxing Ke, Zhiping Chai, Han Ding, Zhigang Wu","doi":"10.1088/1748-3190/add1a6","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1748-3190/add1a6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In nature, organisms have evolved diverse grasping mechanisms to perform vital functions such as hunting and self-defence. These time-tested biological structures, including the arms of octopuses and the trunks of elephants, offer valuable inspiration for designing multimodal soft grippers that can tackle diverse tasks in various environments. Similar to their biological counterparts, these grippers must adapt to dynamic working conditions to enhance their performance. This adaptation process involves multiple factors, including grasping mechanisms, structural design, materials, and application scenarios, with biomimetic strategies offering numerous innovative examples. Despite the significant potential of bio-inspired designs, it lacks comprehensive reviews that explore how these strategies can enhance the development of multimodal soft grippers. This review seeks to address this gap by providing a systematic review of how bioinspired approaches contribute to the advancement of multimodal grippers. It focuses on coupling strategies, integration methods, performance improvements, and application scenarios. Finally, the review explores how future biomimetic insights could address current challenges and further improve the functionality of multimodal grippers.</p>","PeriodicalId":55377,"journal":{"name":"Bioinspiration & Biomimetics","volume":"20 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144058175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jingting Qu, Qingqian Cai, Frank E Fish, Yunquan Li, Ye Chen, Yong Zhong, Jiutian Xia, Shiling Fu, Wenhao Xie, Haohua Luo, Sengyuan Lin, Yonghua Chen
{"title":"Amphibious robotic dog: design, paddling gait planning, and experimental characterization.","authors":"Jingting Qu, Qingqian Cai, Frank E Fish, Yunquan Li, Ye Chen, Yong Zhong, Jiutian Xia, Shiling Fu, Wenhao Xie, Haohua Luo, Sengyuan Lin, Yonghua Chen","doi":"10.1088/1748-3190/adcd1b","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-3190/adcd1b","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mammal-inspired quadruped robots excel in traversing diverse terrestrial terrains but often lack aquatic mobility, limiting their effectiveness in amphibious environments. To address this challenge, an amphibious robotic dog (ARD) was developed, integrating efficient paddling gait in water with trotting capabilities on land. A canine-inspired paddling trajectory was first developed for a two-segment leg, and validated through theoretical modeling and experimental measurements of hydrodynamic forces. A waterproof ARD was then fabricated, with careful consideration of center-of-gravity and center-of-buoyancy relationships to ensure stable aquatic movement. Three distinct paddling gaits were developed and tested to evaluate the ARD's swimming speed and stability: two lateral sequence paddling gaits (LSPG) featuring 25% and 33% power phases (PP), and one trot-like paddling gait (TLPG) featuring a 50% PP. Theoretical modeling and numerical calculations were conducted to analyze the stability of different paddling gaits. Static water experiments measured gait-specific hydrodynamic forces, followed by dynamic swimming tests demonstrating that LSPG delivers superior propulsion and speed, while TLPG offers enhanced stability. The ARD achieved a maximum water speed of 0.16 m s<sup>-1</sup>(0.54 BL s<sup>-1</sup>) and a land speed of 0.35 m s<sup>-1</sup>(1.2 BL s<sup>-1</sup>). These findings provide theoretical and practical guidance for the development of mammal-inspired amphibious quadruped robots, particularly in structural design and paddling gait planning.</p>","PeriodicalId":55377,"journal":{"name":"Bioinspiration & Biomimetics","volume":"20 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144059232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Biomimetic seal whisker sensors for high-sensitivity wake detection and localization.","authors":"Biao Geng, Qian Xue, Zhiheng Xu, Winston Jiang, Jonathan Sullo, Cadence Brunecz, Jessica Shang, Xudong Zheng","doi":"10.1088/1748-3190/adcddf","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-3190/adcddf","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pinnipeds, with highly sensitive whiskers, can detect instantaneous spatial hydrodynamic disturbances, crucial for tracking wakes and their sources. However, no existing engineering solution replicates this for intelligent passive flow perception. To bridge this gap, we propose a low-cost, whisker-inspired sensor designed for use in arrays for underwater sensing and tracking. The sensor integrates metal foil strain gages within a polydimethylsiloxane soft base, coupled with a 3D-printed biomimetic seal whisker model. It exhibits low self-noise in undisturbed flow and high sensitivity in wake detection, identifying flow speeds as low as 0.5 mm s<sup>-1</sup>-comparable to biological whiskers (∼0.25 mm s<sup>-1</sup>). The dual strain gage design, placed on adjacent perpendicular sides, allows precise measurement of whisker bending amplitude and direction. The sensor shows excellent linearity, repeatability, fatigue life, short response time and superior dynamic performance in the low-frequency range (⩽35 Hz). Despite its high performance, it is cost-effective and easy to fabricate, requiring no specialized facilities or extensive training, making it ideal for large-scale array deployment. To demonstrate its potential, we tested a nine-sensor array capable of predicting dipole source locations using an artificial neural network model. This work demonstrates the feasibility of whisker-inspired sensing for robust spatial flow perception in underwater environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":55377,"journal":{"name":"Bioinspiration & Biomimetics","volume":"20 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144043320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Long Chen, Qiao Hu, Shijie Li, Hao Zhang, Liangjie Sun, Hongbo Wei, Tianlong Wang
{"title":"Underwater bionic undulating fins incorporating thickness effects:Hydrodynamic performance and optimal thickness variation rate analysis.","authors":"Long Chen, Qiao Hu, Shijie Li, Hao Zhang, Liangjie Sun, Hongbo Wei, Tianlong Wang","doi":"10.1088/1748-3190/add3e4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-3190/add3e4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In response to the urgent issues faced by current bionic undulating fin robot propulsion mechanisms, such as low working efficiency, insufficient swimming speed, ignoring thickness parameters, and the need for further improvement in biomimetic degree, this article extends the theory of surface elements to tetrahedral elements using d'Alembert's principle, making it better suited for the research of undulating fins with thickness. By employing computational fluid dynamics simulations and comparative studies, the article examines the influence of motion parameters on the hydrodynamic performance of undulating fins that have thickness. The results are more valuable for engineering applications. Further research on the dimensional parameters of undulating fins is carried out, proposing that the design of undulating fins should follow the priority order of \"width first, then length, and finally thickness.\" Based on this, a bionic fin with variable thickness is designed, and the optimal range of comprehensive hydrodynamic performance for the variable thickness fin is obtained.
.</p>","PeriodicalId":55377,"journal":{"name":"Bioinspiration & Biomimetics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144034211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ran Bi, Changdong Zheng, Hongyu Zheng, Tingwei Ji, Fangfang Xie, Yao Zheng
{"title":"Mimic biological flapping motion for a two-dimensional wing by reinforcement learning.","authors":"Ran Bi, Changdong Zheng, Hongyu Zheng, Tingwei Ji, Fangfang Xie, Yao Zheng","doi":"10.1088/1748-3190/adcde0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-3190/adcde0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Birds, insects, bats and fish demonstrate exceptional locomotion efficiency through adaptive flapping motions, offering a wealth of inspiration for bio-inspired propulsion systems. However, traditional research often relies on simplified motion models with limited degrees of freedom, which may not fully capture the complexity, adaptability, and efficiency of natural movement. In this study, we propose an adaptive motion optimization framework based on reinforcement learning (RL), aiming to address the aforementioned challenges. By integrating high-fidelity numerical simulations with physical models of flapping wings, the framework dynamically adjusts motion patterns in real time, guided by flow field information. Departing from conventional methods that rely on pre-designed motion assumptions, this approach uncovers non-harmonic, quasi-periodic motion patterns through iterative exploration. The system refines behaviors to enhance propulsion performance, adapt to dynamic flow conditions, and reveal biologically relevant features, such as asymmetric oscillations, adaptive rhythmic formations, and progressive fine-tuning of motion strategies. These learned motions not only align with natural flapping characteristics but also surpass traditional optimization methods by expanding the search space to include more complex and effective movement patterns. This framework demonstrates the power of RL to discover sophisticated, bio-inspired motion dynamics, offering transformative potential for understanding natural flapping mechanisms and designing efficient, versatile propulsion systems for real-world applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":55377,"journal":{"name":"Bioinspiration & Biomimetics","volume":"20 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144041289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Andrew Bonacci, Kaila Wong, Amy Lang, Leonardo Santos
{"title":"Control of Turbulent Boundary Layer Separation by a 3D Printed Shark Skin Model with Passive Bristling.","authors":"Andrew Bonacci, Kaila Wong, Amy Lang, Leonardo Santos","doi":"10.1088/1748-3190/add0fc","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-3190/add0fc","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Turbulent boundary layer separation can be problematic in many engineering applications. However, nature may have a solution in the form of flexible shark scales found on the shortfin mako which have been proven to passively bristle under reversing flow conditions and control flow separation. An investigation of how these shark scales interact with reversing flow in the near-wall regions of the boundary layer is of interest to better understand the fluid-shark scale interactions. Enlarging the geometry and constructing 3D printed models of shark skin is the best route forward to developing a bio-inspired surface for aircraft applications. Using a rotating cylinder above a flat plate in a water tunnel setup, an adverse pressure gradient was induced creating a separated region over a tripped turbulent boundary layer. Flexible and rigid 3D printed shark scales that replicate passive bristling angles of 50 degrees are constructed with crown lengths of 3.6 mm, twenty times greater than on a real shark. In this experiment, the boundary layer grows to sizes great enough that the scale of the flow is increased, making it more measurable to DPIV and allowing for models to be sized to fit within the bottom 10% of the boundary layer. Studies show that at low reversing flow velocities, the flexible scales were seen to passively move and mix momentum in the lower boundary layer.</p>","PeriodicalId":55377,"journal":{"name":"Bioinspiration & Biomimetics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144054657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Luo Yu, Jinjiang Lai, Jun Huang, Hongying Liu, Xitian Pi
{"title":"Wireless motion control of a swimming eel-machine hybrid robot.","authors":"Luo Yu, Jinjiang Lai, Jun Huang, Hongying Liu, Xitian Pi","doi":"10.1088/1748-3190/adbeac","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1748-3190/adbeac","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study presents a flexible aquatic swimming robot, which is a promising candidate for underwater search and detection missions. The robot is a living eel fitted with a wireless electronic backpack stimulator attached to its dorsal region. Leveraging the eel's inherent self-balancing and self-adaptation abilities, the robot can adapt seamlessly to complex underwater environments without the need for sophisticated controllers. Lateral line stimulation allows the robot to execute forward and backward swimming, as well as left and right curls. We graded the forward and backward swimming speed by varying the stimulus frequency and pulse width. The optimal stimulus parameters are as follows: amplitude 3.0-4.5 V, frequency 5-20 Hz, and pulse width 40-60 ms. The maximum success rates for forward and backward swimming responses to stimuli were approximately 96% and 77%, respectively. Utilizing lower pulse frequencies (5-20 Hz) and wider pulse widths (40-60 ms) facilitated sustained and efficient activation of the lateral line neural system. Electrical stimulation of the lateral line increases the eel's forward swimming speed by approximately 70%, while the electronic backpack draws only 48.1 mW of external power. Compared to bio-inspired robots, the eel-machine hybrid robot consumes 1.5-1100 times less external power per unit mass. The remarkable efficiency of this bio-robot enhances its performance in tasks such as underwater cave exploration.</p>","PeriodicalId":55377,"journal":{"name":"Bioinspiration & Biomimetics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143598600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nicole W Xu, Olga Lenczewska, Sarah E Wieten, Carole A Federico, John O Dabiri
{"title":"Ethics of biohybrid robotics and invertebrate research: biohybrid robotic jellyfish as a case study.","authors":"Nicole W Xu, Olga Lenczewska, Sarah E Wieten, Carole A Federico, John O Dabiri","doi":"10.1088/1748-3190/adc0d4","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1748-3190/adc0d4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Invertebrate research ethics has largely been ignored compared to the consideration of higher order animals, but more recent focus has questioned this trend. Using the robotic control of<i>Aurelia aurita</i>as a case study, we examine ethical considerations in invertebrate work and provide recommendations for future guidelines. We also analyze these issues for prior bioethics cases, such as cyborg insects and the 'microslavery' of microbes. However, biohybrid robotic jellyfish pose further ethical questions regarding potential ecological consequences as ocean monitoring tools, including the impact of electronic waste in the ocean. After in-depth evaluations, we recommend that publishers require brief ethical statements for invertebrate research, and we delineate the need for invertebrate nociception studies to revise or validate current standards. These actions provide a stronger basis for the ethical study of invertebrates, with implications for individual, species-wide, and ecological impacts, as well as for studies in science, engineering, and philosophy.</p>","PeriodicalId":55377,"journal":{"name":"Bioinspiration & Biomimetics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143630924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Animal-robot interaction induces local enhancement in the Mediterranean fruit fly<i>Ceratitis capitata</i>Wiedemann.","authors":"Donato Romano, Cesare Stefanini","doi":"10.1088/1748-3190/adbb42","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1748-3190/adbb42","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Animal-robot interaction (ARI) is an emerging field that uses biomimetic robots to replicate biological cues, enabling controlled studies of animal behavior. This study investigates the potential for ARI systems to induce local enhancement (e.g. where animals are attracted to areas based on the presence or actions of conspecifics) in the Mediterranean fruit fly,<i>Ceratitis capitata</i>(<i>C. capitata</i>), a major agricultural pest. We developed biomimetic agents that mimic<i>C. capitata</i>in morphology and color, to explore their ability to trigger local enhancement. The study employed three categories of artificial agents: full biomimetic agent (FBA), partial biomimetic agent (PBA) and non-biomimetic agent (NBA) in both motionless and moving states. Flies exposed to motionless FBAs showed a significant preference for areas containing these agents compared to areas with no agents. Similarly, moving FBAs also attracted more flies than stationary agents. Time spent in the release section before making a choice and the overall experiment duration were significantly shorter when conspecifics or moving FBAs were present, indicating that<i>C. capitata</i>is highly responsive to biomimetic cues, particularly motion. These results suggest that ARI systems can be effective tools for understanding and manipulating local enhancement in<i>C. capitata</i>, offering new opportunities for sustainable pest control in agricultural contexts. Overall, this research demonstrates the potential of ARI as an innovative, sustainable approach to insect population control, with broad applications in both fundamental behavioral research and integrated pest management.</p>","PeriodicalId":55377,"journal":{"name":"Bioinspiration & Biomimetics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143525390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wenzhan Ou, Zhongchang Song, Caroline E C Goertz, T Aran Mooney, Sophie Dennison, Chuang Zhang, Yu Zhang, Manuel Castellote
{"title":"Directional sound transmission and reception of the beluga whale (<i>Delphinapterus leucas</i>).","authors":"Wenzhan Ou, Zhongchang Song, Caroline E C Goertz, T Aran Mooney, Sophie Dennison, Chuang Zhang, Yu Zhang, Manuel Castellote","doi":"10.1088/1748-3190/adc5bd","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1748-3190/adc5bd","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The biosonar system of odontocetes enables directional sound transmission and reception. Beluga whales (<i>Delphinapterus leucas</i>) are notable among odontocetes as they can alter the shape of their fatty melon during sound transmission, potentially suggesting distinct acoustic capabilities. In this study, we developed a biosonar model of a beluga whale using computed tomography scanning and structural reconstruction to examine directional transmission and reception in this species. This model could modulate sounds into a directional beam using either single or dual sources. Across frequencies from 5 to 60 kHz, the directivity indices for the left and right sound sources ranged from 4.83 to 15.2 dB and 4.81-14.7 dB, respectively. When both sound sources were used simultaneously, there was an average increase of at least 2.26 dB in energy and 0.68 dB in the directivity index compared to using a single source. Additionally, beam steering was achieved in the dual-source transmission by introducing a timing difference between the two sources. The simulations indicated that sound reception was frequency-dependent, with the greatest sensitivity to lateral sounds at low frequencies and to forward sounds at high frequencies. These results suggested that both transmission and reception in beluga whales were directional and frequency-dependent.</p>","PeriodicalId":55377,"journal":{"name":"Bioinspiration & Biomimetics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143733382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}