Biological Bulletin最新文献

{"title":"Scope for Developmental Plasticity of Feeding Larvae of a Holothuroid, Contrasted with Other Echinoderm Larvae","authors":"R. R. Strathmann","doi":"10.1086/717157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/717157","url":null,"abstract":"Feeding larvae of echinoderms appear to differ in scope for adaptive developmental plasticity in response to food. Extension of the ciliary band on narrow arms supported by skeletal rods, as in echinoid and ophiuroid larvae, may enable a greater increase in maximum clearance rate per cell added, conferring greater advantages from developing longer ciliary bands when food is scarce. Formation of the juvenile mouth and water vascular system at a new site, as in echinoid and asteroid larvae, permits extensive growth of the juvenile rudiment during larval feeding, with advantages from earlier or more growth of the rudiment when food is abundant. In contrast, plasticity in storage of nutrients is unrelated to the form of the ciliary band or the site of formation of the juvenile’s mouth. Feeding larvae (auriculariae) of holothuroids lack arms supported by skeletal rods and formation of the mouth at a new site but as a unique feature store nutrients in hyaline spheres. In this study, more food for auriculariae of Apostichopus californicus resulted in juveniles (pentactulae) with longer and wider bodies and larger hyaline spheres, but effects of food supply on the size of most body parts of auriculariae were small. Auriculariae with more food developed relatively larger stomachs and larger posterior hyaline spheres, indications of greater nutrient storage. Auriculariae with less food developed relatively wider mouths and differed in some exterior dimensions, which might enhance the capture of food. Plasticity is limited in rudiment development and perhaps in structures for feeding, but plasticity in nutrient storage can provide advantageous compromises between duration of growth as a feeding larva and the condition of juveniles formed at metamorphosis.","PeriodicalId":55376,"journal":{"name":"Biological Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43258417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Uncovering the Effects of Symbiosis and Temperature on Coral Calcification","authors":"Zoe Dellaert, P. Vargas, P. L. La Riviere, Loretta M. Roberson","doi":"10.1086/716711","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/716711","url":null,"abstract":"We tested the impact of temperature and symbiont state on calcification in corals, using the facultatively symbiotic coral Astrangia poculata as a model system. Symbiotic and aposymbiotic colonies of A. poculata were reared in 15, 20, and 27 °C conditions. We used scanning electron microscopy to quantify how these physiological and environmental conditions impact skeletal structure. Buoyant weight data over time revealed that temperature significantly affects calcification rates. Scanning electron microscopy of A. poculata skeletons showed that aposymbiotic colonies appear to have a lower density of calcium carbonate in actively growing septal spines. We describe a novel approach to analyze the roughness and texture of scanning electron microscopy images. Quantitative analysis of the roughness of septal spines revealed that aposymbiotic colonies have a rougher surface than symbiotic colonies in tropical conditions (27 °C). This trend reversed at 15 °C, a temperature at which the symbionts of A. poculata may exhibit parasitic properties. Analysis of surface texture patterns showed that temperature impacts the spatial variance of crystals on the spine surface. Few published studies have examined the skeleton of A. poculata by using scanning electron microscopy. Our approach provides a way to study detailed changes in skeletal microstructure in response to environmental parameters and can serve as a proxy for more expensive and time-consuming analyses. Utilizing a facultatively symbiotic coral that is native to both temperate and tropical regions provides new insights into the impact of both symbiosis and temperature on calcification in corals.","PeriodicalId":55376,"journal":{"name":"Biological Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46618671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"About the Cover.","authors":"Tabi Crentsil","doi":"10.7748/ns.23.2.62.s60","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7748/ns.23.2.62.s60","url":null,"abstract":"“The Highway of Life”\u0000People juxtaposed against home and vegetation.\u0000Artist’s perspective In the painting, one identifies people in a procession. These people are positioned in the two middle rows, signifying the protection they enjoy from the environment. Second, the different colours used, their various tones and intensities is an attempt to define the individualism of each person. The painting seeks to portray the urgency with which every person congregates on what we call the “highway of life”. This highway includes all human endeavours -work, school, trade, faith, etc. Whilst on the highway, everything else (captured in the painting as the vegetation and buildings) becomes secondary. The rest of the story lies with the viewer.\u0000The Highway of Life” \u0000A painting inspired by the constant human endeavor towards well-being. The story of human existence cannot be told without identifying with various attributes meant to enhance their wellbeing.","PeriodicalId":55376,"journal":{"name":"Biological Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47038661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Demography, Ecology, and Management of Sea Star Populations: Introduction to a Special Issue in <i>The Biological Bulletin</i>.","authors":"Ciemon F Caballes,&nbsp;Maria Byrne","doi":"10.1086/718198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/718198","url":null,"abstract":"Sea stars (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) are one of the most recognizable and iconic organisms in the marine environment. With nearly 1900 extant species from 370 genera, grouped into 36 families, sea stars are considered one of the most diverse groups of extant echinoderms (Mah and Blake, 2012. PLoS One 7: e35644; O’Hara and Byrne, 2017. Echinoderms: Biology, Ecology and Evolution). This special issue focuses on ecologically important keystone species, including the crown-of-thorns sea star (Acanthaster sp.), which is present in tropical and subtropical waters; the temperate species the northern Pacific sea star (Asterias amurensis), the ochre sea star (Pisaster ochraceus), and the sunflower sea star (Pycnopodia helianthoides) from the north Pacific; and the spiny sea star (Marthasterias glacialis) from the north Atlantic. Seminal work by Professor Robert Paine demonstrated that the removal of a top predator, Pisaster ochraceus, can alter the diversity, abundance, and distribution of other organisms within an ecosystem—giving rise to the concept of “keystone species” (Paine, 1966. Am. Nat. 100: 65–75). Subsequent studies have further revealed the role of sea stars as important predators in intertidal and subtidal ecosystems, as well as the influence of demographic and environmental factors on predator-prey interactions (reviewed by Menge and Sanford, 2013. Ecological role of sea stars from populations to meta-ecosystems. Pp. 67–80 in Starfish: Biology and Ecology of the Asteroidea). The ecological and economic ramifications of irruptions of, or the collapse of, sea star populations have been well documented. For example, outbreaks of the corallivore Acanthaster sp. have led to widespread mortality of reef corals in the Indo-Pacific (Chesher, 1969. Science 165: 280–283; De’ath","PeriodicalId":55376,"journal":{"name":"Biological Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39899628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metabolic Responses of Pacific Crown-of-Thorns Sea Stars (<i>Acanthaster</i> sp.) to Acute Warming.","authors":"Bethan J Lang,&nbsp;Jennifer M Donelson,&nbsp;Ciemon F Caballes,&nbsp;Peter C Doll,&nbsp;Morgan S Pratchett","doi":"10.1086/717049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/717049","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AbstractClimate change and population irruptions of crown-of-thorns sea stars (<i>Acanthaster</i> sp.) are two of the most pervasive threats to coral reefs. Yet there has been little consideration regarding the synergies between ocean warming and the coral-feeding sub-adult and adult stages of this asteroid. Here we explored the thermosensitivity of the aforementioned life stages by assessing physiological responses to acute warming. Thermal sensitivity was assessed based on the maximal activity of enzymes involved in aerobic (citrate synthase) and anaerobic (lactate dehydrogenase) metabolic pathways, as well as the standard metabolic rate of sub-adult and adult sea stars. In both life stages, citrate synthase activity declined with increasing temperature from 15 °C to 40 °C, with negligible activity occurring >35 °C. On the other hand, lactate dehydrogenase activity increased with temperature from 20 °C to 45 °C, indicating a greater reliance on anaerobic metabolism in a warmer environment. The standard metabolic rate of sub-adult sea stars increased with temperature throughout the testing range (24 °C to 36 °C). Adult sea stars exhibited evidence of thermal stress, with metabolic depression occurring from 33 °C. Here, we demonstrate that crown-of-thorns sea stars are sensitive to warming but that adults, and especially sub-adults, may have some resilience to short-term marine heatwaves in the near future.</p>","PeriodicalId":55376,"journal":{"name":"Biological Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39899625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimal Foraging Theory Explains Feeding Preferences in the Western Pacific Crown-of-Thorns Sea Star <i>Acanthaster</i> sp.","authors":"John K Keesing","doi":"10.1086/718141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/718141","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AbstractThe selectivity of crown-of-thorns sea stars (<i>Acanthaster</i> sp.) for different coral prey types was quantified in the field and laboratory and compared with a range of nutritional and food quality parameters as well as the growth performance of sea stars fed on different types of coral. Growth rates of small juvenile <i>Acanthaster</i> sp. without previous exposure to coral fed for 6.6 months on 15 individual species of corals showed that the highest rates of growth were achieved on the same types of corals for which adult sea stars show the strongest preference, both in the field and in controlled aquarium conditions. Small <i>Acanthaster</i> sp. (<i>ca.</i> 20 mm, 0.5 g) fed on <i>Acropora formosa</i>, <i>Stylophora pistillata</i>, <i>Seriatopora hystrix</i>, and <i>Pocillopora damicornis</i> increased in size by an average of 9.2-10.7 mm (4.2-5.6 g) per month, compared with 0.1-0.4 mm (0.004-0.028 g) per month on coralline algae fed controls and species such as <i>Porites lutea</i>, <i>Porites lichen</i>, <i>Lobophyllia hemprichii</i>, and <i>Turbinaria mesenterina</i>. Field studies on the same reef where the parents of these juvenile sea stars were collected demonstrated a strong sequential preference for acroporid and then pocilloporid corals, with faviid, merulinid, and poritid corals selected significantly less frequently than other corals when their relative abundance was taken into account. This order of preference by adult field-collected sea stars was confirmed and exhibited even more emphatically in aquarium experiments, where the relative abundance of prey species could be controlled. The growth experiments and measurements of comparative food value between preferred and non-preferred coral prey suggest that feeding preferences in <i>Acanthaster</i> sp. for <i>Acropora</i> and pocilloporids arose consistent with optimal foraging theory and evolved in response to this species being able to feed successfully and efficiently. The high abundance and, therefore, encounter rate of <i>Acropora</i> and pocilloporids is not considered to be an important factor in the evolution of feeding preferences, although relative abundance of alternative prey does affect selectivity. Individual growth and population fitness and reproductive output of <i>Acanthaster</i> sp. will be enhanced by preferential feeding on acroporid and pocilloporid corals, reinforcing the importance of optimal foraging theory in the evolution of feeding preferences.</p>","PeriodicalId":55376,"journal":{"name":"Biological Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39899629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DNA-Based Detection and Patterns of Larval Settlement of the Corallivorous Crown-of-Thorns Sea Star (<i>Acanthaster</i> sp.).","authors":"Peter C Doll,&nbsp;Vanessa Messmer,&nbsp;Sven Uthicke,&nbsp;Jason R Doyle,&nbsp;Ciemon F Caballes,&nbsp;Morgan S Pratchett","doi":"10.1086/717539","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/717539","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AbstractPopulation irruptions of the western Pacific crown-of-thorns sea star (<i>Acanthaster</i> sp.) are a perennial threat to coral reefs and may be initiated by fluctuations in reproductive or settlement success. However, the processes dictating their early life history, particularly larval settlement, remain poorly understood given limitations in sampling larvae and newly settled juveniles in the field. Here, we introduce an innovative method to measure crown-of-thorns sea star settlement, using artificial settlement collectors and droplet digital polymerase chain reaction based on crown-of-thorns sea star-specific mitochondrial DNA primers. This study demonstrated the utility of this method and explored temporal and spatial patterns of crown-of-thorns sea star settlement on the Great Barrier Reef from 2016 to 2020. Settlement varied considerably between sampling periods at Rib Reef and peaked between October 2016 and January 2017. Our results further suggest that crown-of-thorns sea star larvae readily settle in shallow reef environments, with no preferential settlement detected between depths tested (4-12 m). Substantial variation between Great Barrier Reef regions was revealed in 2019-2020, because collectors deployed on reefs in the central Great Barrier Reef were >10 times as likely to record newly settled crown-of-thorns sea stars as reefs in the northern Great Barrier Reef near Lizard Island. The trends reported here add to our understanding of this critical life-history stage; however, further method validation and larger-scale studies are needed to address pertinent information gaps, such as the stock-recruitment dynamics of this species. Most importantly, fluctuations in crown-of-thorns sea star settlement can now be detected using this sampling protocol, which demonstrates its utility in heralding new and renewed population irruptions of this destructive sea star.</p>","PeriodicalId":55376,"journal":{"name":"Biological Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39810492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Index to Volume 241, December 2021","authors":"","doi":"10.1086/718312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/718312","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55376,"journal":{"name":"Biological Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48956766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Life-History Analysis of Asterinid Starfishes.","authors":"Thomas A Ebert","doi":"10.1086/716913","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/716913","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AbstractThe starfish family Asterinidae shows a diversity of reproductive modes, and a number of species have sufficient life-history data that can be used for analysis, using life-cycle graphs. These include four species that reproduce by fission (<i>Aquilonastra yairi</i>, <i>Nepanthia belcheri</i>, <i>Aquilonastra burtonii</i>, and <i>Ailsastra heteractis</i>), a viviparous species (<i>Parvulastra vivipara</i>), two species with benthic egg masses (<i>Asterina gibbosa</i> and <i>Asterina phylactica</i>), one with planktonic larvae that do not feed (<i>Cryptasterina pentagona</i>), and one with larvae that feed in the plankton (<i>Patiria miniata</i>). Species are compared using adult and first-year survival and, for some species, the age at first reproduction, number of offspring (eggs or newly released juveniles), and individual growth parameters of the von Bertalanffy model. The sensitivity of population growth, fitness, to changes in these traits is shown by elasticity analysis, which aids in understanding possible consequences of environmental forces as well as possible directions of selection.</p>","PeriodicalId":55376,"journal":{"name":"Biological Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39810491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Knowledge Gaps in the Biology, Ecology, and Management of the Pacific Crown-of-Thorns Sea Star <i>Acanthaster</i> sp. on Australia's Great Barrier Reef.","authors":"Morgan S Pratchett,&nbsp;Ciemon F Caballes,&nbsp;Christopher Cvitanovic,&nbsp;Maia L Raymundo,&nbsp;Russell C Babcock,&nbsp;Mary C Bonin,&nbsp;Yves-Marie Bozec,&nbsp;Deborah Burn,&nbsp;Maria Byrne,&nbsp;Carolina Castro-Sanguino,&nbsp;Carla C M Chen,&nbsp;Scott A Condie,&nbsp;Zara-Louise Cowan,&nbsp;Dione J Deaker,&nbsp;Amelia Desbiens,&nbsp;Lyndon M Devantier,&nbsp;Peter J Doherty,&nbsp;Peter C Doll,&nbsp;Jason R Doyle,&nbsp;Symon A Dworjanyn,&nbsp;Katharina E Fabricius,&nbsp;Michael D E Haywood,&nbsp;Karlo Hock,&nbsp;Anne K Hoggett,&nbsp;Lone Høj,&nbsp;John K Keesing,&nbsp;Richard A Kenchington,&nbsp;Bethan J Lang,&nbsp;Scott D Ling,&nbsp;Samuel A Matthews,&nbsp;Hamish I McCallum,&nbsp;Camille Mellin,&nbsp;Benjamin Mos,&nbsp;Cherie A Motti,&nbsp;Peter J Mumby,&nbsp;Richard J W Stump,&nbsp;Sven Uthicke,&nbsp;Lyle Vail,&nbsp;Kennedy Wolfe,&nbsp;Shaun K Wilson","doi":"10.1086/717026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/717026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AbstractCrown-of-thorns sea stars (<i>Acanthaster</i> sp.) are among the most studied coral reef organisms, owing to their propensity to undergo major population irruptions, which contribute to significant coral loss and reef degradation throughout the Indo-Pacific. However, there are still important knowledge gaps pertaining to the biology, ecology, and management of <i>Acanthaster</i> sp. Renewed efforts to advance understanding and management of Pacific crown-of-thorns sea stars (<i>Acanthaster</i> sp.) on Australia's Great Barrier Reef require explicit consideration of relevant and tractable knowledge gaps. Drawing on established horizon scanning methodologies, this study identified contemporary knowledge gaps by asking active and/or established crown-of-thorns sea star researchers to pose critical research questions that they believe should be addressed to improve the understanding and management of crown-of-thorns sea stars on the Great Barrier Reef. A total of 38 participants proposed 246 independent research questions, organized into 7 themes: feeding ecology, demography, distribution and abundance, predation, settlement, management, and environmental change. Questions were further assigned to 48 specific topics nested within the 7 themes. During this process, redundant questions were removed, which reduced the total number of distinct research questions to 172. Research questions posed were mostly related to themes of demography (46 questions) and management (48 questions). The dominant topics, meanwhile, were the incidence of population irruptions (16 questions), feeding ecology of larval sea stars (15 questions), effects of elevated water temperature on crown-of-thorns sea stars (13 questions), and predation on juveniles (12 questions). While the breadth of questions suggests that there is considerable research needed to improve understanding and management of crown-of-thorns sea stars on the Great Barrier Reef, the predominance of certain themes and topics suggests a major focus for new research while also providing a roadmap to guide future research efforts.</p>","PeriodicalId":55376,"journal":{"name":"Biological Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39899626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}