Biological Bulletin最新文献

{"title":"Index to Volume 240","authors":"","doi":"10.1086/715102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/715102","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55376,"journal":{"name":"Biological Bulletin","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/715102","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48297502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of the Accessory Nidamental Gland and Associated Bacterial Community in the Hawaiian Bobtail Squid, <i>Euprymna scolopes</i>.","authors":"Allison H Kerwin,&nbsp;Sarah J McAnulty,&nbsp;Spencer V Nyholm","doi":"10.1086/713965","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/713965","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AbstractThe Hawaiian bobtail squid, <i>Euprymna scolopes</i>, has a female reproductive organ called the accessory nidamental gland that contains a symbiotic bacterial consortium. These bacteria are deposited from the accessory nidamental gland into the squid's egg cases, where the consortium prevents microbial fouling. The symbiont community is environmentally transmitted and conserved across host populations, yet little is known about how the organ develops and is colonized by bacteria. In order to understand accessory nidamental gland development in <i>E. scolopes</i>, we characterized the gland during maturation by using histology and confocal and transmission electron microscopy. We found that an epithelial field formed first about four weeks after hatching, followed by the proliferation of numerous pores during what we hypothesize to be the initiation of bacterial recruitment (early development). Microscopy revealed that these pores were connected to ciliated invaginations that occasionally contained bacteria. During mid development, these epithelial fields expanded, and separate colonized tubules were observed below the epithelial layer that contained the pores and invaginations. During late development, the superficial epithelial fields appeared to regress as animals approached sexual maturity and were never observed in fully mature adults (about 2-3 months post-hatching), suggesting that they help facilitate bacterial colonization of the accessory nidamental gland. An analysis of <i>16S rRNA</i> gene diversity in accessory nidamental glands from females of varying size showed that the bacterial community changed as the host approached sexual maturity, increasing in community evenness and shifting from a Verrucomicrobia-dominated to an Alphaproteobacteria-dominated consortium. Given the host's relationship with the well-characterized light organ symbiont <i>Vibrio fischeri</i>, our work suggests that the accessory nidamental gland of <i>E. scolopes</i> may have similar mechanisms to recruit bacteria from the environment. Understanding the developmental and colonization processes of the accessory nidamental gland will expand the use of <i>E. scolopes</i> as a model organism for studying bacterial consortia in marine symbioses.</p>","PeriodicalId":55376,"journal":{"name":"Biological Bulletin","volume":"240 3","pages":"205-218"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/713965","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39233185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distinct Phenotypes Associated with Mangrove and Lagoon Habitats in Two Widespread Caribbean Corals, <i>Porites astreoides</i> and <i>Porites divaricata</i>.","authors":"Karina Scavo Lord,&nbsp;Anna Barcala,&nbsp;Hannah E Aichelman,&nbsp;Nicola G Kriefall,&nbsp;Chloe Brown,&nbsp;Lauren Knasin,&nbsp;Riley Secor,&nbsp;Cailey Tone,&nbsp;Laura Tsang,&nbsp;John R Finnerty","doi":"10.1086/714047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/714047","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AbstractAs coral reefs experience dramatic declines in coral cover throughout the tropics, there is an urgent need to understand the role that non-reef habitats, such as mangroves, play in the ecological niche of corals. Mangrove habitats present a challenge to reef-dwelling corals because they can differ dramatically from adjacent reef habitats with respect to key environmental parameters, such as light. Because variation in light within reef habitats is known to drive intraspecific differences in coral phenotype, we hypothesized that coral species that can exploit both reef and mangrove habitats will exhibit predictable differences in phenotypes between habitats. To investigate how intraspecific variation, driven by either local adaptation or phenotypic plasticity, might enable particular coral species to exploit these two qualitatively different habitat types, we compared the phenotypes of two widespread Caribbean corals, <i>Porites divaricata</i> and <i>Porites astreoides</i>, in mangrove <i>versus</i> lagoon habitats on Turneffe Atoll, Belize. We document significant differences in colony size, color, structural complexity, and corallite morphology between habitats. In every instance, the phenotypic differences between mangrove prop root and lagoon corals exhibited consistent trends in both <i>P. divaricata</i> and <i>P. astreoides</i>. We believe this study is the first to document intraspecific phenotypic diversity in corals occupying mangrove prop root <i>versus</i> lagoonal patch reef habitats. A difference in the capacity to adopt an alternative phenotype that is well suited to the mangrove habitat may explain why some reef coral species can exploit mangroves, while others cannot.</p>","PeriodicalId":55376,"journal":{"name":"Biological Bulletin","volume":"240 3","pages":"169-190"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/714047","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39233240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamics of Mud Blister Worm Infestation and Shell Repair by Oysters.","authors":"Kelly M Dorgan,&nbsp;Rachel D Moseley,&nbsp;Ellen Titus,&nbsp;Harrison Watson,&nbsp;Sarah M Cole,&nbsp;William Walton","doi":"10.1086/713145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/713145","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AbstractMud blister worms bore into oyster shells; and oysters respond to shell penetration by secreting new layers of shell, resulting in mud blisters on inner surfaces of oyster shells. We conducted two experiments in off-bottom oyster farms along Alabama's coast in summer 2017 to explore the dynamics of worm infestation, blister formation, and shell repair. Results support our hypothesis that only a small proportion of worms that bore into oysters cause blisters. Triploid oysters had fewer blisters than diploids, likely because of faster growth and shell repair. We treated oysters to remove mud blister worms, redeployed them at intertidal and subtidal sites for nine weeks, and found that reinfestation by worms occurred only in subtidal oysters. Intertidally deployed oysters showed no visible blister coverage, indicating recovery, whereas blister coverage increased in subtidal oysters. Reinfestation of subtidal oysters was correlated with previous burrow damage, visualized with X-ray images, thus supporting our hypothesis that worms preferentially settle in previously infested shells. Forces required to break blisters, measured with a custom-built shucking knife with an integrated force sensor, were low relative to forces required to shuck oysters, possibly because our experiment was conducted when worm infestation was increasing. Higher forces were required to break smaller, lighter-colored blisters, consistent with blister recovery; but results were highly variable and not consistent across sites and sampling times, suggesting that size and color of blisters alone did not explain shell strength. Our results indicate that oysters repair shells slowly relative to more dynamic patterns of worm infestation.</p>","PeriodicalId":55376,"journal":{"name":"Biological Bulletin","volume":"240 2","pages":"118-131"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/713145","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38943515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rare-Earth Magnets Influence Movement Patterns of the Magnetically Sensitive Nudibranch <i>Tritonia exsulans</i> in Its Natural Habitat.","authors":"Russell C Wyeth,&nbsp;Theora Holden,&nbsp;Hamed Jalala,&nbsp;James A Murray","doi":"10.1086/713663","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/713663","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AbstractThe nudibranch <i>Tritonia exsulans</i> (previously <i>Tritonia diomedea</i>) is known to have behaviors and neurons that can be modified by perturbations of the Earth's magnetic field. There is no definitive evidence for how this magnetic sense is used in nature. Using an exploratory approach, we tested for possible effects of magnetic perturbations based on underwater video of crawling patterns in the slugs' natural habitat, with magnets of varying strength deployed on the substrate. For analysis, we used a paired comparison of tracks of animals between segments 25-50 cm distant from the magnets and segments of the same tracks 0-25 cm from the magnets, to determine whether any differences depended on the strength of the magnet. Most track measurements (length, displacement, velocity, and tortuosity) showed no such differences. However, effects were observed for the changes in track headings between successive points. These results showed that tracks had relatively higher heading variability when they moved closer to stronger magnets. We suggest that this supports a hypothesis that <i>T. exsulans</i> continuously uses a magnetic sense to help maintain straight-line navigation. Further specific testing of the hypothesis is now needed to verify this new possibility for how animals can benefit from a compass sense.</p>","PeriodicalId":55376,"journal":{"name":"Biological Bulletin","volume":"240 2","pages":"105-117"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/713663","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38952931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Maternal Size on Offspring Traits in a Marine Gastropod with Direct Development and without Sibling Interaction.","authors":"María Soledad Avaca,&nbsp;Lorena Storero,&nbsp;Pablo Martín,&nbsp;Maite Narvarte","doi":"10.1086/713065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/713065","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AbstractIn most animal taxa, large mothers (or those with high nutritional status) produce large offspring, leading to a maternal size-offspring size correlation, that is, a positive correlation between maternal size and offspring size. Here, we used the natural variation in maternal size between three natural populations of <i>Buccinanops deformis</i> (a marine snail with direct development, nurse egg feeding, and a single embryo per egg capsule) to study maternal investment and offspring size. The main objectives were to compare offspring size and maternal investment traits within and between populations and to evaluate the relationship between maternal size and offspring size. Although not supported in every population, our results show that maternal size was positively correlated with offspring size, thus representing an example of the maternal size-offspring size correlation in a species in which there is no competition for food between capsule mates because only one embryo develops per capsule. These findings also suggest that in <i>B. deformis</i> larger mothers produce more offspring and provide their offspring with more resources, and that this between-population variation in offspring size is related to differences in the number of nurse eggs allocated per egg capsule and in egg capsule size. The ubiquity of the maternal size-offspring size correlation in <i>B. deformis</i> needs to be tested further across populations, because factors other than maternal size could influence offspring size variation in this marine gastropod.</p>","PeriodicalId":55376,"journal":{"name":"Biological Bulletin","volume":"240 2","pages":"95-104"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/713065","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38943517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Formation and Function of the Primary Tube During Settlement and Metamorphosis of the Marine Polychaete <i>Hydroides elegans</i> (Haswell, 1883) (Serpulidae).","authors":"Megan J Huggett,&nbsp;Eugenio J Carpizo-Ituarte,&nbsp;Brian T Nedved,&nbsp;Michael G Hadfield","doi":"10.1086/713623","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/713623","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AbstractThe serpulid polychaete <i>Hydroides elegans</i> has emerged as a major model organism for studies of marine invertebrate settlement and metamorphosis and for processes involved in marine biofouling. Rapid secretion of an enveloping, membranous, organic primary tube provides settling larvae of <i>H. elegans</i> firm adhesion to a surface and a refuge within which to complete metamorphosis. While this tube is never calcified, it forms the template from which the calcified tube is produced at its anterior end. Examination of scanning and transmission electron micrographs of competent and settling larvae revealed that the tube is secreted from epidermal cells of the three primary segments, with material possibly transported through the larval cuticle <i>via</i> abundant microvilli. The tube is composed of complexly layered fibrous material that has an abundance of the amino acids that characterize the collagenous cuticle of other polychaetes, plus associated carbohydrates. The significance of the dependence on surface bacterial biofilms for stimulating settlement in this species is revealed as a complex interaction between primary tube material, as it is secreted, and the extracellular polymeric substances abundantly produced by biofilm-residing bacteria. This association appears to provide the settling larvae with an adhesion strength similar to that of bacteria in a biofilm and significantly less when larvae settle on a clean surface.</p>","PeriodicalId":55376,"journal":{"name":"Biological Bulletin","volume":"240 2","pages":"82-94"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/713623","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38943519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Crustacean Antennule: A Complex Organ Adapted for Lifelong Function in Diverse Environments and Lifestyles.","authors":"Charles D Derby","doi":"10.1086/713537","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/713537","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AbstractThe crustacean first antenna, or antennule, has been an experimental model for studying sensory biology for over 150 years. Investigations have led to a clearer understanding of the functional organization of the antennule as an olfactory organ but also to a realization that the antennule is much more than that. Across the Crustacea, the antennules take on many forms and functions. As an example, the antennule of reptantian decapods has many types of sensilla, each with distinct structure and function and with hundreds of thousands of chemosensory neurons expressing hundreds of genes that code for diverse classes of receptor proteins. Together, these antennular sensilla represent multiple chemosensory pathways, each with its own central connections and functions. The antennule also has a diversity of sensors of mechanical stimuli, including vibrations, touch, water flow, and the animal's own movements. The antennule likely also detects other environmental cues, such as temperature, oxygen, pH, salinity, and noxious stimuli. Furthermore, the antennule is a motor organ-it is flicked to temporally and spatially sample the animal's chemo-mechanical surroundings-and this information is used in resolving the structure of chemical plumes and locating the odor source. The antennule is also adapted to maintain lifelong function in a changing environment. For example, it has specific secretory glands, grooming structures, and behaviors to stay clean and functional. Antennular sensilla and the annuli on which they reside are also added and replaced, leading to a complete turnover of the antennule over several molts. Thus, the antennule is a complex and dynamic sensory-motor integrator that is intricately engaged in most aspects of the lives of crustaceans.</p>","PeriodicalId":55376,"journal":{"name":"Biological Bulletin","volume":"240 2","pages":"67-81"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/713537","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38943520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mating System of the Snapping Shrimp <i>Synalpheus brevicarpus</i> (Caridea, Alpheidae) Inhabiting Sponges <i>Dysidea</i> sp. (Demospongiae).","authors":"Douglas Fernandes Rodrigues Alves,&nbsp;Samara de Paiva Barros-Alves,&nbsp;Ariádine Cristine de Almeida,&nbsp;Valter José Cobo,&nbsp;Raymond T Bauer","doi":"10.1086/713005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/713005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AbstractThe lifestyle of symbiotic species in the genus <i>Synalpheus</i> can vary from pair living to eusocial. A pair-living social system commonly implies the adoption of a monogamous mating system. In this study, we used the symbiotic shrimp <i>Synalpheus brevicarpus</i> in association with the sponge <i>Dysidea</i> sp. to test the hypothesis that heterosexual pairs of symbiotic shrimps can adopt a monogamous mating system when living in association with a morphologically complex host. We collected a total of 40 sponges, which were inhabited by 76 shrimps: 41 males, 33 females, and 2 juveniles. <i>Synalpheus brevicarpus</i> is sexually dimorphic, with males displaying proportionately larger weaponry (snapping claws) and a smaller average body size than females. Sponges were more often inhabited by a pair of heterosexual shrimps than expected by chance. Larger sponges were inhabited by more than one pair of shrimps in which the sex ratio did not differ significantly from 1∶1. Pairs of heterosexual shrimps were recorded, with females carrying embryos in all stages of embryonic development. Our results indicate that <i>S. brevicarpus</i> is a pair-living shrimp with a monogamous social and mating system that may also guard spaces or areas within its sponge host. Our hypothesis of monogamy is supported by the observations on pair living, sex ratio, and sexual dimorphism in body size and weaponry in this species.</p>","PeriodicalId":55376,"journal":{"name":"Biological Bulletin","volume":"240 2","pages":"132-143"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/713005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38943516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flocculation of PVC Microplastic and Fine-Grained Cohesive Sediment at Environmentally Realistic Concentrations.","authors":"Thorbjoern Joest Andersen,&nbsp;Stiffani Rominikan,&nbsp;Ida Stuhr Olsen,&nbsp;Kristoffer Hofer Skinnebach,&nbsp;Mikkel Fruergaard","doi":"10.1086/712929","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/712929","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AbstractMicroplastic particles have become ubiquitous in aquatic environments and can be found in large numbers in riverine, estuarine, and marine settings at the surface of water, in suspension, and as particles deposited at the bed. The transport and settling behavior of small microplastic particles is likely very dependent on interactions with other suspended particles. Here we show from settling tube experiments conducted in the laboratory that fragments and threads of polyvinylchloride microplastic in the size range of 63-125 <i>µ</i>m readily flocculated with fine-grained natural sediment under relative particle number concentrations that can be observed in nature in high-turbidity estuarine and coastal environments. The implication of this flocculation is that the microplastic particles are suspended and transported incorporated in aggregates that settle faster than the individual microplastic particles. This is causing a continuous sedimentation of microplastic particles in estuarine and marine settings, resulting in increased microplastic loading for benthic life in these environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":55376,"journal":{"name":"Biological Bulletin","volume":"240 1","pages":"42-51"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/712929","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25487503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}