Biological Bulletin最新文献

{"title":"Knowledge Gaps in the Biology, Ecology, and Management of the Pacific Crown-of-Thorns Sea Star <i>Acanthaster</i> sp. on Australia's Great Barrier Reef.","authors":"Morgan S Pratchett,&nbsp;Ciemon F Caballes,&nbsp;Christopher Cvitanovic,&nbsp;Maia L Raymundo,&nbsp;Russell C Babcock,&nbsp;Mary C Bonin,&nbsp;Yves-Marie Bozec,&nbsp;Deborah Burn,&nbsp;Maria Byrne,&nbsp;Carolina Castro-Sanguino,&nbsp;Carla C M Chen,&nbsp;Scott A Condie,&nbsp;Zara-Louise Cowan,&nbsp;Dione J Deaker,&nbsp;Amelia Desbiens,&nbsp;Lyndon M Devantier,&nbsp;Peter J Doherty,&nbsp;Peter C Doll,&nbsp;Jason R Doyle,&nbsp;Symon A Dworjanyn,&nbsp;Katharina E Fabricius,&nbsp;Michael D E Haywood,&nbsp;Karlo Hock,&nbsp;Anne K Hoggett,&nbsp;Lone Høj,&nbsp;John K Keesing,&nbsp;Richard A Kenchington,&nbsp;Bethan J Lang,&nbsp;Scott D Ling,&nbsp;Samuel A Matthews,&nbsp;Hamish I McCallum,&nbsp;Camille Mellin,&nbsp;Benjamin Mos,&nbsp;Cherie A Motti,&nbsp;Peter J Mumby,&nbsp;Richard J W Stump,&nbsp;Sven Uthicke,&nbsp;Lyle Vail,&nbsp;Kennedy Wolfe,&nbsp;Shaun K Wilson","doi":"10.1086/717026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/717026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AbstractCrown-of-thorns sea stars (<i>Acanthaster</i> sp.) are among the most studied coral reef organisms, owing to their propensity to undergo major population irruptions, which contribute to significant coral loss and reef degradation throughout the Indo-Pacific. However, there are still important knowledge gaps pertaining to the biology, ecology, and management of <i>Acanthaster</i> sp. Renewed efforts to advance understanding and management of Pacific crown-of-thorns sea stars (<i>Acanthaster</i> sp.) on Australia's Great Barrier Reef require explicit consideration of relevant and tractable knowledge gaps. Drawing on established horizon scanning methodologies, this study identified contemporary knowledge gaps by asking active and/or established crown-of-thorns sea star researchers to pose critical research questions that they believe should be addressed to improve the understanding and management of crown-of-thorns sea stars on the Great Barrier Reef. A total of 38 participants proposed 246 independent research questions, organized into 7 themes: feeding ecology, demography, distribution and abundance, predation, settlement, management, and environmental change. Questions were further assigned to 48 specific topics nested within the 7 themes. During this process, redundant questions were removed, which reduced the total number of distinct research questions to 172. Research questions posed were mostly related to themes of demography (46 questions) and management (48 questions). The dominant topics, meanwhile, were the incidence of population irruptions (16 questions), feeding ecology of larval sea stars (15 questions), effects of elevated water temperature on crown-of-thorns sea stars (13 questions), and predation on juveniles (12 questions). While the breadth of questions suggests that there is considerable research needed to improve understanding and management of crown-of-thorns sea stars on the Great Barrier Reef, the predominance of certain themes and topics suggests a major focus for new research while also providing a roadmap to guide future research efforts.</p>","PeriodicalId":55376,"journal":{"name":"Biological Bulletin","volume":"241 3","pages":"330-346"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39899626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Progress Toward Complete Life-Cycle Culturing of the Endangered Sunflower Star, <i>Pycnopodia helianthoides</i>.","authors":"J Hodin,&nbsp;A Pearson-Lund,&nbsp;F P Anteau,&nbsp;P Kitaeff,&nbsp;S Cefalu","doi":"10.1086/716552","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/716552","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AbstractUntil recently, the sunflower star, <i>Pycnopodia helianthoides</i>, was a dominant and common predator in a wide variety of benthic habitats in the northeast Pacific. Then, in 2013, its populations began to plummet across its entire range as a result of the spread of a phenomenon known as sea star wasting disease, or sea star wasting. Although dozens of sea star species were impacted by this wasting event, <i>P. helianthoides</i> seems to have suffered the greatest losses and is now listed by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature as the first critically endangered sea star. In order to learn more about the life history of this endangered predator and to explore the potential for its restoration, we have initiated a captive rearing program to attempt complete life-cycle (egg-to-egg) culture for <i>P. helianthoides</i>. We report our observations on holding and distinguishing individual adults, reproductive seasonality, larval development, inducers of settlement, and early juvenile growth and feeding. These efforts will promote and help guide conservation interventions to protect remaining populations of this species in the wild and facilitate its ultimate return.</p>","PeriodicalId":55376,"journal":{"name":"Biological Bulletin","volume":"241 3","pages":"243-258"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39899627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cloning and Selfing Affect Population Genetic Variation in Simulations of Outcrossing, Sexual Sea Stars.","authors":"Michael W Hart,&nbsp;Vanessa I Guerra,&nbsp;Jonathan D Allen,&nbsp;Maria Byrne","doi":"10.1086/717293","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/717293","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AbstractMany sea stars are well known for facultative or obligate asexual reproduction in both the adult and larval life-cycle stages. Some species and lineages are also capable of facultative or obligate hermaphroditic reproduction with self-fertilization. However, models of population genetic variation and empirical analyses of genetic data typically assume only sexual reproduction and outcrossing. A recent reanalysis of previously published empirical data (microsatellite genotypes) from two studies of one of the most well-known sea star species (the crown-of-thorns sea star; <i>Acanthaster</i> sp.) concluded that cloning and self-fertilization in that species are rare and contribute little to patterns of population genetic variation. Here we reconsider that conclusion by simulating the contribution of cloning and selfing to genetic variation in a series of models of sea star demography. Simulated variation in two simple models (analogous to previous analyses of empirical data) was consistent with high rates of cloning or selfing or both. More realistic scenarios that characterize population flux in sea stars of ecological significance, including outbreaks of crown-of-thorns sea stars that devastate coral reefs, invasions by <i>Asterias amurensis</i>, and epizootics of sea star wasting disease that kill <i>Pisaster ochraceus</i>, also showed significant but smaller effects of cloning and selfing on variation within subpopulations and differentiation between subpopulations. Future models or analyses of genetic variation in similar study systems might benefit from simulation modeling to characterize possible contributions of cloning or selfing to genetic variation in population samples or to understand the limits on inferring the effects of cloning or selfing in nature.</p>","PeriodicalId":55376,"journal":{"name":"Biological Bulletin","volume":"241 3","pages":"286-302"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39810490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Echidnas of the Sea: The Defensive Behavior of Juvenile and Adult Crown-of-Thorns Sea Stars.","authors":"Dione J Deaker,&nbsp;Regina Balogh,&nbsp;Symon A Dworjanyn,&nbsp;Benjamin Mos,&nbsp;Maria Byrne","doi":"10.1086/716777","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/716777","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AbstractCrown-of-thorns sea stars are one of the most ecologically important tropical marine invertebrates, with boom-bust population dynamics that influence the community structure of coral reefs. Although predation is likely to influence the development of population outbreaks, little is known about the defensive behavior of crown-of-thorns sea stars. Righting behavior after being overturned, a key defensive response in echinoderms, was investigated for the newly settled herbivorous juvenile, the corallivorous juvenile, and adult stages of crown-of-thorns sea stars. The average righting time of the newly settled juveniles (0.3-1.0-mm diameter) was 2.74 minutes. For the coral-eating juveniles (15-55-mm diameter), the righting time (mean = 6.24 min) was faster in larger juveniles, and the mean righting time of the adults was 6.28 minutes. During righting and in response to being lifted off of the substrate, the juveniles and adults exhibited an arm curling response, during which their arms closed over their oral side, often forming a spine ball, a feature not known for other asteroids. The righting and curling responses of the corallivorous juveniles were influenced by the presence of a natural enemy, a coral guard crab, which caused the juveniles to spend more time with their arms curled. These behaviors indicate that crown-of-thorns sea stars use their spines to protect the soft tissue of their oral side. The highly defended morphology and behavioral adaptations of crown-of-thorns sea stars are likely to have evolved as antipredator mechanisms. This points to the potential importance of predators in regulating their populations, which may have decreased in recent times due to fishing, a factor that may contribute to outbreaks.</p>","PeriodicalId":55376,"journal":{"name":"Biological Bulletin","volume":"241 3","pages":"259-270"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39899623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Waiting Stage, Prolonged Residency in Nursery Habitats by Juveniles of the Predatory Sea Star <i>Marthasterias glacialis</i>.","authors":"Maria Byrne,&nbsp;Dan Minchin,&nbsp;Matthew Clements,&nbsp;Dione J Deaker","doi":"10.1086/715843","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/715843","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AbstractGrowth and recruitment of the sea star <i>Marthasterias glacialis</i> was followed over six years in Lough Hyne, southwest Ireland. Juveniles from a 2-mm radius were found on algae at <1-2-m depth following what appeared to be gregarious larval settlement. Data from Lough Hyne and Mulroy Bay (northwest Ireland) indicated that algal habitat serves as a nursery area for juveniles of <i>M. glacialis</i>. Successive size frequency modes of the juveniles at Lough Hyne indicated slow growth over 6 years, to a mean radius of 20 mm. The absence of additional recruitment allowed monitoring of a discrete population. Recruits in the nursery habitat over the six years remained as waiting stage juveniles, a Peter Pan group with delayed maturity subsisting on a diet of epibionts. An initial sharp decline in numbers indicated post-settlement mortality, with subsequent decline likely due to migration to the adjacent shelly habitat, where subadult <i>M. glacialis</i> (30-70-mm radius) lives. In this habitat, <i>M. glacialis</i> preys on small bivalves and eventually joins the adult (maximum radius = 280 mm) population on open sediment, where it feeds on large bivalves. Size frequency distributions of the juveniles and adults showed growth over the six years, with the waiting stage sea stars slowly merging in size with the adult population. It appears that the supply of new individuals into the adult population may take place six or more years following settlement. Strong connectivity between life stage habitats and prolonged recruitment into the adult population may contribute to balanced exploitation of infaunal prey.</p>","PeriodicalId":55376,"journal":{"name":"Biological Bulletin","volume":"241 3","pages":"219-230"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39899624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Receptor Tyrosine Kinases ror1/2 and ryk Are Co-expressed with Multiple Wnt Signaling Components During Early Development of Sea Urchin Embryos.","authors":"C Ka, S Gautam, S R Marshall, L P Tice, M Martinez-Bartolome, J L Fenner, R C Range","doi":"10.1086/715237","DOIUrl":"10.1086/715237","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AbstractA combination of receptors, co-receptors, and secreted Wnt modulators form protein complexes at the cell surface that activate one or more of the three different Wnt signaling pathways (Wnt/<i>β</i>-catenin, Wnt/JNK, and Wnt/Ca²⁺). Two or more of these pathways are often active in the same cellular territories, forming Wnt signaling networks; however, the molecular mechanisms necessary to integrate information from these pathways in these situations are unclear in any <i>in vivo</i> model system. Recent studies have implicated two Wnt binding receptor tyrosine kinases, receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor (Ror) and related-to-receptor tyrosine kinase (Ryk), in the regulation of canonical and non-canonical Wnt signaling pathways, depending on the context; however, the spatiotemporal expression of these genes in relation to Wnt signaling components has not been well characterized in most deuterostome model systems. Here we use a combination of phylogenetic and spatiotemporal gene expression analyses to characterize Ror and Ryk orthologs in sea urchin embryos. Our phylogenetic analysis indicates that both <i>ror1/2</i> and <i>ryk</i> originated as single genes from the metazoan ancestor. Expression analyses indicate that <i>ror1/2</i> and <i>ryk</i> are expressed in the same domains of many Wnt ligands and Frizzled receptors essential for the specification and patterning of germ layers along the early anterior-posterior axis. In addition, both genes are co-expressed with Wnt signaling components in the gut, ventral ectoderm, and anterior neuroectoderm territories later in development. Together, our results indicate that Ror and Ryk have a complex evolutionary history and that their spatiotemporal expression suggests that they could contribute to the complexity of Wnt signaling in early sea urchin embryogenesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":55376,"journal":{"name":"Biological Bulletin","volume":"241 2","pages":"140-157"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11257382/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10851223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Incubation Temperature and Maternal Resource Provisioning, but Not Contaminant Exposure, Shape Hatchling Phenotypes in a Species with Temperature-Dependent Sex Determination.","authors":"Samantha L Bock,&nbsp;Matthew D Hale,&nbsp;Thomas R Rainwater,&nbsp;Philip M Wilkinson,&nbsp;Benjamin B Parrott","doi":"10.1086/714572","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/714572","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AbstractThe environment experienced during embryonic development is a rich source of phenotypic variation, as environmental signals have the potential to both inform adaptive plastic responses and disrupt normal developmental programs. Environment-by-embryo interactions are particularly consequential for species with temperature-dependent sex determination, a mode of sex determination common in non-avian reptiles and fish, in which thermal cues during a discrete period of development drive the formation of either an ovary or a testis. Here we examine the impact of thermal variation during incubation in combination with developmental exposure to a common endocrine-disrupting contaminant on fitness-related hatchling traits in the American alligator (<i>Alligator mississippiensis</i>), a species with temperature-dependent sex determination. Using a factorial design, we exposed field-collected eggs to five thermal profiles (three constant temperatures, two fluctuating temperatures) and two environmentally relevant doses of the pesticide metabolite dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene; and we quantified incubation duration, sex ratios, hatchling morphometric traits, and growth (9-10 days post-hatch). Whereas dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene exposure did not generally affect hatchling traits, constant and fluctuating temperatures produced diverse phenotypic effects. Thermal fluctuations led to subtle changes in incubation duration and produced shorter hatchlings with smaller heads when compared to the constant temperature control. Warmer, male-promoting incubation temperatures resulted in larger hatchlings with more residual yolk reserves when compared to cooler, female-promoting temperatures. Together, these findings advance our understanding of how complex environmental factors interact with developing organisms to generate phenotypic variation and raise questions regarding the mechanisms connecting variable thermal conditions to responses in hatchling traits and their evolutionary implications for temperature-dependent sex determination.</p>","PeriodicalId":55376,"journal":{"name":"Biological Bulletin","volume":"241 1","pages":"43-54"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/714572","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39347127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate Change and Shell-Boring Polychaetes (Annelida: Spionidae): Current State of Knowledge and the Need for More Experimental Research.","authors":"Andrew A David","doi":"10.1086/714989","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/714989","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AbstractAnthropogenic climate change is considered to be one of the greatest threats facing marine biodiversity. The vast majority of experimental work investigating the effects of climate change stressors on marine organisms has focused on calcifying organisms, such as corals and molluscs, where cross-generational phenotypic changes can be easily quantified. Bivalves in particular have been the subject of numerous climate change studies, in part because of their economic value in the aquaculture industry and their important roles as ecosystem engineers. However, there has been little to no work investigating the effects of these stressors on the symbionts associated with these bivalves, specifically, their shell-boring polychaete parasites. This is important to understand because climate change may shift the synergistic relationship between parasite and host based on the individual responses of each. If such a shift favors proliferation of the polychaete, it may very well facilitate extinction of host bivalve populations. In this review I will (i) provide an overview of research completed thus far on the effects of climate change stressors on shell-boring polychaetes, (ii) discuss the technical challenges of studying these parasites in the laboratory, and (iii) propose a standardized framework for carrying out future <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> climate change experiments on shell-boring polychaetes.</p>","PeriodicalId":55376,"journal":{"name":"Biological Bulletin","volume":"241 1","pages":"4-15"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/714989","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39347130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Infrequent Fluctuations in Temperature and Salinity May Enhance Feeding in <i>Pisaster ochraceus</i> (Asteroidea) but Not in <i>Dendraster excentricus</i> (Echinoidea) Larvae.","authors":"Sophie B George,&nbsp;Eric Navarro,&nbsp;Dane Kawano","doi":"10.1086/716054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/716054","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AbstractIn recent years, low-salinity events characterized by high temperatures (18-23 °C) and low-salinity waters (20‰-22‰) have increased during late spring and summer, when many marine invertebrate larvae are developing. The present study examines the effects of low-salinity events on particle ingestion for larvae of two echinoderm species, the sea star <i>Pisaster ochraceus</i> and the sand dollar <i>Dendraster excentricus</i>. Larvae were exposed to high temperatures and low salinities for 24 hours, followed by feeding on the alga <i>Isochrysis galbana</i> in high or low salinity for another 10 minutes. Exposing <i>Pisaster</i> larvae to high temperatures and low salinities, followed by feeding in low salinity, did not impair ingestion rates. In fact, these larvae ingested particles at similar and sometimes higher rates than those in the controls. In sharp contrast, a 24-hour exposure to a high temperature and low salinity, followed by continued exposure to low salinity to feed, led to a decrease in the number of particles ingested by 8-arm <i>Dendraster</i> larvae. Larvae of both species captured very few particles when returned to 30‰ after a low-salinity event, indicating that continuous interruption of larval feeding by low-salinity events during development could be deleterious. Sand dollar larvae may have responded negatively to low-salinity events in our experiments because they are found in protected bays, where they may seldom experience these events.</p>","PeriodicalId":55376,"journal":{"name":"Biological Bulletin","volume":"241 1","pages":"77-91"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39347128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Local Adaptation in Marine Foundation Species at Microgeographic Scales.","authors":"C G Hays,&nbsp;T C Hanley,&nbsp;A R Hughes,&nbsp;S B Truskey,&nbsp;R A Zerebecki,&nbsp;E E Sotka","doi":"10.1086/714821","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/714821","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AbstractNearshore foundation species in coastal and estuarine systems (<i>e.g.</i>, salt marsh grasses, mangroves, seagrasses, corals) drive the ecological functions of ecosystems and entire biomes by creating physical structure that alters local abiotic conditions and influences species interactions and composition. The resilience of foundation species and the ecosystem functions they provide depends on their phenotypic and genetic responses to spatial and temporal shifts in environmental conditions. In this review, we explore what is known about the causes and consequences of adaptive genetic differentiation in marine foundation species over spatial scales shorter than dispersal capabilities (<i>i.e.</i>, microgeographic scales). We describe the strength of coupling field and laboratory experiments with population genetic techniques to illuminate patterns of local adaptation, and we illustrate this approach by using several foundation species. Among the major themes that emerge from our review include (1) adaptive differentiation of marine foundation species repeatedly evolves along vertical (<i>i.e.</i>, elevation or depth) gradients, and (2) mating system and phenology may facilitate this differentiation. Microgeographic adaptation is an understudied mechanism potentially underpinning the resilience of many sessile marine species, and this evolutionary mechanism likely has particularly important consequences for the ecosystem functions provided by foundation species.</p>","PeriodicalId":55376,"journal":{"name":"Biological Bulletin","volume":"241 1","pages":"16-29"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/714821","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39346545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}