Biological Bulletin最新文献

{"title":"A Novel Behavioral Display in <i>Lymnaea</i> Induced by Quercetin and Hypoxia.","authors":"Veronica Rivi,&nbsp;Anuradha Batabyal,&nbsp;Cristina Benatti,&nbsp;Fabio Tascedda,&nbsp;Joan M C Blom,&nbsp;Ken Lukowiak","doi":"10.1086/725689","DOIUrl":"10.1086/725689","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AbstractThe pond snail <i>Lymnaea stagnalis</i> employs aerial respiration under hypoxia and can be operantly conditioned to reduce this behavior. When applied individually, a heat shock (30 °C for 1 h) and the flavonoid quercetin enhance long-term memory formation for the operant conditioning of aerial respiration. However, when snails are exposed to quercetin before the heat shock, long-term memory is no longer enhanced. This is because quercetin prevents the heat-induced upregulation of heat-shock proteins 70 and 40. When we tested the memory outcome of operant conditioning due to the simultaneous exposure to quercetin and 30 °C, we found that <i>Lymnaea</i> entered a quiescent survival state. The same behavioral response occurred when snails were simultaneously exposed to quercetin and pond water made hypoxic by bubbling nitrogen through it. Thus, in this study, we performed six experiments to propose a physiological explanation for that curious behavioral response. Our results suggest that bubbling nitrogen in pond water, heating pond water to 30 °C, and bubbling nitrogen in 30 °C pond water create a hypoxic environment, to which organisms may respond by upregulating the heat-shock protein system. On the other hand, when snails experience quercetin together with these hypoxic conditions, they can no longer express the physiological stress response evoked by heat or hypoxia. Thus, the quiescent survival state could be an emergency response to survive the hypoxic condition when the heat-shock proteins cannot be activated.</p>","PeriodicalId":55376,"journal":{"name":"Biological Bulletin","volume":"244 2","pages":"115-127"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41172706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Locomotory Palp Function in Interstitial Annelids.","authors":"Will M Ballentine,&nbsp;Kelly M Dorgan","doi":"10.1086/724580","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/724580","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AbstractThe interstitial environment of marine sediments is a complex network of voids and pores that is inhabited by a diverse and abundant fauna. Animals living within these interstitial spaces show widespread functional adaptations to this environment and have developed many strategies for moving and navigating through small spaces. Interstitial annelids demonstrate a remarkable level of morphologic diversity, and some possess dexterous, filiform palps (tentacle-like appendages common across Annelida). The function(s) of these palps in interstitial spaces has not been closely examined, and we propose that they serve a sensory role in the navigation of interstitial spaces. We investigated the locomotory function of long, dexterous palps in three families of interstitial annelids to determine their role in interstitial navigation. We observed two species of protodrilids (Protodrilidae), <i>Pharyngocirrus eroticus</i> (Saccocirridae), and <i>Protodorvillea recuperata</i> (Dorvilleidae), as they moved through two transparent sand analogs: cyolite and glass beads. All four species of annelids consistently used their palps to probe the interstitial environment while locomoting, and the distance probed with their palps was greater than the distance traveled with their heads, indicating a sensory form of palp-based navigation. The functionality of palps as sensory organs in the interstitial environment raises interesting questions about interstitial navigation and how fauna without appendages map their surroundings. The discovery of this previously undocumented function was possible only through the direct observation of interstitial behavior and emphasizes the importance of developing new techniques to study these animals in more natural habitats.</p>","PeriodicalId":55376,"journal":{"name":"Biological Bulletin","volume":"244 1","pages":"51-62"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9513630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Investigation into the Mechanism Mediating Counterillumination in Myctophid Fishes (Myctophidae).","authors":"Ryan Mullan,&nbsp;Alex D Davis,&nbsp;Tracey T Sutton,&nbsp;Sönke Johnsen","doi":"10.1086/724803","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/724803","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AbstractCounterillumination is a camouflage strategy employed primarily by mesopelagic fishes, sharks, crustaceans, and squid, which use ventral bioluminescence to obscure their silhouettes when viewed from below. Although certain counterilluminating species have been shown to control the intensity of their ventral emissions to match the background downwelling light, the feedback mechanism mediating this ability is poorly understood. One proposed mechanism involves the presence and use of eye-facing photophores that would allow simultaneous detection and comparison of photophore emissions and downwelling solar light. Eye-facing photophores have been found in at least 34 species of counterilluminating stomiiform fishes and the myctophid <i>Tarletonbeania crenularis</i>. Here, we examined nine phylogenetically spaced myctophid species for eye-facing photophores to assess whether this mechanism is as prevalent in this group as it is in the Stomiiformes. First, microcomputed tomography imaging data were collected for each species, and three-dimensional reconstructions of the fishes were developed to identify potential eye-facing photophores. The fishes were then dissected under a stereomicroscope to confirm the presence of all identified photophores, probe for any photophores missed in the reconstruction analysis, and determine the orientation of the photophores' emissions. Although photophores were identified near the orbits of all species examined, none of the fishes' photophores directed light into their orbits, suggesting that myctophids may regulate bioluminescence through an alternative mechanism.</p>","PeriodicalId":55376,"journal":{"name":"Biological Bulletin","volume":"244 1","pages":"63-69"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9891758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fundamental Niche Narrows through Larval Stages of a Filter-Feeding Marine Invertebrate.","authors":"Emily L Richardson,&nbsp;Dustin J Marshall","doi":"10.1086/725151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/725151","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AbstractOntogenetic niche theory predicts that resource use should change across complex life histories. To date, studies of ontogenetic shifts in food niches have mainly focused on a few systems (<i>e.g.</i>, fish), with less attention on organisms with filter-feeding larval stages (<i>e.g.</i>, marine invertebrates). Recent studies suggest that filter-feeding organisms can select specific particles, but our understanding of whether niche theory applies to this group is limited. We characterized the fundamental niche (<i>i.e.</i>, feeding proficiency) by examining how niche breadth changes across the larval stages of the filter-feeding marine polychaete <i>Galeolaria caespitosa</i>. Using a no-choice experimental design, we measured feeding rates of trochophore, intermediate-stage, and metatrochophore larvae on the prey phytoplankton species <i>Nannochloropsis oculata</i>, <i>Tisochrysis lutea</i>, <i>Dunaliella tertiolecta</i>, and <i>Rhodomonas salina</i>, which vary 10-fold in size, from the smallest to the largest. We formally estimated Levins's niche breadth index to determine the relative proportions of each species in the diet of the three larval stages and also tested how feeding rates vary with algal species and stage. We found that early stages eat all four algal species in roughly equal proportions, but niche breadth narrows during ontogeny, such that metatrochophores are feeding specialists relative to early stages. We also found that feeding rates differed across phytoplankton species: the medium-sized cells (<i>Tisochrysis</i> and <i>Dunaliella</i>) were eaten most, and the smallest species (<i>Nannochloropsis</i>) was eaten the least. Our results demonstrate that ontogenetic niche theory describes changes in fundamental niche in filter feeders. An important next step is to test whether the realized niche (<i>i.e.</i>, preference) changes during the larval phase as well.</p>","PeriodicalId":55376,"journal":{"name":"Biological Bulletin","volume":"244 1","pages":"25-34"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9891760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Increasing Temperature Results in Higher Allocation of Energy to Protein Synthesis in Sea Urchin Larvae (<i>Lytechinus pictus</i>).","authors":"Melissa B DellaTorre,&nbsp;Donal T Manahan","doi":"10.1086/723369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/723369","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AbstractIt is well established that metabolic processes change with temperature and size. Yet the underlying physiological mechanisms are less well understood regarding how such processes covary within a species and particularly so for developmental stages. Physiological analysis of larvae of the sea urchin <i>Lytechinus pictus</i> revealed that protein was the major biochemical substrate supporting metabolism. The complex dynamics of protein synthesis, turnover, and accretion changed during growth, showing a sevenfold decrease in the ratio of protein accretion to protein synthesis (protein depositional efficiency). To test hypotheses of physiological variation with rising temperature, larvae were reared over a temperature range experienced by this species in its ambient habitat. The thermal sensitivity of protein synthesis was greater than respiration (thermal sensitivity values of 3.7 and 2.4, respectively). Bioenergetic calculations revealed a disproportionate increase in energy allocation toward protein synthesis with rising temperature. These differential temperature sensitivities result in metabolic trade-offs of energy acquisition and expenditure, thereby altering physiological homeostasis. Such insights are of value for improving predictions about limits of biological resilience in a warming ocean.</p>","PeriodicalId":55376,"journal":{"name":"Biological Bulletin","volume":"244 1","pages":"35-50"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9891764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"There and Back Again: The Unexpected Journeys of <i>Metridium</i> de Blainville, 1824 between the Old Oceans and throughout the Modern World.","authors":"Heather Glon,&nbsp;Vreni Häussermann,&nbsp;Paul E Brewin,&nbsp;Paul Brickle,&nbsp;Sungsik Kong,&nbsp;Megan L Smith,&nbsp;Marymegan Daly","doi":"10.1086/723800","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/723800","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AbstractMembers of the sea anemone genus <i>Metridium</i> are abundant in temperate rocky habitats and fouling communities. Their biogeographic history is expected to reflect changes in currents and habitats that have influenced benthic communities, such as the climate-influenced changes that occurred during the Last Glacial Maximum. More recently, however, anthropogenic influences such as shipping transportation and the creation of artificial habitat have altered and affected the composition of modern-day marine communities. Here we use sequence-capture data to examine the genetic structure of <i>Metridium</i> across its shallow-water distribution to (1) evaluate species boundaries within <i>Metridium</i>, (2) elucidate the dispersal history of <i>Metridium</i> between and among oceans, and (3) assess the influence of anthropogenic movement on modern-day populations. We find strong evidence for two species within <i>Metridium</i>: <i>M. farcimen</i> and <i>M. senile</i>. Dispersal from the Pacific to the Atlantic included a subsequent isolation of a small population in or above the Bering Sea, which has presumably moved southward. Within the native range of <i>M. senile</i>, admixture is prevalent even between oceans as a result of anthropogenic activities. The nonnative populations in Chile and the Falkland Islands came from at least two distinct introduction events originating from both coasts of the United States in the North Pacific and North Atlantic Oceans. Hybridization between <i>M. senile</i> and <i>M. farcimen</i> is documented as occurring in anthropogenically influenced habitats. The heavy influence from anthropogenic activities will continue to impact our understanding of marine organisms, particularly within the native range and for those that are easily transported across long distances.</p>","PeriodicalId":55376,"journal":{"name":"Biological Bulletin","volume":"244 1","pages":"9-24"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9891761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In Amphioxus Embryos, Some Neural Tube Cells Resemble Differentiating Coronet Cells of Fishes and Tunicates.","authors":"Nicholas D Holland,&nbsp;Jennifer H Mansfield","doi":"10.1086/724581","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/724581","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AbstractFor neurula embryos of amphioxus (chordate subphylum Cephalochordata), the anterior region of the neural tube was studied with transmission electron microscopy. This survey demonstrated previously unreported cells, each characterized by a cilium bearing on its shaft a protruding lateral bubble packed with vesicles. Such cilia resemble those known from immature coronet cells in other chordates-namely, fishes in the Vertebrata and ascidians and appendicularians in the Tunicata. This wide occurrence of coronet-like cells raises questions about their possible homologies within the phylum Chordata. When considered at the level of the whole cell, such homology is not well supported. For example, the fish cells are generally thought to be glia, while the tunicate cells are considered to be neurons; moreover, cytoplasmic smooth endoplasmic reticulum, which is predominant in the former, is undetectable in the latter. In contrast, a more convincing case for homology can be made by limiting comparisons to the cell apices with their modified cilia. In addition to the fine-structural similarities between fishes and tunicates already mentioned, nonvisual opsins have been found associated with the vesicles in the modified cilia of both groups. Such opsins are thought to link photoreception to endocrine output controlling behavior. Further work would be needed to test the idea that the amphioxus diencephalic cells with lateral bubble cilia might similarly be opsin rich and could provide insights into the evolutionary history of the coronet cells within the phylum Chordata.</p>","PeriodicalId":55376,"journal":{"name":"Biological Bulletin","volume":"244 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9891762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effective Connectivity Between the Orbitofrontal Cortex and the Precuneus Differentiates Major Psychiatric Disorders: Results from a Transdiagnostic Spectral DCM Study.","authors":"João Paulo Rema, Filipa Novais, Diogo Telles-Correia","doi":"10.2174/1871527321666220516111544","DOIUrl":"10.2174/1871527321666220516111544","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Translational psychiatry has been a hot topic in neurosciences research. The authors present a commentary on the relevant findings from a transdiagnostic study applicable to clinic practice. Additional discussion on conceptual and clinical insight into this current broad line of research is explored in the integration of multi-level paradigm in Psychiatry research.</p>","PeriodicalId":55376,"journal":{"name":"Biological Bulletin","volume":"141 1","pages":"1133-1136"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91377112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Minor Genetic Consequences of a Major Mass Mortality: Short-Term Effects in <i>Pisaster ochraceus</i>.","authors":"Lauren M Schiebelhut, Melina Giakoumis, Rita Castilho, Paige J Duffin, Jonathan B Puritz, John P Wares, Gary M Wessel, Michael N Dawson","doi":"10.1086/722284","DOIUrl":"10.1086/722284","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AbstractMass mortality events are increasing globally in frequency and magnitude, largely as a result of human-induced change. The effects of these mass mortality events, in both the long and short term, are of imminent concern because of their ecosystem impacts. Genomic data can be used to reveal some of the population-level changes associated with mass mortality events. Here, we use reduced-representation sequencing to identify potential short-term genetic impacts of a mass mortality event associated with a sea star wasting outbreak. We tested for changes in the population for genetic differentiation, diversity, and effective population size between pre-sea star wasting and post-sea star wasting populations of <i>Pisaster ochraceus</i>-a species that suffered high sea star wasting-associated mortality (75%-100% at 80% of sites). We detected no significant population-based genetic differentiation over the spatial scale sampled; however, the post-sea star wasting population tended toward more differentiation across sites than the pre-sea star wasting population. Genetic estimates of effective population size did not detectably change, consistent with theoretical expectations; however, rare alleles were lost. While we were unable to detect significant population-based genetic differentiation or changes in effective population size over this short time period, the genetic burden of this mass mortality event may be borne by future generations, unless widespread recruitment mitigates the population decline. Prior results from <i>P. ochraceus</i> indicated that natural selection played a role in altering allele frequencies following this mass mortality event. In addition to the role of selection found in a previous study on the genomic impacts of sea star wasting on <i>P. ochraceus</i>, our current study highlights the potential role the stochastic loss of many individuals plays in altering how genetic variation is structured across the landscape. Future genetic monitoring is needed to determine long-term genetic impacts in this long-lived species. Given the increased frequency of mass mortality events, it is important to implement demographic and genetic monitoring strategies that capture baselines and background dynamics to better contextualize species' responses to large perturbations.</p>","PeriodicalId":55376,"journal":{"name":"Biological Bulletin","volume":"243 3","pages":"328-338"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10668074/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10287575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Opsins in the Cephalic and Extracephalic Photoreceptors in the Marine Gastropod <i>Onchidium verruculatum</i>.","authors":"Ryota Matsuo,&nbsp;Sanae Kotoh,&nbsp;Kiyotaka Takishita,&nbsp;Katsuhiko Sakamoto,&nbsp;Tatsuya Uebi,&nbsp;Mamiko Ozaki,&nbsp;Yuko Matsuo,&nbsp;Takako Nishi","doi":"10.1086/723013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/723013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AbstractThe marine gastropod <i>Onchidium verruculatum</i> has a pair of ocular photoreceptors, the stalk eyes, on the tip of its stalk near the head, as well as several extracephalic photosensory organs. The retinas of the stalk eye consist of two morphologically distinct visual cells, namely, the type I cells equipped with well-developed microvilli and the type II cells with less developed microvilli. The extracephalic photosensors comprise the dorsal eye, dermal photoreceptor, and brain photosensitive neurons. The characteristics of these cephalic and extracephalic photosensory organs have been studied from morphological and electrophysiological perspectives. However, little is known about the visual pigment molecules responsible for light detection in these organs. In the present study, we searched for opsin molecules that are expressed in the neural tissues of <i>Onchidium</i> and identified six putative signaling-competent opsin species, including Xenopsin1, Xenopsin2, Gq-coupled rhodopsin1, Gq-coupled rhodopsin2, Opsin-5B, and Gq-coupled rhodopsin-like. Immunohistochemical staining of four of the six opsins revealed that Xenopsin1, Gq-coupled rhodopsin1, and Gq-coupled rhodopsin2 are expressed in the rhabdomere of the stalk eye and in the dermal photoreceptor. Xenopsin2 was expressed in the type II photoreceptors of the stalk eye and in the ciliary photoreceptors of the dorsal eye. These immunohistochemical data were consistent with the results of the expression analysis, revealed by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. This study clarified the identities of opsins expressed in the extracephalic photosensory organs of <i>Onchidium</i> and the distinct molecular compositions among the photoreceptors.</p>","PeriodicalId":55376,"journal":{"name":"Biological Bulletin","volume":"243 3","pages":"339-352"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9073839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}