Biological Bulletin最新文献

{"title":"Controversial Roles of Oxygen in Organismal Responses to Climate Warming.","authors":"David Atkinson,&nbsp;Garrath Leighton,&nbsp;Michael Berenbrink","doi":"10.1086/722471","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/722471","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AbstractDespite the global ecological importance of climate change, controversy surrounds how oxygen affects the fate of aquatic ectotherms under warming. Disagreements extend to the nature of oxygen bioavailability and whether oxygen usually limits growth under warming, explaining smaller adult size. These controversies affect two influential hypotheses: gill oxygen limitation and oxygen- and capacity-limited thermal tolerance. Here, we promote deeper integration of physiological and evolutionary mechanisms. We first clarify the nature of oxygen bioavailability in water, developing a new mass-transfer model that can be adapted to compare warming impacts on organisms with different respiratory systems and flow regimes. By distinguishing aerobic energy costs of moving oxygen from environment to tissues from costs of all other functions, we predict a decline in energy-dependent fitness during hypoxia despite approximately constant total metabolic rate before reaching critically low environmental oxygen. A new measure of oxygen bioavailability that keeps costs of generating water convection constant predicts a higher thermal sensitivity of oxygen uptake in an amphipod model than do previous oxygen supply indices. More importantly, by incorporating size- and temperature-dependent costs of generating water flow, we propose that oxygen limitation at different body sizes and temperatures can be modeled mechanistically. We then report little evidence for oxygen limitation of growth and adult size under benign warming. Yet occasional oxygen limitation, we argue, may, along with other selective pressures, help maintain adaptive plastic responses to warming. Finally, we discuss how to overcome flaws in a commonly used growth model that undermine predictions of warming impacts.</p>","PeriodicalId":55376,"journal":{"name":"Biological Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10433057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrative Approaches to Understanding Organismal Responses to Aquatic Deoxygenation.","authors":"H Arthur Woods,&nbsp;Amy L Moran,&nbsp;David Atkinson,&nbsp;Asta Audzijonyte,&nbsp;Michael Berenbrink,&nbsp;Francisco O Borges,&nbsp;Karen G Burnett,&nbsp;Louis E Burnett,&nbsp;Christopher J Coates,&nbsp;Rachel Collin,&nbsp;Elisa M Costa-Paiva,&nbsp;Murray I Duncan,&nbsp;Rasmus Ern,&nbsp;Elise M J Laetz,&nbsp;Lisa A Levin,&nbsp;Max Lindmark,&nbsp;Noelle M Lucey,&nbsp;Lillian R McCormick,&nbsp;James J Pierson,&nbsp;Rui Rosa,&nbsp;Michael R Roman,&nbsp;Eduardo Sampaio,&nbsp;Patricia M Schulte,&nbsp;Erik A Sperling,&nbsp;Aleksandra Walczyńska,&nbsp;Wilco C E P Verberk","doi":"10.1086/722899","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/722899","url":null,"abstract":"Oxygen bioavailability is declining in aquatic systems worldwide as a result of climate change and other anthropogenic stressors. For aquatic organisms, the consequences are poorly known but are likely to reflect both direct effects of declining oxygen bioavailability and interactions between oxygen and other stressors, including two—warming and acidification—that have received substantial attention in recent decades and that typically accompany oxygen changes. Drawing on the collected papers in this symposium volume (“An Oxygen Perspective on Climate Change”), we outline the causes and consequences of declining oxygen bioavailability. First, we discuss the scope of natural and predicted anthropogenic changes in aquatic oxygen levels. Although modern organisms are the result of long evolutionary histories during which they were exposed to natural oxygen regimes, anthropogenic change is now exposing them to more extreme conditions and novel combinations of low oxygen with other stressors. Second, we identify behavioral and physiological mechanisms that underlie the interactive effects of oxygen with other stressors, and we assess the range of potential organismal responses to oxygen limitation that occur across levels of biological organization and over multiple timescales. We argue that metabolism and energetics provide a powerful and unifying framework for understanding organism-oxygen interactions. Third, we conclude by outlining a set of approaches for maximizing the effectiveness of future work, including focusing on long-term experiments using biologically realistic variation in experimental factors and taking truly cross-disciplinary and integrative approaches to understanding and predicting future effects.","PeriodicalId":55376,"journal":{"name":"Biological Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10433055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microbiome and Metabolome Contributions to Coral Health and Disease.","authors":"Monica Schul,&nbsp;Andrea Mason,&nbsp;Blake Ushijima,&nbsp;Jennifer M Sneed","doi":"10.1086/720971","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/720971","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AbstractCoral populations are declining worldwide as a result of increased environmental stressors, including disease. Coral health is greatly dependent on complex interactions between the host animal and its associated microbial symbionts. While relatively understudied, there is growing evidence that the coral microbiome contributes to the health and resilience of corals in a variety of ways, similar to more well-studied systems, such as the human microbiome. Many of these interactions are dependent upon the production and exchange of natural products, including antibacterial compounds, quorum-sensing molecules, internal signaling molecules, nutrients, and so on. While advances in sequencing, culturing, and metabolomic techniques have aided in moving forward the understanding of coral microbiome interactions, current sequence and metabolite databases are lacking, hindering detailed descriptions of the microbes and metabolites involved. This review focuses on the roles of coral microbiomes in health and disease processes of coral hosts, with special attention to the coral metabolome. We discuss what is currently known about the relationship between the coral microbiome and disease, of beneficial microbial products or services, and how the manipulation of the coral microbiome may chemically benefit the coral host against disease. Understanding coral microbiome-metabolome interactions is critical to assisting management, conservation, and restoration strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":55376,"journal":{"name":"Biological Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40360252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Where Do Larvae Go? Some Go Really Far, but Others Maybe Not That Far.","authors":"Richard B Emlet","doi":"10.1086/722029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/722029","url":null,"abstract":"The Biological Bulletin has been a source of studies on marine larvae since its inception and contains contributions on larval life history, evolution, ecology, feeding, and physiology, among other topics. Larvae as organisms has been a focal topic in the journal. While papers on insect and vertebrate larvae were common in the early years, recent volumes mainly address marine larvae. In consideration of the 125th anniversary of the journal, I scanned the first 25 volumes, and I also queried Web of Science (Clavariate Analytics) for the topic “larvae” in The Biological Bulletin. The earliest papers are anatomical and behavioral and cover all animal groups (e.g., bowfin embryos, Prather, 1900. Biol. Bull. 1: 57–80; ant larvae, Wheeler, 1900. Biol. Bull. 2: 1–31; zoanthid larvae, Cary, 1904. Biol. Bull. 7: 75–78; geotropism in sea urchin larvae, Lyon, 1906. Biol. Bull. 12: 21–22; heliotropism in shrimp larvae, Lyon, 1906. Biol. Bull. 12: 23–25). My search of the publication “Biological Bulletin” in Web of Science (back to its start in 1965) returned over 4900 titles (not counting meeting abstracts). Adding “larvae” as a topic returned 741 titles, indicating that 15% of all contributions mention larvae. Three articles on marine larvae are among the top 10 most cited titles in the journal. Two are on larval dispersal (Shanks, 2009. Biol. Bull. 216: 373–385 [496 citations] and Scheltema, 1971. Biol. Bull. 140: 284–322 [451 citations]), and a third is on fertilization in the field (Pennington, 1985. Biol. Bull. 169: 417–430 [444 citations]). I will discuss the two papers on larval dispersal for contrast. Scheltema (1971) addresses the possibility that larvae are transported long distances across the ocean and maintain genetic continuity. In particular, he made this argument for some species of gastropods that are found on both sides of the Atlantic. The study maps where larvae of 10 coastal species were found in plankton samples taken at stations all across the northern Atlantic ocean (Scheltema’s figs. 4–12) in both warm-temperate and tropical waters. Although the presence of coastal larvae in open ocean waters","PeriodicalId":55376,"journal":{"name":"Biological Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40360251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cephalopods and Neuroscience Go Arm in Arm in <i>The Biological Bulletin</i>.","authors":"Charles Derby","doi":"10.1086/721792","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/721792","url":null,"abstract":"Cephalopods and scientists have for decades been partners in the pages ofThe Biological Bulletin, owing to the fascinating biology of these charismaticmegafauna, their accessibility at Woods Hole’s Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL), and the focus of The Biological Bulletin on the comparative biology of marine animals. In particular, longfin inshore squid, Doryteuthis pealeii, sometimes called the “Woods Hole squid” (Fig. 1) because they migrate each spring to the waters of Cape Cod, have lured neuroscientists to Woods Hole to study the neurons that control the distinctive jetescape behavior of these animals. In the summer of 1936, the 29-year-old English comparative zoologist John Zachary (JZ) Young (Fig. 2) came to Woods Hole to study the stellate ganglion of squid—in particular that ganglion’s characteristic motor neuron, with its giant axon. This neuron integrates various inputs and, when sufficiently excited, produces an action potential that rapidly travels via its giant axon to the mantle muscles of the squid’s body. There, excitation of circularmuscle fibers causes a contraction of themantle, and the ensuing rapid jet-escape behavior. That summer, Young had three main lines of investigation of these neurons. One was a collaboration with a longtime MBL summer researcher, C. Ladd Prosser, also 29 years old that summer (Fig. 2), in which they studied the physiology of the synapses between these motor giant axons and the circular muscle. Prosser and Young published their work from the summer of 1936 in the next year’s October issue of The Biological Bulletin (“Responses of Muscles of the Squid to Repetitive Stimulation of the Giant Nerve Fibers,” 73: 237–241; Fig. 3). They examined whether the responses of these muscle fibers were facilitating, that is, whether the responses became larger with each of a series of axon potentials. Prosser and Young’s interest was driven by their commitment to comparative physiology. They knew that the","PeriodicalId":55376,"journal":{"name":"Biological Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40360257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Review of Asteroid Biology in the Context of Sea Star Wasting: Possible Causes and Consequences.","authors":"Nathalie Oulhen, Maria Byrne, Paige Duffin, Marta Gomez-Chiarri, Ian Hewson, Jason Hodin, Brenda Konar, Erin K Lipp, Benjamin G Miner, Alisa L Newton, Lauren M Schiebelhut, Roxanna Smolowitz, Sarah J Wahltinez, Gary M Wessel, Thierry M Work, Hossam A Zaki, John P Wares","doi":"10.1086/719928","DOIUrl":"10.1086/719928","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AbstractSea star wasting-marked in a variety of sea star species as varying degrees of skin lesions followed by disintegration-recently caused one of the largest marine die-offs ever recorded on the west coast of North America, killing billions of sea stars. Despite the important ramifications this mortality had for coastal benthic ecosystems, such as increased abundance of prey, little is known about the causes of the disease or the mechanisms of its progression. Although there have been studies indicating a range of causal mechanisms, including viruses and environmental effects, the broad spatial and depth range of affected populations leaves many questions remaining about either infectious or non-infectious mechanisms. Wasting appears to start with degradation of mutable connective tissue in the body wall, leading to disintegration of the epidermis. Here, we briefly review basic sea star biology in the context of sea star wasting and present our current knowledge and hypotheses related to the symptoms, the microbiome, the viruses, and the associated environmental stressors. We also highlight throughout the article knowledge gaps and the data needed to better understand sea star wasting mechanistically, its causes, and potential management.</p>","PeriodicalId":55376,"journal":{"name":"Biological Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10642522/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10293801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quadrupedal Walking with the Skin: The Ambulatory Flaps in \"Walking\" Cuttlefish (Paintpot Cuttlefish, <i>Metasepia tullbergi</i>).","authors":"Ayano Omura,&nbsp;Haruka Takano,&nbsp;Shin-Ichiro Oka,&nbsp;Shiro Takei","doi":"10.1086/720766","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/720766","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AbstractThe locomotion strategy of cephalopods is an important factor that influences their ability to exploit various oceanic environments. Particularly, <i>Metasepia</i> cuttlefish have a unique locomotion strategy; they prefer slow walking (ambling) on the seafloor over swimming. For this locomotion, they use their ventral arms as forelimbs and ambulatory flaps as hindlimbs. This locomotion is similar to the gait of quadruped vertebrates, where the forelimbs and hindlimbs on the left and right move alternately. The original description and some textbooks have considered these flaps to be muscular; however, this has not been proven. Here, we report the histological morphology of the ambulatory flaps of <i>Metasepia tullbergi</i> and their ambling locomotion. Histological observations indicated that the ambulatory flaps had a papillae structure comprising papillae musculature (dermal erector or retractor muscles) and connective tissue in the skin. Behavioral observations indicated that the ambulatory flaps changed their shape during ambling, which could explain the existence of the skin papillae. Our results suggest that ambulatory flaps are skin papillae, which can change shape by using their papillae musculature and connective tissue. This is a unique feature of <i>Metasepia</i> species that use the skin papillae for locomotion.</p>","PeriodicalId":55376,"journal":{"name":"Biological Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40360255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Serendipity and Sea Urchins.","authors":"Louis E Burnett","doi":"10.1086/721915","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/721915","url":null,"abstract":"Among the myriad of organisms that have been studied by biologists over the past 125 years, echinoderms, in particular, have been featured prominently in The Biological Bulletin throughout its history, going back to its immediate journal predecessor, the Zoölogical Bulletin (Andrews, 1898. Zool. Bull. 2: 1–13). There have been many studies published in the Bulletin on echinoderm embryology, developmental biology, behavior, natural history, morphology, and physiology. These pentaradial wonders have been useful for studying basic biology and more recently in understanding effects of climate change and ocean acidification on organisms (Matson et al., 2012. Biol. Bull. 223: 312–327; Dubois, 2014. Biol. Bull. 226: 223–236). My own brush with echinoderms was no accident, but some of the findings were a surprise (Burnett et al., 2002. Biol. Bull. 203: 42–50). On an excursion to one of my favorite research spots, the Oregon Institute of Marine Biology, in Charleston, Oregon, I was working with my longtime friend and colleague Nora Terwilliger and a few of my other favorite colleagues. We were there to examine the physiological responses of some of the local organisms when exposed to the air at low tide, an interest of mine. We had picked the purple sea urchin and a large barnacle as test organisms. They were good candidates because we could easily sample fluid from their body cavities. The sea urchins were especially easy to sample. And we would measure things that any respiratory and acid-base physiologist would measure. Early in our study, serendipity paid us a visit. I remember David Scholnick, one in our group, walking into the lab, holding a sea urchin, and proclaiming that sea urchins leak water from somewhere for minutes after they are exposed to air. We knew how to sample the fluid, called perivisceral coelomic fluid (PCF), from the main body compartment; and this allowed us to make our measurements. But now we had to figure out what was going on with this substantial volume of fluid, which we called “emersion fluid,” that was","PeriodicalId":55376,"journal":{"name":"Biological Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40360247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic Evidence Supports Species Delimitation of <i>Luidia</i> in the Northern Gulf of Mexico.","authors":"Michelle D Shilling,&nbsp;Stacy A Krueger-Hadfield,&nbsp;James B McClintock","doi":"10.1086/720972","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/720972","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AbstractAccurate species delimitation is crucial to understanding biodiversity. In the northern Gulf of Mexico, recent genetic evidence has suggested that the tricolor <i>Luidia lawrencei</i> is not a species distinct from the gray <i>Luidia clathrata</i>. We collected <i>Luidia</i> specimens from Apalachee Bay, Florida, and morphologically identified 11 as <i>L. clathrata</i> and 16 as <i>L. lawrencei</i>. We sequenced 1074 bp of the cytochrome <i>c</i> oxidase subunit I (<i>COI</i>) and found ~14% divergence between <i>L. clathrata</i> and <i>L. lawrencei</i>, suggesting two distinct species (within-species divergence was <1%). Two specimens were phenotypically <i>L. lawrencei</i> (<i>i.e.</i>, tricolor morph) but mitochondrially were <i>L. clathrata</i>. Our findings lend support to maintaining <i>L. clathrata</i> and <i>L. lawrencei</i> as distinct species. However, the species boundary between these two taxa may be porous, and ongoing hybridization may occur when the two species are found in sympatry. Future work with nuclear markers is warranted to determine the frequency of hybridization and the extent of introgression. Clarifying the genetic relationship between these species will provide a baseline for assessing ongoing changes in connectivity of these two highly abundant sea stars in the rapidly warming northern Gulf of Mexico.</p>","PeriodicalId":55376,"journal":{"name":"Biological Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40360250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seminal Early Studies on the Mechanisms of Coral Bleaching.","authors":"Virginia M Weis","doi":"10.1086/721689","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/721689","url":null,"abstract":"In their article “Temperature Stress Causes Host Cell Detachment in Symbiotic Cnidarians: Implications for Coral Bleaching” in the June 1992 issue of The Biological Bulletin, Ruth Gates, Garen Baghdasarian, and Len Muscatine launched a new discipline within coral biology aimed at discovering the cellular mechanisms underlying temperatureinduced coral bleaching. At the time, the phenomenon of coral bleaching, the paling of coral tissues due to loss of their endosymbiotic dinoflagellate algae (once called zooxanthellae but now known to be members of the diverse family Symbiodiniaceae), was just beginning to be observed and documented in nature and linked to high-temperature anomalies (Glynn, 1990. Elsevier Oceanogr. Ser. 1990: 55–126). Now, 30 years later, we are witnessing the collapse of the world’s coral reefs as climate change drives high-temperature events that cause vast stretches of reef to bleach and ultimately die, resulting in the destruction of the entire ecosystem (vanWoesik et al., 2022.Glob. Change Biol., https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16192). Coral biologists the world over are racing to develop solutions to help coral reefs survive in the Anthropocene (National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, 2019. A Research Review of Interventions to Increase the Persistence and Resilience of Coral Reefs). Many of their approaches are based on foundational knowledge of the mechanisms driving coral bleaching (a form of dysbiosis), the area that this seminal paper helped to start. In the study, Gates and colleagues aimed to document the process of symbiont release from hosts at the cellular level. They started by setting up a variety of possibilities for mechanisms of bleaching, in Figure 1. This now-iconic figure (Fig. 1) has been reproduced, modified, and added to innumerable times in both original papers and reviews (e.g., Weis, 2008. J. Exp. Biol. 211: 3059–3066; Bieri et al., 2016.","PeriodicalId":55376,"journal":{"name":"Biological Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40360254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}