Biological Bulletin最新文献

{"title":"Increasing Temperature Results in Higher Allocation of Energy to Protein Synthesis in Sea Urchin Larvae (<i>Lytechinus pictus</i>).","authors":"Melissa B DellaTorre,&nbsp;Donal T Manahan","doi":"10.1086/723369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/723369","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AbstractIt is well established that metabolic processes change with temperature and size. Yet the underlying physiological mechanisms are less well understood regarding how such processes covary within a species and particularly so for developmental stages. Physiological analysis of larvae of the sea urchin <i>Lytechinus pictus</i> revealed that protein was the major biochemical substrate supporting metabolism. The complex dynamics of protein synthesis, turnover, and accretion changed during growth, showing a sevenfold decrease in the ratio of protein accretion to protein synthesis (protein depositional efficiency). To test hypotheses of physiological variation with rising temperature, larvae were reared over a temperature range experienced by this species in its ambient habitat. The thermal sensitivity of protein synthesis was greater than respiration (thermal sensitivity values of 3.7 and 2.4, respectively). Bioenergetic calculations revealed a disproportionate increase in energy allocation toward protein synthesis with rising temperature. These differential temperature sensitivities result in metabolic trade-offs of energy acquisition and expenditure, thereby altering physiological homeostasis. Such insights are of value for improving predictions about limits of biological resilience in a warming ocean.</p>","PeriodicalId":55376,"journal":{"name":"Biological Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9891764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"There and Back Again: The Unexpected Journeys of <i>Metridium</i> de Blainville, 1824 between the Old Oceans and throughout the Modern World.","authors":"Heather Glon,&nbsp;Vreni Häussermann,&nbsp;Paul E Brewin,&nbsp;Paul Brickle,&nbsp;Sungsik Kong,&nbsp;Megan L Smith,&nbsp;Marymegan Daly","doi":"10.1086/723800","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/723800","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AbstractMembers of the sea anemone genus <i>Metridium</i> are abundant in temperate rocky habitats and fouling communities. Their biogeographic history is expected to reflect changes in currents and habitats that have influenced benthic communities, such as the climate-influenced changes that occurred during the Last Glacial Maximum. More recently, however, anthropogenic influences such as shipping transportation and the creation of artificial habitat have altered and affected the composition of modern-day marine communities. Here we use sequence-capture data to examine the genetic structure of <i>Metridium</i> across its shallow-water distribution to (1) evaluate species boundaries within <i>Metridium</i>, (2) elucidate the dispersal history of <i>Metridium</i> between and among oceans, and (3) assess the influence of anthropogenic movement on modern-day populations. We find strong evidence for two species within <i>Metridium</i>: <i>M. farcimen</i> and <i>M. senile</i>. Dispersal from the Pacific to the Atlantic included a subsequent isolation of a small population in or above the Bering Sea, which has presumably moved southward. Within the native range of <i>M. senile</i>, admixture is prevalent even between oceans as a result of anthropogenic activities. The nonnative populations in Chile and the Falkland Islands came from at least two distinct introduction events originating from both coasts of the United States in the North Pacific and North Atlantic Oceans. Hybridization between <i>M. senile</i> and <i>M. farcimen</i> is documented as occurring in anthropogenically influenced habitats. The heavy influence from anthropogenic activities will continue to impact our understanding of marine organisms, particularly within the native range and for those that are easily transported across long distances.</p>","PeriodicalId":55376,"journal":{"name":"Biological Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9891761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In Amphioxus Embryos, Some Neural Tube Cells Resemble Differentiating Coronet Cells of Fishes and Tunicates.","authors":"Nicholas D Holland,&nbsp;Jennifer H Mansfield","doi":"10.1086/724581","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/724581","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AbstractFor neurula embryos of amphioxus (chordate subphylum Cephalochordata), the anterior region of the neural tube was studied with transmission electron microscopy. This survey demonstrated previously unreported cells, each characterized by a cilium bearing on its shaft a protruding lateral bubble packed with vesicles. Such cilia resemble those known from immature coronet cells in other chordates-namely, fishes in the Vertebrata and ascidians and appendicularians in the Tunicata. This wide occurrence of coronet-like cells raises questions about their possible homologies within the phylum Chordata. When considered at the level of the whole cell, such homology is not well supported. For example, the fish cells are generally thought to be glia, while the tunicate cells are considered to be neurons; moreover, cytoplasmic smooth endoplasmic reticulum, which is predominant in the former, is undetectable in the latter. In contrast, a more convincing case for homology can be made by limiting comparisons to the cell apices with their modified cilia. In addition to the fine-structural similarities between fishes and tunicates already mentioned, nonvisual opsins have been found associated with the vesicles in the modified cilia of both groups. Such opsins are thought to link photoreception to endocrine output controlling behavior. Further work would be needed to test the idea that the amphioxus diencephalic cells with lateral bubble cilia might similarly be opsin rich and could provide insights into the evolutionary history of the coronet cells within the phylum Chordata.</p>","PeriodicalId":55376,"journal":{"name":"Biological Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9891762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Minor Genetic Consequences of a Major Mass Mortality: Short-Term Effects in <i>Pisaster ochraceus</i>.","authors":"Lauren M Schiebelhut, Melina Giakoumis, Rita Castilho, Paige J Duffin, Jonathan B Puritz, John P Wares, Gary M Wessel, Michael N Dawson","doi":"10.1086/722284","DOIUrl":"10.1086/722284","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AbstractMass mortality events are increasing globally in frequency and magnitude, largely as a result of human-induced change. The effects of these mass mortality events, in both the long and short term, are of imminent concern because of their ecosystem impacts. Genomic data can be used to reveal some of the population-level changes associated with mass mortality events. Here, we use reduced-representation sequencing to identify potential short-term genetic impacts of a mass mortality event associated with a sea star wasting outbreak. We tested for changes in the population for genetic differentiation, diversity, and effective population size between pre-sea star wasting and post-sea star wasting populations of <i>Pisaster ochraceus</i>-a species that suffered high sea star wasting-associated mortality (75%-100% at 80% of sites). We detected no significant population-based genetic differentiation over the spatial scale sampled; however, the post-sea star wasting population tended toward more differentiation across sites than the pre-sea star wasting population. Genetic estimates of effective population size did not detectably change, consistent with theoretical expectations; however, rare alleles were lost. While we were unable to detect significant population-based genetic differentiation or changes in effective population size over this short time period, the genetic burden of this mass mortality event may be borne by future generations, unless widespread recruitment mitigates the population decline. Prior results from <i>P. ochraceus</i> indicated that natural selection played a role in altering allele frequencies following this mass mortality event. In addition to the role of selection found in a previous study on the genomic impacts of sea star wasting on <i>P. ochraceus</i>, our current study highlights the potential role the stochastic loss of many individuals plays in altering how genetic variation is structured across the landscape. Future genetic monitoring is needed to determine long-term genetic impacts in this long-lived species. Given the increased frequency of mass mortality events, it is important to implement demographic and genetic monitoring strategies that capture baselines and background dynamics to better contextualize species' responses to large perturbations.</p>","PeriodicalId":55376,"journal":{"name":"Biological Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10668074/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10287575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Opsins in the Cephalic and Extracephalic Photoreceptors in the Marine Gastropod <i>Onchidium verruculatum</i>.","authors":"Ryota Matsuo,&nbsp;Sanae Kotoh,&nbsp;Kiyotaka Takishita,&nbsp;Katsuhiko Sakamoto,&nbsp;Tatsuya Uebi,&nbsp;Mamiko Ozaki,&nbsp;Yuko Matsuo,&nbsp;Takako Nishi","doi":"10.1086/723013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/723013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AbstractThe marine gastropod <i>Onchidium verruculatum</i> has a pair of ocular photoreceptors, the stalk eyes, on the tip of its stalk near the head, as well as several extracephalic photosensory organs. The retinas of the stalk eye consist of two morphologically distinct visual cells, namely, the type I cells equipped with well-developed microvilli and the type II cells with less developed microvilli. The extracephalic photosensors comprise the dorsal eye, dermal photoreceptor, and brain photosensitive neurons. The characteristics of these cephalic and extracephalic photosensory organs have been studied from morphological and electrophysiological perspectives. However, little is known about the visual pigment molecules responsible for light detection in these organs. In the present study, we searched for opsin molecules that are expressed in the neural tissues of <i>Onchidium</i> and identified six putative signaling-competent opsin species, including Xenopsin1, Xenopsin2, Gq-coupled rhodopsin1, Gq-coupled rhodopsin2, Opsin-5B, and Gq-coupled rhodopsin-like. Immunohistochemical staining of four of the six opsins revealed that Xenopsin1, Gq-coupled rhodopsin1, and Gq-coupled rhodopsin2 are expressed in the rhabdomere of the stalk eye and in the dermal photoreceptor. Xenopsin2 was expressed in the type II photoreceptors of the stalk eye and in the ciliary photoreceptors of the dorsal eye. These immunohistochemical data were consistent with the results of the expression analysis, revealed by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. This study clarified the identities of opsins expressed in the extracephalic photosensory organs of <i>Onchidium</i> and the distinct molecular compositions among the photoreceptors.</p>","PeriodicalId":55376,"journal":{"name":"Biological Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9073839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Circadian Rhythm of Visual Sensitivity in the American Lobster, <i>Homarus americanus</i>.","authors":"Winsor H Watson,&nbsp;Kyle Jenks,&nbsp;Colin Whitworth","doi":"10.1086/721753","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/721753","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AbstractTo determine whether eyes of American lobsters (<i>Homarus americanus</i>) are more sensitive to light at night than during the day, electroretinograms were continuously recorded from 23 adult lobsters for at least 3 days (range: 3 to 9 days) in constant darkness. A green light-emitting diode, mounted 10 cm away from the eyes, was briefly flashed every 2 minutes to evoke the electroretinogram. The average increase in the response to a light flash, between the minimum during the subjective day and the maximum during the subjective night, was 105.6% ± 38.8%; and there was a statistically significant difference between day and night responses. This change in visual sensitivity took place while lobsters were held in constant darkness, suggesting that it was due to the influence of a circadian clock. The average period (tau) for the 10 animals that expressed significant circadian rhythms was 23.4 ± 0.8 hours. Previous studies have demonstrated that lobsters have circadian clocks that influence their locomotor activity; and the present data suggest that this is also true for their eyes, leading to an increase in their visual sensitivity at night, when they are typically most active.</p>","PeriodicalId":55376,"journal":{"name":"Biological Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9073838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Index to Volume 243, December 2022","authors":"","doi":"10.1086/723718","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/723718","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55376,"journal":{"name":"Biological Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43733937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is It in the Stars? Exploring the Relationships between Species' Traits and Sea Star Wasting Disease.","authors":"Lauren M Schiebelhut,&nbsp;Melina Giakoumis,&nbsp;Rita Castilho,&nbsp;Valentina E Garcia,&nbsp;John P Wares,&nbsp;Gary M Wessel,&nbsp;Michael N Dawson","doi":"10.1086/722800","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/722800","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AbstractAn explanation for variation in impacts of sea star wasting disease across asteroid species remains elusive. Although various traits have been suggested to play a potential role in sea star wasting susceptibility, currently we lack a thorough comparison that explores how life-history and natural history traits shape responses to mass mortality across diverse asteroid taxa. To explore how asteroid traits may relate to sea star wasting, using available data and recognizing the potential for biological correlations to be driven by phylogeny, we generated a supertree, tested traits for phylogenetic association, and evaluated associations between traits and sea star wasting impact. Our analyses show no evidence for a phylogenetic association with sea star wasting impact, but there does appear to be phylogenetic association for a subset of asteroid life-history traits, including diet, substrate, and reproductive season. We found no relationship between sea star wasting and developmental mode, diet, pelagic larval duration, or substrate but did find a relationship with minimum depth, reproductive season, and rugosity (or surface complexity). Species with the greatest sea star wasting impacts tend to have shallower minimum depth distributions, they tend to have their median reproductive period 1.5 months earlier, and they tend to have higher rugosities relative to species less affected by sea star wasting. Fully understanding sea star wasting remains challenging, in part because dramatic gaps still exist in our understanding of the basic biology and phylogeny of asteroids. Future studies would benefit from a more robust phylogenetic understanding of sea stars, as well as leveraging intra- and interspecific comparative transcriptomics and genomics to elucidate the molecular pathways responding to sea star wasting.</p>","PeriodicalId":55376,"journal":{"name":"Biological Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9443958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate Change Amelioration by Marine Producers: Does Dominance Predict Impact?","authors":"Samuel A Mahanes,&nbsp;Matthew E S Bracken,&nbsp;Cascade J B Sorte","doi":"10.1086/721229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/721229","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AbstractClimate change threatens biodiversity worldwide, and assessing how those changes will impact communities will be critical for conservation. Dominant primary producers can alter local-scale environmental conditions, reducing temperature <i>via</i> shading and mitigating ocean acidification <i>via</i> photosynthesis, which could buffer communities from the impacts of climate change. We conducted two experiments on the coast of southeastern Alaska to assess the effects of a common seaweed species, <i>Neorhodomela oregona</i>, on temperature and pH in field tide pools and tide pool mesocosms. We found that <i>N. oregona</i> was numerically dominant in this system, covering >60% of habitable space in the pools and accounting for >40% of live cover. However, while <i>N. oregona</i> had a density-dependent effect on pH in isolated mesocosms, we did not find a consistent effect of <i>N. oregona</i> on either pH or water temperature in tide pools in the field. These results suggest that the amelioration of climate change impacts in immersed marine ecosystems by primary producers is not universal and likely depends on species' functional attributes, including photosynthetic rate and physical structure, in addition to abundance or dominance.</p>","PeriodicalId":55376,"journal":{"name":"Biological Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9073840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Formation of Coelomic Cavities during Abbreviated Development of the Brittle Star <i>Ophioplocus esmarki</i>.","authors":"Hyla C Sweet,&nbsp;Guy Azriel,&nbsp;Nasreen Jaff,&nbsp;Jacqueline Moser,&nbsp;Taylor A Riola,&nbsp;Christina Ideman,&nbsp;Melissa Barton,&nbsp;Jack Nelson,&nbsp;Madison M Lenhart","doi":"10.1086/721954","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/721954","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>AbstractIn brittle stars, the coelomic cavities that form during embryogenesis contribute to most of the internal organ systems of the juvenile. In the ancestral mode of development, the coelomic cavities begin with bilateral symmetry and play a minor role in the function of the ophiopluteus larva. However, the coelomic cavities undergo extensive changes during metamorphosis to set up the body systems of the juvenile brittle star. Many lineages of brittle stars have evolved life histories without the ophiopluteus larva. The non-feeding vitellaria larva has rapid development of juvenile structures. This work demonstrates the modifications to the origin and early development of the coelomic cavities in a vitellaria larva. Much of the archenteron forms an unpaired axocoel, hydrocoel, and somatocoel. The posterior-most portion of the archenteron forms the rudiment of the juvenile stomach. The right somatocoel and a portion of the left somatocoel form as invaginations of the lateral ectoderm. Later morphogenesis of the axocoel, the hydrocoel, and the two somatocoels is similar to what has been shown for brittle stars with an ophiopluteus larva. Confocal microscopy and three-dimensional modeling were used to show new details for the later morphogenesis of the coelomic cavities. The stone canal originates as an outgrowth of the hydrocoel between lobes 4 and 5. The hydrocoel lobes have minimal migration after they meet to complete the ring canal. The right somatocoel contributes to a component of the axial complex and perihemal system. A detailed description is given for how the left somatocoel contributes to multiple organ systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":55376,"journal":{"name":"Biological Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9443959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}