Boletin Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromaticas最新文献_第3页

Anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory activity of triterpene extracts from plant species belonging to Lamiaceae family 兰科植物三萜提取物的抗增殖和抗炎活性

IF 0.7 4区医学

Boletin Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromaticas Pub Date : 2023-11-30 DOI: 10.37360/blacpma.23.22.6.58

Nadir Jordamovc, B. Pehlivanovic, H. Niksic, Irma Gusic, Emina Koric, M. Dedić, Belma Tuna-Repovac, F. Becic, K. Duric

{"title":"Anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory activity of triterpene extracts from plant species belonging to Lamiaceae family","authors":"Nadir Jordamovc, B. Pehlivanovic, H. Niksic, Irma Gusic, Emina Koric, M. Dedić, Belma Tuna-Repovac, F. Becic, K. Duric","doi":"10.37360/blacpma.23.22.6.58","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37360/blacpma.23.22.6.58","url":null,"abstract":"Triterpenes are very important secondary metabolites with wide structural diversity and significant role in pharmacy and medicine.In the present research, a comparative study of pharamacological activities of the triterpene fractions obtained from several plant species belonging to Lamiaceae family, was carried out. In-vitro anti-proliferative activity was performed using a standardproliferation assay based on tetrazolium salts. In vitro anti-inflammatory activity of triterpene fractions was determined by an assay of inhibition of albumin denaturation. In general, the triterpene fractions obtained from plant species belonging to Lamiaceae family showed a strong anti-proliferative activity and anti-inflammatory activity.The triterpene fraction of Rosmarini folium showed the strongest anti-proliferative activity (GI50range from 4 to 37 μg/ml) and the strongest anti-inflammatory activity in the range from 57.27% to 80.69%. This comparative study provides scientific evidence to support the traditional use of Lamiacae plant species for medical purposes as anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative medicines.","PeriodicalId":55342,"journal":{"name":"Boletin Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromaticas","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74723569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Essential oil of Cordia curassavica(Jacq) Roem. & Schult: in vitroand in silicoevaluation of effects on dengue virus replication and cytokines production 芫荽精油。体外和硅片对登革病毒复制和细胞因子产生影响的评价

IF 0.7 4区医学

Boletin Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromaticas Pub Date : 2023-11-30 DOI: 10.37360/blacpma.23.22.6.57

Sindi Alejandra Velandia, Elizabeth Quintero Rueda, Paola Rondon-Villarreal, Lina Marcela Silva, Elena E. Stashenko, Raquel E. Ocazionez

{"title":"Essential oil of Cordia curassavica(Jacq) Roem. & Schult: in vitroand in silicoevaluation of effects on dengue virus replication and cytokines production","authors":"Sindi Alejandra Velandia, Elizabeth Quintero Rueda, Paola Rondon-Villarreal, Lina Marcela Silva, Elena E. Stashenko, Raquel E. Ocazionez","doi":"10.37360/blacpma.23.22.6.57","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37360/blacpma.23.22.6.57","url":null,"abstract":"The lack of effective conventional therapies against dengue has created an interest in herbal preparations as alternative therapies. In the present study, in vitroeffects of Cordia curassavicaessential oil (EO) on both dengue virus replication and cytokine production were examined. Predictions ofmolecular interactions between EO compounds and virus and cell proteins were performed with AutoDock Vina. The EO inhibited replication of dengue virus serotypes at IC50< 30 μg/mL, and it reduced 87% TNF-α, 67% IL-8 and 46% IFN-α in LPS-stimulated PBMCs.The main EO compounds were trans-β-caryophyllene (21.4%), germacrene D (17.8%), α-copaene (16.5%), trans-β-guaiene (8.2%), and α-pinene (6.0%). The first two compounds, δ-cadinene, α-muurolene, α-cubebene and β-burbonene were coupled to proteins involved in the TLR-4 cytokine effector pathway. 3,7-Guaiadiene was coupled to the viral E and C proteins. This study demonstrates the potential of C. curassavicaEO as a starting point for discovering novel therapeutic for dengue.","PeriodicalId":55342,"journal":{"name":"Boletin Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromaticas","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77844433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Larrea divaricataa native Argentine plant with potential activity against SARS-CoV-2? 对SARS-CoV-2具有潜在活性的阿根廷本土植物?

IF 0.7 4区医学

Boletin Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromaticas Pub Date : 2023-11-30 DOI: 10.37360/blacpma.23.22.6.52

M. R. Alonso, Carla Marrassini, Malen Saint Martin, Laura Cogoi, Ignacio Peralta, Claudia Anedini

引用次数: 0

Effects of cinnamon oil and its main constituents, cinnamic acid and cinnamaldehyde, on 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced neurodegeneration in PC-12 cells 肉桂油及其主要成分肉桂酸和肉桂醛对1-甲基-4-苯基-1,2,3,6-四氢吡啶诱导的PC-12细胞神经变性的影响

IF 0.7 4区医学

Boletin Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromaticas Pub Date : 2023-11-30 DOI: 10.37360/blacpma.23.22.6.56

Roodabeh Bahramsoltani, Zahra Shahpiri, M. Farzaei, Leila Hosseinzadeh, Davood Rezazadeh, M. Pourfarzam, R. Rahimi

{"title":"Effects of cinnamon oil and its main constituents, cinnamic acid and cinnamaldehyde, on 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced neurodegeneration in PC-12 cells","authors":"Roodabeh Bahramsoltani, Zahra Shahpiri, M. Farzaei, Leila Hosseinzadeh, Davood Rezazadeh, M. Pourfarzam, R. Rahimi","doi":"10.37360/blacpma.23.22.6.56","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37360/blacpma.23.22.6.56","url":null,"abstract":"Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verumJ.Presl) is a well-known medicinal plant considered as an effective treatment for neurological disorders based on Persian medicine. The aim of the present study was assessing the effect of cinnamon oil, cinnamic acid, and cinnamaldehyde, on the in vitromodel of Parkinson's disease (PD). Cinnamon oil, prepared in sesame oil, was phytochemically analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Pheochromocytoma-12 (PC-12) cells were treated with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) as an in vitromodel of neurodegeneration in PD. Cell viability, activity of caspase enzymes, and formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were evaluated. MPTP significantly decreased cell viability and increased Casp activity, as well asROS formation. Cinnamon oil and cinnamic acid at 200 μg/mLcould significantly reverse MPTP-induced abnormalities in PC-12 cells including Casp activity and ROS formation. Our study supports the beneficial effect of cinnamon oil in neurodegeneration. Further investigations are needed to clarify the mechanisms and main active components.","PeriodicalId":55342,"journal":{"name":"Boletin Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromaticas","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81353994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Medicinal plants for digestive disorders: Areview of ethnobotanical studies conducted in southern Brazil 消化系统疾病的药用植物:巴西南部民族植物学研究综述

IF 0.7 4区医学

Boletin Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromaticas Pub Date : 2023-11-30 DOI: 10.37360/blacpma.23.22.6.53

Daniela M Gonzalez, M. Ritter, E. Konrath

引用次数: 0

Evaluation of the acute toxicity and antidiabetic activity of Coutoubea spicata “nicolau” ethanolic extract and ethyl acetate fraction 皮皮草乙醇提取物和乙酸乙酯部位的急性毒性及降糖活性评价

IF 0.7 4区医学

Boletin Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromaticas Pub Date : 2023-09-30 DOI: 10.37360/blacpma.23.22.5.44

Jymmys Lopes dos Santos, A. M. O. E. Silva, Lúcio Marques Vieira Souza, Raquel Oliveira Pereira, C. A. Lima, L. Abreu, M. Montalvao, C. B. Correa, T. K. Rabelo, M. C. Duarte, F. Aidar, J. Tavares, C. Estevam, A. C. Marçal

{"title":"Evaluation of the acute toxicity and antidiabetic activity of Coutoubea spicata “nicolau” ethanolic extract and ethyl acetate fraction","authors":"Jymmys Lopes dos Santos, A. M. O. E. Silva, Lúcio Marques Vieira Souza, Raquel Oliveira Pereira, C. A. Lima, L. Abreu, M. Montalvao, C. B. Correa, T. K. Rabelo, M. C. Duarte, F. Aidar, J. Tavares, C. Estevam, A. C. Marçal","doi":"10.37360/blacpma.23.22.5.44","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37360/blacpma.23.22.5.44","url":null,"abstract":"In order to understand antidiabetic potential and toxicity, this study aimed to evaluate the acute toxicity and antidiabetic activity of ethanolic extract and ethyl acetate fraction obtained from Coutoubea spicata “nicolau” shoots. Chemical constituents and acute toxicity were investigated. In alloxan-induced diabetic rats, extract and fraction were tested at dose of 100 mg/kg, p.o. Body weight gain, glucose, lipid profile and oxidative stress markers in serum and tissues were determined. In vitroantioxidant activity was performed. Swertiamarin, gentiopicrin, deoxyloganic acid, clovin and robinin, and their p-coumaric ester were identified. Extract and fraction were classified as safe (category 5). In diabetic rats, Coutoubea spicata reduced glycaemia, which was accompanied by body weight recovery gain and attenuation in oxidative stress markers. Fraction showed scavenging activity against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) radical (ABTS) radicals and reducing power higher than that of the extract. Extract and fraction of Coutoubea spicata didn’t present significant toxicity and it can be investigated as a therapeutic alternative in diabetes.","PeriodicalId":55342,"journal":{"name":"Boletin Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromaticas","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75441294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 11

Selective cytotoxic effect of Annona muricataL. in HCC1954 (HER2+) breast cancer cells 番荔枝的选择性细胞毒作用。在HCC1954 (HER2+)乳腺癌细胞中

IF 0.7 4区医学

Boletin Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromaticas Pub Date : 2023-09-30 DOI: 10.37360/blacpma.23.22.5.50

Maria del Rosario Huizar Lopez, Josefina Casas Solis, Itzel Citlalli Alcazar Rios, Lucia Barrientos Ramirez, A. Santerre

{"title":"Selective cytotoxic effect of Annona muricataL. in HCC1954 (HER2+) breast cancer cells","authors":"Maria del Rosario Huizar Lopez, Josefina Casas Solis, Itzel Citlalli Alcazar Rios, Lucia Barrientos Ramirez, A. Santerre","doi":"10.37360/blacpma.23.22.5.50","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37360/blacpma.23.22.5.50","url":null,"abstract":"Annona muricataLinn. (Annonaceae) is a tropical plant with multiple beneficial health effects including anticancer properties. In breast cancer patients, overexpression of the HER2 oncoprotein corresponds to a poor prognosis, thus the main purpose of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity of ethanolic extracts from dried and fresh leaf of A. muricataon HER2+ breast cancer cells. MTT assays were performed and IC50determined in HCC1954 (HER2+) cells, as well as in MCF7 (HER-) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) used as controls. Total polyphenol content evaluation and phytochemical screening were also performed. The cytotoxic effect of A. muricataextracts (125-1000 μg/mL) was dose-dependent and cell-type specific. The extracts exhibited higher cytotoxicity against HCC1954 than MCF7 cells, but weak toxicity against PBMC. This is the first report of the cytotoxic effect of A. muricataon HCC1954 cells, highlighting its potential for treating anti-estrogen-resistant breast cancers and low toxicity against PBMC.","PeriodicalId":55342,"journal":{"name":"Boletin Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromaticas","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84545852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Antioxidant rich medicinal plants as a potential candidate to treat gastric ulcer 富含抗氧化剂的药用植物作为治疗胃溃疡的潜在候选者

IF 0.7 4区医学

Boletin Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromaticas Pub Date : 2023-09-30 DOI: 10.37360/blacpma.23.22.5.41

Sidra Altaf, R. Z. Abbas, T. Akhtar, F. Siddique, M. S. Mahmood, Muhammad Kasib Khan, Khurram Ziaf, M. Rafay, Muhammad Azam Khan, A. Abbas, Tauseef ur Rehman, Liliana Aguilar Marcelino, M. Zia, H. Khater, N. Saeed, Karim Yar Abbasi

{"title":"Antioxidant rich medicinal plants as a potential candidate to treat gastric ulcer","authors":"Sidra Altaf, R. Z. Abbas, T. Akhtar, F. Siddique, M. S. Mahmood, Muhammad Kasib Khan, Khurram Ziaf, M. Rafay, Muhammad Azam Khan, A. Abbas, Tauseef ur Rehman, Liliana Aguilar Marcelino, M. Zia, H. Khater, N. Saeed, Karim Yar Abbasi","doi":"10.37360/blacpma.23.22.5.41","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37360/blacpma.23.22.5.41","url":null,"abstract":"Oxidative stress is a key cause of gastrointestinal disorders, primarily stomach ulcers. Multiple intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms caused the body to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). The body's antioxidant defense system protects against these reactive species. When the degree of ROS production exceeds the normal range, the body's natural defense system fails to neutralize these dangerous free radicals, necessitating need foran exogenous source of natural antioxidants. Natural herbal remedies have been widely employed as antioxidants to relieve oxidative stress in gastric ulcers. Polyphenols, tannins, essential oils, flavonoids, notably quercetin, carotenoids, vitamin C, vitamin A, and minerals are among the molecules of immense interest in bioassays due to their significant antioxidant effects. In the present review, several natural anti-ulcer medicinal plants along with their antioxidative mechanism have been reported. Electronic databases including PubMed, Google Scholar and Scopus were explored to identify the antioxidant and gastroprotective potential of all the plants.","PeriodicalId":55342,"journal":{"name":"Boletin Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromaticas","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84220443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Ancestral knowledge on the use of wild plants for the treatment of diseases in alpacas 利用野生植物治疗羊驼疾病的祖传知识

IF 0.7 4区医学

Boletin Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromaticas Pub Date : 2023-09-30 DOI: 10.37360/blacpma.23.22.5.46

Ivon Gutierrez-Flores, Á. Canales-Gutiérrez, Katia Pillco-Mamani, Moises Mamani-Mamani, M. Chambi-Alarcon, Danitza Caceres-Garcia

{"title":"Ancestral knowledge on the use of wild plants for the treatment of diseases in alpacas","authors":"Ivon Gutierrez-Flores, Á. Canales-Gutiérrez, Katia Pillco-Mamani, Moises Mamani-Mamani, M. Chambi-Alarcon, Danitza Caceres-Garcia","doi":"10.37360/blacpma.23.22.5.46","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37360/blacpma.23.22.5.46","url":null,"abstract":"In the high Andean areas, the main economic activity is alpaca raising, which is affected by various infectious and parasitic diseases. Rural populations often resort to wild plants that have diverse properties and help control various diseases. The objective was to document the uses of wild plants in the control of alpaca diseases in the high Andean areas of the Puno and Arequipa regions. Fifty alpaca-breeding families were interviewed in five localities. Thirty-two species belonging to 16 families were reported, with the Asteraceae and Fabaceae families having the highest number of species. The most frequently treated pathologies were diarrhea, pneumonia, fever and enteric parasitosis. For diarrhea treatment, the most used plants were M. mollis, S. nutansand T. filifolia, for pneumonia were G. prostrataand G. viravira, for enteric parasitosis were B. tricuneataand L. daucifoliaand for the elimination of ectoparasites (lice) was A. compacta. For all diseases, the treatment dose was higher in adults than in neonates and its application is in the rainy season. In acute disease conditions, rural families choice to drugs. Wild plants are a viable and sustainable alternative for the treatment of various diseases in alpacas.","PeriodicalId":55342,"journal":{"name":"Boletin Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromaticas","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90625021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Chemical composition and antioxidant capacity of purified extracts of Prosopis pallida(Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Kunth (Fabaceae) fruits from Northern Peru 毛豆提取物的化学成分及抗氧化能力研究。& Bonpl。Willd交货)。产自秘鲁北部的豆科水果

IF 0.7 4区医学

Boletin Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromaticas Pub Date : 2023-09-30 DOI: 10.37360/blacpma.23.22.5.43

L. Suárez-Rebaza, R. D. de Albuquerque, Ewaldo Zavala, Pedro M Alva-Placencia, Mayer M. Ganoza-Suárez, M. L. Ganoza-Yupanqui, Rainer W Bussmann

{"title":"Chemical composition and antioxidant capacity of purified extracts of Prosopis pallida(Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Kunth (Fabaceae) fruits from Northern Peru","authors":"L. Suárez-Rebaza, R. D. de Albuquerque, Ewaldo Zavala, Pedro M Alva-Placencia, Mayer M. Ganoza-Suárez, M. L. Ganoza-Yupanqui, Rainer W Bussmann","doi":"10.37360/blacpma.23.22.5.43","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37360/blacpma.23.22.5.43","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this work was to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of Prosopis pallida(Fabaceae) fruits “algarrobo”, in addition to determine their main chemical components. Fruit purified extracts from the regions of Tumbes, Piura, Lambayeque, and La Libertad (Peru) were evaluated using infusion, decoction, and alcoholic extraction at concentrations of 45, 70 and 96%. To measure the antioxidant capacity of the extracts, the determination of total phenolics content was performed, followed by the antioxidant evaluation using DPPH, FRAP and ABTS. The chemical identification was carried out through UHPLC-UV-MS/MS. The results showed that the decoction of the sample from the region of La Libertad, as well as the ethanol extracts at 45% of the samples from Tumbes and Lambayeque presented greater antioxidant capacity. Moreover, ten major substances of these extracts were identified: nine phenolic derivatives (vicenin II as the main constituent of the extracts) and one diterpene (7-oxodehydroabietic acid).","PeriodicalId":55342,"journal":{"name":"Boletin Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromaticas","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89910909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0