Clinical Neuropsychologist最新文献

{"title":"Reconsidering cognitive outcome one year after mild traumatic brain injury: Secondary analysis of TRACK-TBI data.","authors":"Summer N Rolin, Audrie A Chavez, Jeremy J Davis","doi":"10.1080/13854046.2025.2530198","DOIUrl":"10.1080/13854046.2025.2530198","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objective:</b> Uncomplicated mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is time-limited with a well-documented natural course of recovery. Transforming Research and Clinical Knowledge in Traumatic Brain Injury (TRACK-TBI) findings indicated poor cognitive outcomes 1 year after mTBI. We examined TRACK-TBI data with consideration of neuroimaging and performance validity. <b>Method:</b> TRACK-TBI data were obtained from the Federal Interagency Traumatic Brain Injury Research Informatics System. The sample (<i>N</i> = 571) included 439 cases with mTBI history and 132 orthopedic controls. One-year cognitive outcome measures included Auditory Verbal Learning Test total immediate (TOT) and delayed recall (DR), Trail Making Test (-A and -B), and WAIS-IV Processing Speed Index (PSI). Rates of low scores were examined using previously reported cutoffs and across all tests in the study. Linear regression was used to examine predictors of cognitive outcomes. <b>Results:</b> Group differences at 1-year follow-up were minimal. Although control participants scored significantly higher on TOT and DR, cognitive ability was within normal limits on all tests in both groups. Low score rates were significantly different between groups on TOT and DR. History of mTBI did not significantly contribute to prediction of overall cognitive ability. <b>Conclusions:</b> Uncomplicated mTBI is not associated with long-term cognitive impairment after accounting for performance validity. Findings highlight the importance of distinguishing complicated and uncomplicated mTBI in research and clinical settings. Future studies might examine psychological and functional outcomes with a similar design.</p>","PeriodicalId":55250,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Neuropsychologist","volume":" ","pages":"1388-1403"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144592906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"AD/HD symptoms in assessment seeking post-secondary students: Has the COVID-19 pandemic made a difference?","authors":"Emma Jamieson, Beth Pollock, Nathaniel Davin, Allyson G Harrison","doi":"10.1080/13854046.2025.2533298","DOIUrl":"10.1080/13854046.2025.2533298","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Anecdotally, individuals reporting symptoms of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD) seem to have increased over the past few years, particularly since the onset of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. As such, this study aimed to objectively investigate the validity of this observation.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Using archival data from 667 students assessed in a University-based clinic between 2018 and 2024, self-reported AD/HD symptoms on the Conners' Adult AD/HD Rating Scales-Self-Report: Long Version (CAARS-S:L) were compared across three time periods: pre-COVID (<i>n</i> = 407), during COVID (<i>n</i> = 110), and post-COVID (<i>n</i> = 150).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results indicate a significant increase in reported symptoms of inattention/memory, impulsivity/emotional lability, DSM-IV inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive symptoms, total AD/HD symptoms, and AD/HD index after the pandemic. Notably, there was a significant increase in problems with self-concept during and after the pandemic, and there were no significant changes in symptoms of hyperactivity/restlessness across all time points. However, the actual rate of diagnosed AD/HD in the sample did not significantly change across these periods.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The findings support anecdotal observations and suggest that the pandemic may have exacerbated AD/HD-like symptoms in an assessment-seeking post-secondary population, even among individuals without formal AD/HD diagnoses. Increases in reported AD/HD symptoms may be related to COVID-19 pandemic factors such as heightened stress, disrupted routines, and increased screen time. The results underscore the need for careful diagnostic practices and further research on the impact of environmental factors on AD/HD symptomatology in young adults.</p>","PeriodicalId":55250,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Neuropsychologist","volume":" ","pages":"1359-1371"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144644196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Refining early dementia detection: Diagnostic utility of the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale-2 in differentiating multidomain amnestic mild cognitive impairment and early Alzheimer's disease.","authors":"Jesús Cacho-Gutiérrez, Rosalía García-García-Patino, Ricardo García-García, César Aguilera-Vega, Laura Vicente-González, Yinet Cuevas-Pérez, María Victoria Perea-Bartolomé, Valentina Ladera-Fernández, Julián Benito-León","doi":"10.1080/13854046.2025.2537902","DOIUrl":"10.1080/13854046.2025.2537902","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Early differentiation between amnestic multidomain mild cognitive impairment (aMCI-md) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) is critical for timely diagnosis and care planning. The Mattis Dementia Rating Scale-2 (DRS-2) is a multidomain cognitive screening tool with potential value in detecting early neurodegenerative changes, though its performance in distinguishing aMCI-md from early AD remains underexplored. <b>Objective:</b> To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of the DRS-2 total and subscale scores in a Spanish clinical cohort by comparing cognitively unimpaired individuals, patients with aMCI-md, and those with early AD. <b>Methods:</b> We conducted a cross-sectional study including 684 participants: 333 cognitively healthy controls, 141 with aMCI-md, and 210 with early AD. The DRS-2 was administered as part of a neuropsychological battery. Receiver operating characteristic curves, area under the curve (AUC), and optimal cut-off values were used to assess discriminative performance. <b>Results:</b> The DRS-2 total score and the Memory and Initiation/Perseveration subscales demonstrated good discriminative accuracy across all diagnostic contrasts. In the most clinically relevant comparison (aMCI-md vs. early AD), both the total score and Memory subscale reached an AUC of .87, while Initiation/Perseveration followed closely (AUC = .83). The total score yielded 87.2% accuracy (cut-off = 126), and Memory alone achieved 86.6% accuracy (cut-off = 19). Attention and Construction subscales consistently showed limited diagnostic value. <b>Conclusion:</b> The DRS-2, particularly the Memory and Initiation/Perseveration subscales, appears to be a reliable tool for distinguishing the early stages of cognitive impairment, supporting its clinical use for early diagnosis and risk stratification in memory clinic settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":55250,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Neuropsychologist","volume":" ","pages":"1404-1424"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144709985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Utility of two new embedded measures of performance validity for the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test-64.","authors":"Jacobus Donders, Kathleen Piccoli","doi":"10.1080/13854046.2025.2536156","DOIUrl":"10.1080/13854046.2025.2536156","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objective</b>: We sought to determine the utility of two new embedded validity indices for the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test-64 (Henry, 2024; Kosky et al., 2022). The goal was to determine if these proposed indices would be associated with specificity ≥ .90, sensitivity ≥ .40, and positive likelihood ratio of ≥ 2, in a clinical traumatic brain injury (TBI) sample with a broad range of injury severity. <b>Method</b>: We used logistic regression to investigate how well each new index could distinguish performance validity classification of 173 persons with TBI who were evaluated within 1-36 months after injury. Participants were classified based on at least two independent performance validity tests as having provided valid performance (<i>n</i> = 146) or invalid performance (<i>n</i> = 27). <b>Results</b>: Both indices had acceptable Likelihood Ratios. The Kosky et al. index had suboptimal sensitivity and specificity, while the Henry index had acceptable sensitivity (.41) and better specificity (.88). However, when either index, considered in isolation or combined, indicated invalid performance, it was most often a false positive. <b>Conclusion</b>: Kosky et al.'s index did not meet the <i>a priori</i> criteria. While the Henry index was more robust, more than half (18/29) of the cases it identified as invalid were false positives. Differences in base rates between the original sample of Henry and the current one likely affected positive predictive power of the new index. Results suggest that this index is more useful to rule out invalid performance than to rule it in.</p>","PeriodicalId":55250,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Neuropsychologist","volume":" ","pages":"1469-1480"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144676616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Validation of the Spanish version of COGNITO as an assessment tool for cognitive impairment associated with multiple sclerosis.","authors":"Nieves Revert-Alcántara, María Jesús Funes, Carmen Sáez-Zea","doi":"10.1080/13854046.2025.2535424","DOIUrl":"10.1080/13854046.2025.2535424","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objective:</b> Multiple sclerosis (MS) frequently leads to cognitive impairment (CI), which significantly diminishes patients' quality of life. However, CI is often underdiagnosed, largely due to the limited availability of assessment tools validated for the Spanish MS population. This study analyzes the reliability and validity of the Computerized Information Processing Assessment Battery (COGNITO)-a brief, touchscreen-based tool-for use in the Spanish population with MS. COGNITO assesses cognitive domains commonly affected in MS, and has demonstrated utility in early CI diagnosis in other populations, such as healthy aging, mild CI, dementia, or traumatic brain injury. <b>Methods:</b> This multicenter study included 64 MS patients (without CI, <i>n</i> = 25; with CI, <i>n</i> = 39) from six Spanish health centers, and 183 healthy controls. Participants completed COGNITO and the Brief Neuropsychological Battery (BNB), a rapid paper-and-pencil battery for CI in MS (gold standard). Between-group comparisons were conducted for sociodemographic, clinical variables and COGNITO scores (cognitive domains and total). Concordance between the total scores of both instruments and COGNITO's sensitivity and specificity were evaluated using the area under the curve (AUC). <b>Results:</b> Statistically significant positive correlations were observed between COGNITO scores and CI assessed by the BNB. COGNITO demonstrated robust diagnostic accuracy (AUC = 0.97; Sensitivity = 0.97; Specificity = 0.78) and strong external validity, effectively distinguishing between healthy controls and MS patients with CI. <b>Conclusions:</b> COGNITO is a reliable and valid tool with high diagnostic utility for the early detection of CI in Spanish patients with MS. Its versatility and strong applicability make it a valuable instrument for clinical practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":55250,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Neuropsychologist","volume":" ","pages":"1521-1546"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144683629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cross-cultural functional assessment for dementia: A commentary.","authors":"Clara Calia, Freddie O'Donald, Sanne Franzen, Alfonso Delgado Alvarez, Anna Jane Dreyer, Inmaculada Ibanez-Casas, Jessica Jiang, Julia C Daugherty, Magda Jordao, Marco Canevelli, Naaheed Mukadam, Pauline Narme, T Rune Nielsen, Simone Pomati, Tamlyn Watermeyer, Vaitsa Giannouli","doi":"10.1080/13854046.2025.2543913","DOIUrl":"10.1080/13854046.2025.2543913","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objective:</b> Dementia diagnosis relies on assessing functional decline, yet widely used assessment tools are often developed in Euro-American contexts, limiting their cross-cultural validity. This commentary highlights key challenges in functional assessment across cultures and proposes a framework for enhancing their applicability and equity.</p><p><p><b>Method:</b> We critically examine methodological limitations in current functional assessment tools, including poor cultural adaptability, inadequate validation processes, and limited stakeholder engagement. Drawing on existing literature, we propose a multidimensional framework integrating cultural perceptions, robust adaptation strategies, and participatory approaches to improve assessment relevance.</p><p><p><b>Conclusions:</b> Functional assessments must balance cultural specificity with broad applicability to ensure accurate dementia detection across diverse populations. Identifying transcultural markers of functional decline, engaging local communities, and systematically adapting tools through rigorous validation will enhance their diagnostic utility. A culturally inclusive approach to functional assessment can reduce disparities in dementia diagnosis and care worldwide.</p>","PeriodicalId":55250,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Neuropsychologist","volume":" ","pages":"1263-1288"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144876833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contextualized cognition: Clarifying associations between remote unsupervised performance and clinically relevant contextual factors.","authors":"Timothy W Brearly, Daniel B Elbich, Maria Dhinojwala, Jonathan G Hakun","doi":"10.1080/13854046.2025.2534720","DOIUrl":"10.1080/13854046.2025.2534720","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objective:</b> Ambulatory cognitive assessments show promise as scalable, low friction performance metrics that address limitations of clinician-administered testing. However, influences of contextual factors on unsupervised testing are not well understood. This study evaluated associations between remote, unsupervised, ambulatory cognitive assessments and self-ratings of mood, arousal, stress, pain, and distraction during task performance. <b>Method:</b> 190 participants (ages 18-89) engaged in a 14-day ecological momentary assessment (EMA) protocol using the Mobile Monitoring of Cognitive Change (M2C2) platform. Participants completed ambulatory assessments of processing speed (Symbol Search) and working memory (Rotation Span) and provided self-ratings of contextual factors 5 times daily. Age stratified multilevel modeling (<65, ≥65 years of age) was used to analyze within- and between-person associations between context and performance. <b>Results:</b> In multilevel models where all 5 contextual factors were examined, within-person variation in momentary arousal and distraction levels were significantly associated with variation in performance on each cognitive task, with higher arousal and lower distraction being associated with better performance across both age groups. Significant between-person associations were limited to adults ≥65 years of age, where characteristic levels of arousal and distraction were associated with Rotation Span performance. <b>Conclusions:</b> This study highlighted distraction and arousal at time of task completion as important for understanding variation in remote, unsupervised cognitive testing. Monitoring of these associations using EMA may complement weaknesses of traditional supervised testing approaches, such as testing at a single time or set intervals. It also may facilitate individualized treatment recommendations for cognitive difficulties associated with contextual factors.</p>","PeriodicalId":55250,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Neuropsychologist","volume":" ","pages":"1443-1468"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144765816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effects of processing speed and cognitive load demands on working memory performance in young adults born very preterm.","authors":"Taylor Mills, Leona Pascoe, Megan Spencer-Smith, Rheanna M Mainzer, Thi-Nhu-Ngoc Nguyen, Peter J Anderson","doi":"10.1080/13854046.2025.2533300","DOIUrl":"10.1080/13854046.2025.2533300","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To examine working memory performance in young adults born very preterm (VP) and full-term (FT) in the context of information processing.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cohort of 118 young adults born VP (mean age 20.1 years) and 48 young adults born at term (mean age 19.9 years) completed a n-back task (both 1- and 2-back) and a Keeping Track Task which systematically manipulated working memory (cognitive) load and information processing speed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Across all tasks the VP group performed worse than the FT group, with the magnitude of differences increasing as cognitive load increased. Contrary to expectations, the magnitude of group differences remained similar as information processing speed demands increased.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our findings provide further evidence that working memory difficulties in those born VP persist into adulthood. However, the between group difference in working memory performance in this population did not decrease or ameliorate when individuals were provided more time for the task. This study gives evidence that information processing speed demands do not drive the working memory difficulties seen in those born VP. These results provide important information regarding the cognitive phenotype of those born VP and their development.</p>","PeriodicalId":55250,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Neuropsychologist","volume":" ","pages":"1372-1387"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144651292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical neuropsychological evaluation of patients referred from a post-COVID subspeciality clinic.","authors":"Johanna Theeler, Alejandro P Comellas, Carissa Gehl, Lauren Garvin, Alpana Garg, Sean B Fain, Karin F Hoth","doi":"10.1080/13854046.2025.2536700","DOIUrl":"10.1080/13854046.2025.2536700","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objective:</b> To describe neuropsychological assessment findings of patients referred from a post-COVID subspecialty clinic. <b>Methods:</b> Clinical data were examined for 54 patients referred between March 2021 and May 2023. Assessment included objective cognitive performance, performance validity testing, self-report of cognitive symptoms (BRIEF-A), depressive and anxiety symptoms (BDI-II/BAI), and fatigue (PROMIS Fatigue-4a). Objective cognitive measures were grouped into domains and examined through (1) one sample <i>t</i>-tests comparing each domain score to the normative mean characterized using Cohen's d, and (2) the frequency of impaired performance and elevated symptoms (±1.5 SD). Clinically elevated symptoms of depression, anxiety, and fatigue were examined. <b>Results:</b> Exclusion criteria resulted in a final sample of 46 (mean age= 48.5; 72% female). The mean cognitive domain scores of the sample all fell within 1 SD of expectations based on normative data. Examination of effect sizes using Cohen's d suggested that verbal comprehension and perceptual reasoning were significantly above the mean (small effect) while executive function, language, and processing speed were reduced (small effect). The Metacognition index of the BRIEF-A was elevated driven by Working Memory (80.5%). Elevated symptoms of depression (59.1%)/anxiety (75.0%) were frequent and not associated with objective cognitive scores. Elevated fatigue (56.5%) was associated with impaired processing speed performance. <b>Conclusions:</b> Individuals with long COVID reported significant difficulty with working memory capacity. Participants demonstrated a pattern of reduced performance in domains of executive function, language, and processing speed, although group means were within 1 SD of normative expectations. Clinically elevated fatigue was associated with reduced processing speed performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":55250,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Neuropsychologist","volume":"40 5","pages":"1339-1358"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148400013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating evidence for a neuropsychological toolkit to predict cognitive decline in PD: A systematic review.","authors":"Dana Pourzinal, James King, Kumareshan Sivakumaran, Jihyun Yang, Emily McCann, Leander K Mitchell, Deborah Brooks, Alexander Lehn, Jacki Liddle, Nancy A Pachana, Helen Tinson, Kirstine Shrubsole, Daniel X Bailey, Nadeeka N Dissanayaka","doi":"10.1080/13854046.2025.2511966","DOIUrl":"10.1080/13854046.2025.2511966","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objectives</b>: Neuropsychological measures used to assess cognition in Parkinson's disease (PD) vary greatly across clinical and research settings. We conducted a systematic review to evaluate the literature pertaining to neuropsychological tools predictive of cognitive decline in PD, with a view to developing an evidence-based harmonized toolkit. <b>Method</b>: Following PRISMA guidelines, systematic literature searches for neuropsychological predictors of longitudinal cognitive decline in PD were performed for articles published up to August 2024 in PubMed, SCOPUS, Medline, PyscINFO and CINAHL databases. Quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale for individual studies and the GRADE system for each cognitive outcome. <b>Results</b>: Thirty-one relevant articles met inclusion criteria, with low to moderate risk of bias. Category fluency, Symbol Digit Modalities Test, Trail-making Test part A, Stroop word or color, immediate verbal memory, and Montreal Cognitive Assessment produced the highest grade of evidence (moderate), strongly supporting their predictive utility in PD. Stroop word-color, Letter Number Sequencing, pentagon copying, Trail-making Test part B, and delayed verbal and visual memory produced low quality evidence supporting their predictive utility in PD. Digit span forward and backward measures produced very low quality evidence, with consistent evidence against their predictive utility. Twelve additional measures produced very low quality of evidence due to insufficient studies or mixed results. <b>Conclusions</b>: The evidence base for key neuropsychological measures sensitive to cognitive decline in PD was evaluated in this systematic review. The findings will inform evidence-based tool selection for cognitive evaluations in PD and a PD-specific harmonized cognitive toolkit.</p>","PeriodicalId":55250,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Neuropsychologist","volume":" ","pages":"1289-1316"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144217641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}