Clinical Neuropsychologist最新文献

{"title":"Utility of two new embedded measures of performance validity for the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test-64.","authors":"Jacobus Donders, Kathleen Piccoli","doi":"10.1080/13854046.2025.2536156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2025.2536156","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objective</b>: We sought to determine the utility of two new embedded validity indices for the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test-64 (Henry, 2024; Kosky et al., 2022). The goal was to determine if these proposed indices would be associated with specificity ≥ .90, sensitivity ≥ .40, and positive likelihood ratio of ≥ 2, in a clinical traumatic brain injury (TBI) sample with a broad range of injury severity. <b>Method</b>: We used logistic regression to investigate how well each new index could distinguish performance validity classification of 173 persons with TBI who were evaluated within 1-36 months after injury. Participants were classified based on at least two independent performance validity tests as having provided valid performance (<i>n</i> = 146) or invalid performance (<i>n</i> = 27). <b>Results</b>: Both indices had acceptable Likelihood Ratios. The Kosky et al. index had suboptimal sensitivity and specificity, while the Henry index had acceptable sensitivity (.41) and better specificity (.88). However, when either index, considered in isolation or combined, indicated invalid performance, it was most often a false positive. <b>Conclusion</b>: Kosky et al.'s index did not meet the <i>a priori</i> criteria. While the Henry index was more robust, more than half (18/29) of the cases it identified as invalid were false positives. Differences in base rates between the original sample of Henry and the current one likely affected positive predictive power of the new index. Results suggest that this index is more useful to rule out invalid performance than to rule it in.</p>","PeriodicalId":55250,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Neuropsychologist","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144676616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effects of processing speed and cognitive load demands on working memory performance in young adults born very preterm.","authors":"Taylor Mills, Leona Pascoe, Megan Spencer-Smith, Rheanna M Mainzer, Thi-Nhu-Ngoc Nguyen, Peter J Anderson","doi":"10.1080/13854046.2025.2533300","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2025.2533300","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To examine working memory performance in young adults born very preterm (VP) and full-term (FT) in the context of information processing.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cohort of 118 young adults born VP (mean age 20.1 years) and 48 young adults born at term (mean age 19.9 years) completed a n-back task (both 1- and 2-back) and a Keeping Track Task which systematically manipulated working memory (cognitive) load and information processing speed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Across all tasks the VP group performed worse than the FT group, with the magnitude of differences increasing as cognitive load increased. Contrary to expectations, the magnitude of group differences remained similar as information processing speed demands increased.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our findings provide further evidence that working memory difficulties in those born VP persist into adulthood. However, the between group difference in working memory performance in this population did not decrease or ameliorate when individuals were provided more time for the task. This study gives evidence that information processing speed demands do not drive the working memory difficulties seen in those born VP. These results provide important information regarding the cognitive phenotype of those born VP and their development.</p>","PeriodicalId":55250,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Neuropsychologist","volume":" ","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144651292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"AD/HD symptoms in assessment seeking post-secondary students: Has the COVID-19 pandemic made a difference?","authors":"Emma Jamieson, Beth Pollock, Nathaniel Davin, Allyson G Harrison","doi":"10.1080/13854046.2025.2533298","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2025.2533298","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Anecdotally, individuals reporting symptoms of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD) seem to have increased over the past few years, particularly since the onset of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. As such, this study aimed to objectively investigate the validity of this observation.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Using archival data from 667 students assessed in a University-based clinic between 2018 and 2024, self-reported AD/HD symptoms on the Conners' Adult AD/HD Rating Scales-Self-Report: Long Version (CAARS-S:L) were compared across three time periods: pre-COVID (<i>n</i> = 407), during COVID (<i>n</i> = 110), and post-COVID (<i>n</i> = 150).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results indicate a significant increase in reported symptoms of inattention/memory, impulsivity/emotional lability, DSM-IV inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive symptoms, total AD/HD symptoms, and AD/HD index after the pandemic. Notably, there was a significant increase in problems with self-concept during and after the pandemic, and there were no significant changes in symptoms of hyperactivity/restlessness across all time points. However, the actual rate of diagnosed AD/HD in the sample did not significantly change across these periods.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The findings support anecdotal observations and suggest that the pandemic may have exacerbated AD/HD-like symptoms in an assessment-seeking post-secondary population, even among individuals without formal AD/HD diagnoses. Increases in reported AD/HD symptoms may be related to COVID-19 pandemic factors such as heightened stress, disrupted routines, and increased screen time. The results underscore the need for careful diagnostic practices and further research on the impact of environmental factors on AD/HD symptomatology in young adults.</p>","PeriodicalId":55250,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Neuropsychologist","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144644196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding the current state of neuropsychological training and clinical practices with Asian American patient populations.","authors":"Sana F Arastu, Ashlynn Steinbaugh, Rayna B Hirst, Talamahe'a A Tupou, Julius H Flowers, Lillian S Vang, Alexandra Rousseau, Michael Ellis-Stockley","doi":"10.1080/13854046.2025.2523534","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2025.2523534","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objective:</b> Asian American populations in the United States account for the fastest growing ethnic group. This diversity illuminates the challenges of addressing culturally sensitive clinical care and need for comprehensive training. The present study aimed to examine the extent of neuropsychologists' training, considerations, and current practices with Asian American patient populations and identify important advocacy areas. <b>Method:</b> Neuropsychologists (<i>n</i> = 143, 83.2% female, mean age = 44.05) completed a survey containing questions about demographic information, professional work and training, and current practices with Asian American populations. The authors calculated frequencies for demographics, training, and practices. Nonparametric Friedman's analysis of variance and post hoc tests identified patterns of ranked responses for current practices. The authors conducted a thematic analysis for open-ended questions about barriers to providing culturally sensitive neuropsychological training and services. <b>Results:</b> Nearly half (46%) of respondents received cultural sensitivity training in four or more settings, mainly in clinical contexts (90.2%). Over 88% received \"little\" to no training on Asian Americans specifically, yet nearly half had worked with this population in the \"past few weeks.\" Steps to selecting norms and evaluating for English proficiency often differed from established recommendations. Respondents identified resource inaccessibility, inconsistent use and lack of normative data, and interpreter use as barriers to providing culturally sensitive services. Most (68%) desired increased and improved training quality with Asian Americans. <b>Conclusion:</b> Findings indicate an urgent need for increased accessibility and consensus in guidelines and recommendations for improving neuropsychological training and practices with Asian minorities.</p>","PeriodicalId":55250,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Neuropsychologist","volume":" ","pages":"1-29"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144638688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Would a rose by any other name smell as sweet? Complexity, context, and consequences of neuropsychology performance labels.","authors":"David W Loring, Bruce P Hermann, Kimford J Meador, James J Lah, Felicia C Goldstein, Robert M Bilder","doi":"10.1080/13854046.2025.2529530","DOIUrl":"10.1080/13854046.2025.2529530","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objective</b>: The American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology (AACN) has proposed standardized performance labels to enhance consistency in neuropsychological reporting. While valuable in forensic and medicolegal contexts, these guidelines may limit interpretive flexibility and clinical relevance in diverse practice settings. This manuscript examines the contextual appropriateness of AACN labels across diverse clinical and research settings, highlighting the need for diagnostic flexibility over rigid adherence to normative descriptors. <b>Methods</b>: We reviewed the historical and conceptual underpinnings of neuropsychological assessment, focusing on Ward Halstead's distinction between \"biological\" and \"psychometric\" intelligence. This framework was used to explore how interpretive models shape clinical reasoning and test interpretation. Special attention was given to the implications of score labeling in multidisciplinary team settings (e.g. dementia diagnosis, epilepsy surgery and within large-scale research initiatives, including Alzheimer's Disease Research Centers (ADRCs). <b>Conclusions</b>: Although AACN performance labels support greater transparency and consistency in select contexts, their universal implementation may obscure meaningful cognitive patterns and diminish diagnostic precision. Labels such as \"below average\" may fail to capture clinically meaningful decline in high-functioning individuals or obscure clinically relevant cognitive patterns critical for diagnosis and treatment planning. We argue for a context-sensitive approach to score interpretation that allows flexible, informed use of descriptors aligned with specific referral questions and clinical goals. Neuropsychological assessment is most effective when guided by integrative clinical reasoning rather than uncritical application of standardized labeling conventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":55250,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Neuropsychologist","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12259015/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144592907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reconsidering cognitive outcome one year after mild traumatic brain injury: Secondary analysis of TRACK-TBI data.","authors":"Summer N Rolin, Audrie A Chavez, Jeremy J Davis","doi":"10.1080/13854046.2025.2530198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2025.2530198","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objective:</b> Uncomplicated mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is time-limited with a well-documented natural course of recovery. Transforming Research and Clinical Knowledge in Traumatic Brain Injury (TRACK-TBI) findings indicated poor cognitive outcomes 1 year after mTBI. We examined TRACK-TBI data with consideration of neuroimaging and performance validity. <b>Method:</b> TRACK-TBI data were obtained from the Federal Interagency Traumatic Brain Injury Research Informatics System. The sample (<i>N</i> = 571) included 439 cases with mTBI history and 132 orthopedic controls. One-year cognitive outcome measures included Auditory Verbal Learning Test total immediate (TOT) and delayed recall (DR), Trail Making Test (-A and -B), and WAIS-IV Processing Speed Index (PSI). Rates of low scores were examined using previously reported cutoffs and across all tests in the study. Linear regression was used to examine predictors of cognitive outcomes. <b>Results:</b> Group differences at 1-year follow-up were minimal. Although control participants scored significantly higher on TOT and DR, cognitive ability was within normal limits on all tests in both groups. Low score rates were significantly different between groups on TOT and DR. History of mTBI did not significantly contribute to prediction of overall cognitive ability. <b>Conclusions:</b> Uncomplicated mTBI is not associated with long-term cognitive impairment after accounting for performance validity. Findings highlight the importance of distinguishing complicated and uncomplicated mTBI in research and clinical settings. Future studies might examine psychological and functional outcomes with a similar design.</p>","PeriodicalId":55250,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Neuropsychologist","volume":" ","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144592906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Speech production as an artificial intelligence-based 'process' measure of cognition sensitive to mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease.","authors":"Ross Divers, Alex S Cohen, Brita Elvevåg, Chelsea Chandler, Raymond Scott Turner, Brigid Reynolds, Catherine Diaz-Asper","doi":"10.1080/13854046.2025.2519827","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2025.2519827","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objective:</b> Process scores in neuropsychological tests add incremental validity for detecting non-normative cognitive aging trajectories. However, process scores are laborious and time-consuming to derive. Using AI-driven natural language processing, we investigated objective speech markers related to speech production as a potential process score for measuring cognition, identifying mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and major neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease (AD). <b>Method:</b> Older adults (<i>n =</i> 71; cognitively healthy; <i>n</i> = 29; MCI, <i>n</i> = 26; mild AD, <i>n</i> = 16) completed a brief battery of cognitive testing over the telephone, including a cognitive screener and four verbal memory tests. Six speech production features were extracted from the audio recordings of the verbal memory tests. <b>Results:</b> Pause times showed the highest convergence with cognitive screening performance and were best for distinguishing between people with or without MCI and with or without AD. This effect varied as a function of cognitive task. Verbal and semantic recall tasks showed the strongest effects. An \"unstructured\" autobiographical recall task showed negligible effects. <b>Conclusions:</b> AI-derived pause features in speech during verbal memory tests can serve as a process score of cognitive functioning that captures neurodegeneration, though cognitive tasks must be considered. The present findings reflect an important step forward for developing speech analysis for objectively quantifying cognitive dysfunctions in people with neurodegenerative disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":55250,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Neuropsychologist","volume":" ","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144576933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psychometric properties of the BRIEF2A: Does it fit better than BRIEF-A?","authors":"Octávio Moura, Cristina P Albuquerque, Manuela Vilar, Marcelino Pereira, Maria João Seabra-Santos, Ana Filipa Lopes, Sofia Major, Alexandra Gaudêncio, Mário R Simões","doi":"10.1080/13854046.2025.2527695","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2025.2527695","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function - Adult version is a rating scale that evaluates everyday behaviors associated with executive functions. The second edition (BRIEF2A) of the instrument was recently published in the USA, proposing a new factor structure in which the nine clinical scales were organized into three composite indexes (instead of two composite indexes in the previous edition [BRIEF-A]). This study aimed to investigate the psychometric properties of the new factor structure of the BRIEF2A. It is the first study that analyzed whether the changes made in BRIEF2A improved the psychometric properties of the self-report and informant report forms compared to the BRIEF-A in a non-English speaking sample.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Participants were 548 healthy Portuguese adults (18 to 90 years, mean age of 52.01 ± 19.27, 56.8% women) who completed the self-report form and their respective 548 informants who answered the informant report form.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found a small influence of sociodemographic characteristics (sex, age, and education level) on the raw scores of the clinical scales. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to compare both factor structures, and the three-correlated-factor model of the BRIEF2A showed a slightly better model fit than the two-correlated-factor model of the BRIEF-A for both forms. The BRIEF2A also showed adequate internal consistency. The measurement invariance of the BRIEF2A across forms and sex was fully supported (configural, metric, and scalar invariance).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The BRIEF2A demonstrated adequate psychometric properties, and our findings found support for the factor structure proposed in the second edition of the instrument.</p>","PeriodicalId":55250,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Neuropsychologist","volume":" ","pages":"1-24"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144562029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IOPC survey of test security practices and perspectives of licensed psychologists.","authors":"Robert A Beattey, Heidi Allison Bender, Delia M Silva, Kyle Brauer Boone, Melissa Friedman, Paul M Kaufmann, Jonathan C Woodhouse, Jerry J Sweet","doi":"10.1080/13854046.2025.2528903","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2025.2528903","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objective</b>: To evaluate the positions, policies, and practices regarding test security among psychologists and neuropsychologists who engage in clinical and forensic assessment practice. <b>Methods</b>: The Inter-Organizational Practice Committee (IOPC) undertook a survey of licensed practitioners who regularly conduct neuropsychological and psychological testing. An online survey captured respondent data between October and December 2023. <b>Results</b>: Once duplicates and individuals with non-confirmable psychology licensure were removed, 628 licensed psychologist respondents comprised the sample, which consisted primarily of individuals who identify as neuropsychologists. Respondents overwhelmingly favored keeping test materials secure and not divulging information to attorneys (≥98.%). There was near consensus (94.5%) that a protective order issued by a judge is not sufficient to ensure test security. <b>Conclusion</b>: The current survey assessing the practices and perspectives of neuropsychologists and psychologists who engage in testing represents the largest known canvas of the discipline examining test security. Findings indicate that individuals who engage in such testing expressed strong agreement regarding the necessity of protecting against release of information that would threaten future validity of test usage. Notably, even protective orders issued by a judge, which are often cited by third parties in favor of releasing information, are not viewed by practitioners as adequately protective. Rather, neuropsychologists and practitioners administering psychological testing endorse a high degree of agreement regarding the critical importance in maintaining the clinical and scientific rigor upon which psychology and neuropsychology rely.</p>","PeriodicalId":55250,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Neuropsychologist","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144562028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Society for Clinical Neuropsychology's 2023 strategic plan: Charting a new path forward.","authors":"Scott A Sperling, Lynette Abrams-Silva, Franchesca Arias, Samantha DeDios-Stern, Olivia Houge, Amy J Jak, Justin E Karr, Tricia Z King, Margaret Lanca, David Lechuga, Michelle R Madore, Nymisha Mandava, Shawn M McClintock, Emily C Murriel, Becky Ready, Zachary J Resch, Paula Shear, Anthony Y Stringer, Sara L Weisenbach, Cynthia S Kubu","doi":"10.1080/13854046.2025.2524080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2025.2524080","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objective</b>: This paper is the first in a series of three that describe the context, rationale, and results of the American Psychological Association's Division 40: Society for Clinical Neuropsychology's (SCN) strategic planning initiative. <b>Methods</b>: In this paper, we provide a review of the SCN's history, including previous organizational changes and strategic planning efforts, and discuss the rationale for undertaking the current strategic planning process. We discuss the development and work of the SCN Strategic Planning Committees (SPCs) and their multi-method approach to assessing the SCN's strengths and weaknesses, the needs and preferred organizational priorities of membership, and opportunities for improving organizational inclusivity and member benefits. We discuss how the results of extensive qualitative and quantitative data collection methods were used to develop the SCN 2023 Strategic Plan and guide organizational changes. <b>Results:</b> The SCN 2023 Strategic Plan was approved by the SCN Executive Committee in 2023. It includes six guiding principles, three operating principles, five strategic priorities, and specific organizational objectives. Based on the data collected, the plan includes a focus on strengthening professional advocacy and equity, justice, and inclusion within the SCN, increasing organizational effectiveness, and improving the SCN's membership value proposition. To align the SCN with the strategic plan, subsequent implementation efforts include changes to the SCN Bylaws, policies and procedures, and organizational structure. <b>Conclusions</b>: The SCN 2023 Strategic Plan operationalizes the values, strategies priorities, and objectives of the organization, and in doing so, enhances the SCN's capacity to optimize its value to members and societal impact.</p>","PeriodicalId":55250,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Neuropsychologist","volume":" ","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144562030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}