Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B-Biochemistry & Molecular Biology最新文献

{"title":"Cloning of the Na+-K+-2Cl−(NKCC) transporter in Macrobrachium rosenbergii and its role in osmoregulation","authors":"Weifeng Gao,&nbsp;Lu Chen,&nbsp;Qianqian Ding,&nbsp;Xiaojian Gao,&nbsp;Yao Zhang,&nbsp;Xiaojun Zhang,&nbsp;Qun Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpb.2025.111123","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpb.2025.111123","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The full-length cDNA sequences of two Na-K-2Cl cotransporter (NKCC) isoforms, <em>MrNKCC1</em> and <em>MrNKCC2</em>, were identified in <em>Macrobrachium rosenbergii</em>. <em>MrNKCC1</em> contains a 3183 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding 1060 amino acids, while <em>MrNKCC2</em> has a 2679 bp ORF encoding 892 amino acids. Both isoforms share a similar predicted secondary structure, featuring 12 transmembrane domains and a C-terminal, and their amino acid sequences and domain arrangement are highly conserved. Phylogenetic analysis groups fish and crustacean NKCC isoforms into distinct branches, each containing two isoforms. Expression analysis using real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) revealed distinct tissue distribution patterns. <em>MrNKCC1</em> was broadly expressed, with the highest levels in the intestine, whereas <em>MrNKCC2</em> was predominantly found in the gill, hepatopancreas, and epidermis, with peak expression in the gill. To examine their roles in osmoregulation, prawns were exposed to 24 ‰ seawater for 96 h. Hemolymph concentrations of Cl⁻, K⁺, and Na⁺ increased, peaking at 24, 24, and 12 h, respectively. During this period, <em>MrNKCC1</em> expression was suppressed, while <em>MrNKCC2</em> expression significantly increased at 2 h after seawater exposure and then returned to initial levels. Gill filaments showed significant histological changes under seawater exposure, including the expansion and proliferation of chloride-secreting cells. Following a 96-h seawater exposure, prawns were transferred to freshwater. This transition led to a decline in plasma Cl⁻, K⁺, and Na⁺ concentrations, accompanied by a marked increase in <em>MrNKCC1</em> and <em>MrNKCC2</em> expression. The rapid transcriptional response of both <em>MrNKCC</em> isoforms to salinity fluctuations highlights their critical role in the osmoregulatory mechanisms of <em>M. rosenbergii</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55236,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B-Biochemistry & Molecular Biology","volume":"279 ","pages":"Article 111123"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144563622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative sensitivity of marine invertebrate lipids to oxidation under prooxidant conditions in vitro","authors":"Aleksandra Istomina,&nbsp;Viktor Chelomin,&nbsp;Olesya Elovskaya,&nbsp;Nadezhda Dovzhenko,&nbsp;Valentina Slobodskova,&nbsp;Lyudmila Kolosova,&nbsp;Yuliya Fedorets","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpb.2025.111121","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpb.2025.111121","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The current study compared the degree of oxidative damage induced by Fenton reagents (ferrous sulfate and hydrogen peroxide) in the digestive tissue homogenates of 13 species of marine invertebrates (mollusks and echinoderms). Lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, TBARS) was used to estimate the potential resistance to lipid peroxidation in the studied organisms. These data showed that invertebrates can be divided into two groups. The first group included sea urchins and gastropod mollusks, which had a high level of integrated antiradical activity (IAA) and a low level of lipids available for peroxidation (LPA). The second group included sea stars and bivalves, which have low levels of IAA and varying amounts of LPA. On the basis of these data, it is hypothesized that species occupying the upper littoral and intertidal zones (sea urchins, gastropod mollusks), and which are exposed to fluctuations in factors that affect metabolic processes and thus alter the levels of reactive oxygen species, are adapted for such settings through a high antioxidant potential. Conversely, species that inhabit deeper waters under more stable conditions (bivalves, sea stars), do not need to maintain a high concentration of low-molecular-weight antioxidants. This may represent an important adaptation of these species to environmental fluctuations in their natural habitats.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55236,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B-Biochemistry & Molecular Biology","volume":"279 ","pages":"Article 111121"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144531204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Iron mineral formation using chiton-derived ferritins","authors":"Shenghao Du,&nbsp;Juanli Liao,&nbsp;Dawei Sun,&nbsp;Chuang Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpb.2025.111120","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpb.2025.111120","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The teeth of chitons, a group of marine mollusks, rank among the hardest biomaterials found on earth. These teeth are composed of structurally ordered iron oxide minerals. Ferritin is an iron-storage protein known to regulate iron metabolism across diverse organisms; however, its role in iron biomineralization in chiton teeth remains unclear. Herein, ferritins were isolated from chiton hemolymph. Transcriptome- and proteome-based analysis revealed that the main ferritins in chiton hemolymph are also found in chiton radulae, which is supported by their elevated transcriptional abundance in radular tissues. <em>In vitro</em> assays revealed that these ferritins can bind iron ions and promote the formation of iron-based minerals. <em>Ex vivo</em> experiments using unmineralized radular scaffolds further showed that chiton ferritins facilitate iron oxide biomineralization, although the resulting crystals differed structurally from the native magnetite found in mature teeth. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the conservation of ferritins among chitons, indicative of their universal role in tooth formation in chitons. Our findings advance the molecular understanding of iron-based biomineralization in chitons and provide insights for the design of synthetic iron-based nanomaterials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55236,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B-Biochemistry & Molecular Biology","volume":"279 ","pages":"Article 111120"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144369612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects on life parameters and fatty acid expression profiles in response to elevated temperatures in CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene–targeted mutants of two desaturase (Δ9–3 and Δ5/6) genes in the water flea Daphnia magna","authors":"Deok-Seo Yoon ,&nbsp;Eunjin Byeon ,&nbsp;Seong Chan Yun ,&nbsp;Haksoo Jeong ,&nbsp;Jin-Sol Lee ,&nbsp;Yunfei Sun ,&nbsp;Eun-Ji Won ,&nbsp;Heum Gi Park ,&nbsp;Zhou Yang ,&nbsp;Atsushi Hagiwara ,&nbsp;Min-Chul Lee ,&nbsp;Jae-Seong Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpb.2025.111119","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpb.2025.111119","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fatty-acid desaturation is central to membrane homeostasis and thermal performance in ectotherms. We disrupted the <em>Δ9–3</em> (MUFA-specific) and <em>Δ5/6</em> (long-chain PUFA-specific) desaturase genes in <em>Daphnia magna</em> with CRISPR/Cas9 and compared wild-type and knockout lines at 23 °C and 28 °C. Loss of <em>Δ9–3</em> substantially depleted monounsaturated fatty acids, especially oleic and palmitoleic acids, with a compensatory rise in total polyunsaturates. These lipid shifts coincided with enhanced growth and fecundity under benign temperature but translated into reduced reproductive output when heat stress was imposed, indicating a context-dependent trade-off. In contrast, deletion of <em>Δ5/6</em> selectively impaired the n-6 pathway at high temperature, leading to pronounced reductions in total PUFA reserves and a severe decline in offspring production; the usual growth benefit of warming was also abolished. Together, the data reveal that <em>Δ9–3</em> supports MUFA supply needed for baseline metabolism, whereas <em>Δ5/6</em> maintains PUFA reserves critical for reproduction under thermal challenge. Divergent desaturase functions thus play distinct roles in lipid remodeling and contribute to climate resilience in freshwater zooplankton.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55236,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B-Biochemistry & Molecular Biology","volume":"279 ","pages":"Article 111119"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144337287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular characterization of HSP70, HSP90a, expression responses and biochemical changes in yellowfin seabream Acanthopagrus latus (Houttuyn 1782) under temperature stress","authors":"Jing-Jing Wu ,&nbsp;Ya-Ling Li ,&nbsp;Jin-Min Pan ,&nbsp;Hua-Yang Guo ,&nbsp;Bao-Suo Liu ,&nbsp;Nan Zhang ,&nbsp;Lin Xian ,&nbsp;Ke-Cheng Zhu ,&nbsp;Dian-Chang Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpb.2025.111118","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpb.2025.111118","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the molecular characteristics and expression profiles of heat shock proteins (HSP70, HSP90a, and HSP90a1) and biochemical changes in yellowfin seabream (<em>Acanthopagrus latus</em>) under acute temperature stress. The full-length cDNA sequences of these <em>HSPs</em> were cloned and analyzed, revealing open reading frames encoding 639, 730, and 724 amino acids, respectively, each containing conserved motifs indicative of their roles in the stress response. Tissue-specific expression analysis showed that <em>AlHSP70</em> was predominantly expressed in the kidney, while <em>AlHSP90a and AlHSP90a1</em> exhibited highest expression levels in the heart of healthy adult males. Under acute temperature stress, quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) demonstrated that hepatic expression levels of these genes in juvenile fish initially increased, followed by a decrease and stabilization over time. Concurrently, activities of antioxidant enzymes—total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) and catalase (CAT)—and the metabolic enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the liver showed a similar pattern of initial elevation followed by decline. These findings suggest that HSPs play a critical role in the physiological response to temperature-induced stress, contributing to protection against oxidative damage in <em>A. latus</em>. This study provides fundamental insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying thermal stress acclimation in this species.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55236,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B-Biochemistry & Molecular Biology","volume":"279 ","pages":"Article 111118"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144327799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plant oils induce fatty acid plasticity in Artemia – A comparison among newly hatched, starved, and enriched nauplii","authors":"Seyed-Mohammadreza Samaee ,&nbsp;Alicia Estévez","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpb.2025.111117","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpb.2025.111117","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Artemia</em> nauplii (AN) are commonly fed as live prey, although they are deficient in certain fatty acids (FAs). To address this deficiency, AN are directly enriched with the necessary FAs. However, while the use of plant oils (POs) in aquafeed is common practice, their applicability toward mass production of enriched AN has not been fully explored. The goal of this study was to investigate the flexibility of AN FA synthesis in response to POs. Three olive oils (OOs) derived from single-cultivar trees (Kor, Par, and Arg) were used to enrich AN. Newly hatched (AN0) and 36-h starved AN (AN36) were designated as unenriched groups. While certain FAs increased (16:1<em>n</em>-7, 18:1<em>n</em>-7, 18:1<em>n</em>-9, 18:2<em>n</em>-6, 18:3<em>n</em>-3, 20:4<em>n</em>-6, and 20:5<em>n</em>-3) from AN0 to AN36, others, such as 16:0 and 18:0, decreased, indicating ongoing FA synthesis in AN. Regression models revealed interrelationships among FAs in AN36. The AN enriched with OOs exhibited significant changes in their FA profiles and interrelationships. These changes were attributed to either biosynthesis or dietary factors. Overall, the results suggest that using POs, as sustainable enrichment components, can effectively modify FA metabolism in AN to achieve desired FA profiles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55236,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B-Biochemistry & Molecular Biology","volume":"279 ","pages":"Article 111117"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144289118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structural and functional plasticity of metal-responsive transcription factor 1 (MTF-1) within Lophotrochozoa","authors":"Veronika Pedrini-Martha ,&nbsp;Bernhard Egger ,&nbsp;Michael Niederwanger ,&nbsp;Reinhard Dallinger ,&nbsp;Martina Höckner","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpb.2025.111116","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpb.2025.111116","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Control of metal ion metabolism in animals is crucial for their survival. In this context, the regulation of metallothioneins (MTs), key proteins in metal metabolism and detoxification, by the metal regulatory transcription factor MTF-1 is well established in vertebrates and <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em>. However, the metal-dependent regulation of <em>MT</em> genes in most other invertebrates remains poorly understood, with MTF-1 so far identified in only a few invertebrate species. In the present study, we identified the presence of MTF-1 in diverse species within Lophotrochozoa. Specifically, we confirmed the functionality of MTF-1 from <em>Helix pomatia</em> (Gastropoda) and <em>Lumbricus terrestris</em> (Annelida) through in vitro co-expression studies using a dual-luciferase assay. We also demonstrate that the conserved zinc finger region appears to be the functional centrepiece of MTF-1 throughout all animal phyla, supporting core transcription factor functions across different species. In contrast, there is high variability in the up- and downstream MTF-1 sequences which may reflect the potential for additional functions, such as species- and habitat-specific adaptations. Our study provides a comprehensive framework for better understanding MTF-1 sequence and functional variability between closely and more distantly related species.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55236,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B-Biochemistry & Molecular Biology","volume":"279 ","pages":"Article 111116"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144259424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regulatory mechanism of viperin in the interferon signaling pathway of large yellow croaker: Characterization of the promoter region","authors":"Wen Luo,&nbsp;Hongling Wu,&nbsp;Ying Huang,&nbsp;Wenzheng Zou,&nbsp;Fang Han","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpb.2025.111115","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpb.2025.111115","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Viperin (Virus inhibitory protein, endoplasmic reticulum-associated, IFN-inducible) is a broad-spectrum antiviral protein widely involved in vertebrate innate immune regulation. This study cloned the 5′ flanking promoter region (2010 bp) of the <em>viperin</em> gene (named as <em>LcViperin</em>) in large yellow croaker (<em>Larimichthys crocea</em>) and analyzed its promoter characteristics through bioinformatics and dual-luciferase reporter assays. Results indicated that the <em>LcViperin</em> promoter region contains two TATA boxes and several critical transcription factor binding sites, including interferon-stimulated response elements (ISREs), GATA-binding factor 1 (GATA1), nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7), and signal transduction and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1). Promoter region truncation experiments in HEK 293 T cells further confirmed that the core promoter region is located between −331 and − 121 bp. <em>LcViperin</em> overexpression significantly activated IRF3, IRF7, and IFN1 promoters in a dose-dependent manner. Domain deletion experiments demonstrated that the N-terminal and SAM (S-adenosyl-L-methionine) domains play key roles in promoter activation. Additionally, co-transfection with <em>LcViperin</em> and <em>IRAK1</em> (interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1, named as <em>LcIRAK1</em>) significantly enhanced IRF3, IRF7, and IFN1 promoter activity. This study reveals the regulatory characteristics of the large yellow croaker <em>viperin</em> promoter and its role in the interferon signaling pathway, providing a theoretical basis for understanding its immune regulatory mechanism and improving disease resistance in large yellow croaker. It also offers a scientific basis for understanding viperin regulation and its application in disease prevention in aquaculture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55236,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B-Biochemistry & Molecular Biology","volume":"279 ","pages":"Article 111115"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144250917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modifications to skeletal muscle morphology correlate with increased thermogenic capacity during cold-acclimation in Dark-eyed Juncos (Junco hyemalis)","authors":"Maria Stager ,&nbsp;Luke R Wilde ,&nbsp;Rebecca Ganley ,&nbsp;Cory R Elowe","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpb.2025.111114","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpb.2025.111114","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Many small endotherms increase their capacity to produce heat in response to cold temperatures. This organismal response is underlain by modifications to lower levels of biological organization. Here we investigated potential changes to muscle morphology in cold-acclimated Dark-eyed Juncos (<em>Junco hyemalis</em>), a widespread North American sparrow. We quantified pectoralis fiber density, fiber cross-sectional area, capillary density, capillary-to-fiber ratio, and fiber type for individuals exposed to cold (−8 °C) or control (18 °C) temperature treatments lasting one to six weeks in duration. We then related pectoralis morphological traits to metabolic traits for these same individuals. We show that pectoralis fiber density quickly increased in the cold, and positively correlated with summit metabolic rate (a proxy for maximal thermogenic capacity) and resting metabolic rate (an index of maintenance cost) in the cold. Fiber density was not, however, related to the duration of the treatment. Moreover, juncos did not exhibit changes in capillarity or fiber type. Our results suggest one physiological avenue by which songbirds may rapidly alter organismal performance in response to variation in ambient temperature.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55236,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B-Biochemistry & Molecular Biology","volume":"279 ","pages":"Article 111114"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144250916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fungal disease does not affect skin carotenoid concentrations in dietary-supplemented strawberry poison frogs","authors":"Rachel K. Prokopius ,&nbsp;Kevin J. McGraw ,&nbsp;Alessandro Catenazzi","doi":"10.1016/j.cbpb.2025.111113","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cbpb.2025.111113","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carotenoids are colored molecules that are sequestered through diet and provide health benefits and affect reproductive success in certain organisms. <em>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</em> (Bd) is a worldwide amphibian infection that invades skin, disrupts vital regulatory processes and can cause death. We hypothesized Bd skin infection affects sequestration of important skin carotenoids in carotenoid-supplemented strawberry poison frogs (<em>Oophaga pumilio</em>). We predicted that infection would deplete skin carotenoid concentrations due to the energetic or immunological trade-off required when fighting infection. We experimentally infected a group of adult male and female <em>O. pumilio</em> with Bd and used high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to compare types and concentrations of 17 unique skin carotenoids between infected and control (mock-infected) animals that were all supplemented with dietary carotenoids. We achieved a range of Bd infection (from around 1.0 × 10¹ to above 1.0 × 10⁷ zoospore equivalents) in all infected frogs. We found no effect of Bd infection on skin carotenoid concentrations, regardless of sex. This suggests Bd infection is not sufficient to alter skin carotenoids in <em>O. pumilio</em> with non-limited dietary carotenoids, perhaps due to sufficient energy available both for combating infection and maintaining skin carotenoids in captive animals. We suggest further study of the energetics of sequestering and metabolizing carotenoids in amphibians and its relationship to energy needed when combating Bd infection to better understand how skin carotenoids are maintained when Bd infection takes hold. Studying the effect of pathogen infection on organism carotenoid sequestration will continue to be important as emerging infectious diseases surface worldwide.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55236,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B-Biochemistry & Molecular Biology","volume":"279 ","pages":"Article 111113"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144227756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}