Foundations of Science最新文献_第5页

Epistemic Functions of Replicability in Experimental Sciences: Defending the Orthodox View. 实验科学中可复制性的认知功能:捍卫正统观点

IF 0.9 4区哲学

Foundations of Science Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2023-02-18 DOI: 10.1007/s10699-023-09901-4

Michał Sikorski, Mattia Andreoletti

引用次数: 0

The Formal Layer of {Brain and Mind} and Emerging Consciousness in Physical Systems {大脑和意识}的形式层和在物理系统中出现的意识

IF 0.9 4区哲学

Foundations of Science Pub Date : 2023-11-28 DOI: 10.1007/s10699-023-09937-6

Jerzy Król, Andrew Schumann

{"title":"The Formal Layer of {Brain and Mind} and Emerging Consciousness in Physical Systems","authors":"Jerzy Król, Andrew Schumann","doi":"10.1007/s10699-023-09937-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10699-023-09937-6","url":null,"abstract":"We consider consciousness attributed to systems in space-time which can be purely physical without biological background and focus on the mathematical understanding of the phenomenon. It is shown that the set theory based on sets in the foundations of mathematics, when switched to set theory based on ZFC models, is a very promising mathematical tool in explaining the brain/mind complex and the emergence of consciousness in natural and artificial systems. We formalise consciousness-supporting systems in physical space-time, but this is localised in open domains of spatial regions and the result of this process is a family of different ZFC models. Random forcing, as in set theory, corresponds precisely to the random influence on the system of external stimuli, and the principles of reflection of set theory explain the conscious internal reaction of the system. We also develop the conscious Turing machines which have their external ZFC environment and the dynamics is encoded in the random forcing changing models of ZFC in which Turing machines with oracles are formulated. The construction is applied to cooperating families of conscious agents which, due to the reflection principle, can be reduced to the implementation of certain concurrent games with different levels of self-reflection.\u0000","PeriodicalId":55146,"journal":{"name":"Foundations of Science","volume":"63 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138449831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Epidemiological Models and Epistemic Perspectives: How Scientific Pluralism may be Misconstrued 流行病学模型和认知视角:科学多元主义如何被误解

IF 0.9 4区哲学

Foundations of Science Pub Date : 2023-11-16 DOI: 10.1007/s10699-023-09936-7

Nicolò Gaj

{"title":"Epidemiological Models and Epistemic Perspectives: How Scientific Pluralism may be Misconstrued","authors":"Nicolò Gaj","doi":"10.1007/s10699-023-09936-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10699-023-09936-7","url":null,"abstract":"In a scenario characterized by unpredictable developments, such as the recent COVID-19 pandemic, epidemiological models have played a leading part, having been especially widely deployed for forecasting purposes. In this paper, two real-world examples of modeling are examined in support of the proposition that science can convey inconsistent as well as genuinely perspectival representations of the world. Reciprocally inconsistent outcomes are grounded on incompatible assumptions, whereas perspectival outcomes are grounded on compatible assumptions and illuminate different aspects of the same object of interest. In both cases, models should be viewed as expressions of specific assumptions and unconstrained choices on the part of those designing them. The coexistence of a variety of models reflects a primary feature of science, namely its pluralism. It is herein proposed that recent over-exposure to science’s inner workings and disputes such as those pertaining to models, may have led the public to perceive pluralism as a flaw—or more specifically, as disunity or fragmentation, which in turn may have been interpreted as a sign of unreliability. In conclusion, given the inescapability of pluralism, suggestions are offered as to how to counteract distorted perceptions of science, and thereby enhance scientific literacy.","PeriodicalId":55146,"journal":{"name":"Foundations of Science","volume":"28 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138293488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Does Logic Have a History at All? 逻辑有历史吗?

IF 0.9 4区哲学

Foundations of Science Pub Date : 2023-11-14 DOI: 10.1007/s10699-023-09933-w

Jens Lemanski

引用次数: 0

What is Post-normal Science? A Personal Encounter 什么是后常态科学?个人邂逅

IF 0.9 4区哲学

Foundations of Science Pub Date : 2023-11-10 DOI: 10.1007/s10699-023-09932-x

Andrea Saltelli

引用次数: 0

Permutation Arguments and Kunen’s Inconsistency Theorem 排列论证与库宁不一致定理

IF 0.9 4区哲学

Foundations of Science Pub Date : 2023-11-10 DOI: 10.1007/s10699-023-09931-y

A. Salch

{"title":"Permutation Arguments and Kunen’s Inconsistency Theorem","authors":"A. Salch","doi":"10.1007/s10699-023-09931-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10699-023-09931-y","url":null,"abstract":"I offer a variant of Putnam’s “permutation argument,” originally an argument against metaphysical realism. This variant is called the “natural permutation argument.” I explain how the natural permutation argument generates a form of referential inscrutability which is not resolvable by consideration of “natural properties” in the sense of Lewis’s response to Putnam. However, unlike the classical permutation argument (which is applicable to nearly all interpretations of all first-order theories), the natural permutation argument only applies to interpretations which have some special symmetries. I give an analysis of the interpretations to which the natural permutation argument does apply, and I explain how, when it fails to apply, the referential inscrutability generated by permutation arguments is resolvable by a Lewisian strategy. In order to demonstrate how these problems of referential inscrutability play out in an a priori setting relevant to philosophy, I discuss the applicability of the natural permutation argument in set-theoretic reasoning. I use the well-known Kunen inconsistency theorem to show that, in Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory, the Axiom of Choice is sufficient to resolve referential inscrutability. I then explain how, as a result of a recent theorem of Daghighi–Golshani–Hamkins–Jeřábek, in certain non-well-founded set theories the natural permutation argument does yield an intractable inscrutability of reference.","PeriodicalId":55146,"journal":{"name":"Foundations of Science","volume":"31 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91398517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Platonism of Modern Physical Science: Historical Roots and “Rational Reconstruction” 现代物理科学的柏拉图主义：历史根源与“理性重构”

IF 0.9 4区哲学

Foundations of Science Pub Date : 2023-11-07 DOI: 10.1007/s10699-023-09935-8

Ragnar Fjelland

{"title":"The Platonism of Modern Physical Science: Historical Roots and “Rational Reconstruction”","authors":"Ragnar Fjelland","doi":"10.1007/s10699-023-09935-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10699-023-09935-8","url":null,"abstract":"Perhaps the most influential historian of science of the last century, Alexandre Koyré, famously argued that the icon of modern science, Galileo Galilei, was a Platonist who had hardly performed experiments. Koyré has been followed by other historians and philosophers of science. In addition, it is not difficult to find examples of Platonists in contemporary science, in particular in the physical sciences. A famous example is the icon of twenty century physics, Albert Einstein. This paper addresses two questions related to the Platonism of modern physical science. The first is: How is Galileo’s Platonism compatible with the fact that he did perform experiments? The solution to this apparent paradox can be found in Plato’s late dialogue Timaeus. In the dialogue the world has been created by a divine craftsman according to an original plan. The task of the scientist is not primarily to describe the material world, but to reconstruct the original plan. This view has later been known as “God’s Eye View”. The second question is: If a God’s Eye View is unattainable, how is it possible to give a “rational reconstruction” of Galileo’s Platonism? The key-word is idealisation. It is further argued that idealisation is intimately related to technology. Technology is required to realize ideal experimental conditions, and the results are in its turn implemented in technology. The implication is that the quest for unity in science, based on physics as the basic science, should be replaced by the recognition of the diversity of the sciences.","PeriodicalId":55146,"journal":{"name":"Foundations of Science","volume":"60 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71474908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Hamilton, Hamiltonian Mechanics, and Causation 哈密尔顿、哈密尔顿力学和因果关系

IF 0.9 4区哲学

Foundations of Science Pub Date : 2023-11-06 DOI: 10.1007/s10699-023-09923-y

Christopher Gregory Weaver

{"title":"Hamilton, Hamiltonian Mechanics, and Causation","authors":"Christopher Gregory Weaver","doi":"10.1007/s10699-023-09923-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10699-023-09923-y","url":null,"abstract":"I show how Sir William Rowan Hamilton’s philosophical commitments led him to a causal interpretation of classical mechanics. I argue that Hamilton’s metaphysics of causation was injected into his dynamics by way of a causal interpretation of force. I then detail how forces are indispensable to both Hamilton’s formulation of classical mechanics and what we now call Hamiltonian mechanics (i.e., the modern formulation). On this point, my efforts primarily consist of showing that the contemporary orthodox interpretation of potential energy is the interpretation found in Hamilton’s work. Hamilton called the potential energy function the “force-function” because he believed that it represents forces at work in the world. Various non-historical arguments for this orthodox interpretation of potential energy are provided, and matters are concluded by showing that in classical Hamiltonian mechanics, facts about the potential energies of systems are grounded in facts about forces. Thus, if one can tolerate the view that forces are causes of motion, then Hamilton provides one with a road map for transporting causation into one of the most mathematically sophisticated formulations of classical mechanics, viz., Hamiltonian mechanics.","PeriodicalId":55146,"journal":{"name":"Foundations of Science","volume":"60 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71474909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Simulated Data in Empirical Science 实证科学中的模拟数据

IF 0.9 4区哲学

Foundations of Science Pub Date : 2023-11-06 DOI: 10.1007/s10699-023-09934-9

Aki Lehtinen, Jani Raerinne

引用次数: 0

Recurrence in Lissajous Curves and the Visual Representation of Tuning Systems 利萨曲线的递归性与调谐系统的视觉表示

IF 0.9 4区哲学

Foundations of Science Pub Date : 2023-10-21 DOI: 10.1007/s10699-023-09930-z

Carlos A. Sierra

引用次数: 0