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Form and Information in Biology—An Evolutionary Perspective 生物学中的形式与信息--进化的视角
IF 0.9 4区 哲学
Foundations of Science Pub Date : 2024-09-20 DOI: 10.1007/s10699-024-09964-x
Engin Bermek
{"title":"Form and Information in Biology—An Evolutionary Perspective","authors":"Engin Bermek","doi":"10.1007/s10699-024-09964-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10699-024-09964-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this paper, I adopt the view that the form which is embodied in matter gives it its essence and converts it into substance (Aristotle). I furthermore understand information as the transmissible state of the form. Living beings as substances can create order in their environment adapted to their needs. The environment in turn has the potential to change the form and other causes such as matter, efficiency/functionality, and goal/intention. Living beings can internalize these changes, propagate them through replication, or share them as information with others. Living beings have progressively acquired through this process advanced form- and information-processing and generation abilities. This positive feedback loop with enhancement in form and information has become one of the main drivers of biological evolution. Based on these considerations, I will address the nature of form and information and the changes that they have undergone during biological evolution.</p>","PeriodicalId":55146,"journal":{"name":"Foundations of Science","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142306328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Model Organism Databases and Algorithms: A Computing Mechanism for Cross-species Research 模式生物数据库和算法：跨物种研究的计算机制
IF 0.9 4区 哲学
Foundations of Science Pub Date : 2024-09-16 DOI: 10.1007/s10699-024-09962-z
Sim-Hui Tee
{"title":"Model Organism Databases and Algorithms: A Computing Mechanism for Cross-species Research","authors":"Sim-Hui Tee","doi":"10.1007/s10699-024-09962-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10699-024-09962-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Model organism databases are used extensively for knowledge retrieval and knowledge sharing among biologists. With the invention of genome sequencing and protein profiling technologies, large amount of molecular data provides practical insights into the molecular study of model organisms. The knowledge-intensive characteristic of model organism databases provides a reference point for the comparative study of other species. In this paper, I argue that algorithms could be used to facilitate cross-species research. I emphasize the epistemic significance of algorithms in the integration of data for cross-species research. I examine (1) how algorithms guide data integration in model organism databases; and (2) the importance of algorithms for the use of model organism database in the cross-species research. I argue that an extrapolation from the stored data to other species is possible in virtue of the fact that algorithms can facilitate two modes of data integration—viz., inter-level and cross-species integration. Lastly, I examine the implication of the data integration role of an algorithm in light of mechanistic explanation.</p>","PeriodicalId":55146,"journal":{"name":"Foundations of Science","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142235334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
About the Concept of Molecular Structure 关于分子结构的概念
IF 0.9 4区 哲学
Foundations of Science Pub Date : 2024-09-07 DOI: 10.1007/s10699-024-09963-y
Olimpia Lombardi, Giovanni Villani
{"title":"About the Concept of Molecular Structure","authors":"Olimpia Lombardi, Giovanni Villani","doi":"10.1007/s10699-024-09963-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10699-024-09963-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The concept of molecular structure is one of the most important concepts of chemistry. In fact, molecular structure is closely related to the concept of chemical substance and its set of properties, and it is the main factor in the explanation of reactivity. In fact, much of the behavior of substances is explained in terms of the structure of their component molecules. This may explain why people tend to take the notion of molecular structure for granted. However, the problem begins already when it comes to specifying the concept, since there is no clear definition of ‘molecular structure’ valid for all chemistry. The purpose of the present article is to show that the term ‘molecular structure’ subsumes very different notions, which depend on how the molecule and its components are conceived, and each of which brings its own difficulties. In particular, we will focus on how the molecule and its structure are devised from a classical view and from a quantum–mechanical view, and will discuss the different problems related with molecular structure that arise in each case.</p>","PeriodicalId":55146,"journal":{"name":"Foundations of Science","volume":"249 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142144231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Understanding the Interaction Between the Divergence of Science and the Convergence of Technology Based on Polanyi’s Thoughts on Science 基于波兰尼的科学思想理解科学的分化与技术的融合之间的相互作用
IF 0.9 4区 哲学
Foundations of Science Pub Date : 2024-08-24 DOI: 10.1007/s10699-024-09961-0
Jianzhong Li
{"title":"Understanding the Interaction Between the Divergence of Science and the Convergence of Technology Based on Polanyi’s Thoughts on Science","authors":"Jianzhong Li","doi":"10.1007/s10699-024-09961-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10699-024-09961-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The increasing interplay of science and technology is often portrayed with an air of inevitability, but few studies explicitly discuss the source and nature of their interaction. Based on Polanyi’s thoughts on science, technology and personal research activity, in this paper, we consider the relationship between the (relative) divergence of science and the (relative) convergence of technology, and use it to analyse the interaction between science and technology. In particular, we consider the inter-confinement between science and technology that can be attributed to the interaction between the divergence of science and the convergence of technology. This science-technology nexus might have its impact on achieving technology-science progress.</p>","PeriodicalId":55146,"journal":{"name":"Foundations of Science","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142045647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Between Understanding and Control: Science as a Cultural Product 理解与控制之间：作为文化产品的科学
IF 0.9 4区 哲学
Foundations of Science Pub Date : 2024-08-06 DOI: 10.1007/s10699-024-09960-1
Flavio Del Santo
{"title":"Between Understanding and Control: Science as a Cultural Product","authors":"Flavio Del Santo","doi":"10.1007/s10699-024-09960-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10699-024-09960-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Since the early days of humankind, people have been asking questions about Nature of two kinds: why did that happen? And how can that be used? In a broad sense, science was born that day. We show indeed that science has two complementary and interdependent souls that aim, respectively, to how to understand and how to control Nature. Through a broad historical analysis, this essay aims to (1) give an account of the development of science as an oscillation and an interplay between its two intrinsic natures, (2) demonstrate that this happened already in ancient times starting from the 6th century BC, and (3) the fact that in different periods one of the two natures was largely favored over the other is a consequence of science being a cultural product of the different social-historical contexts.</p>","PeriodicalId":55146,"journal":{"name":"Foundations of Science","volume":"190 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141895578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Are Interactive Exhibits at a Science Center Cognitive Artifacts? 科学中心的互动展品是认知文物吗？
IF 0.9 4区 哲学
Foundations of Science Pub Date : 2024-08-02 DOI: 10.1007/s10699-024-09959-8
Marcin Trybulec, Ilona Iłowiecka-Tańska
{"title":"Are Interactive Exhibits at a Science Center Cognitive Artifacts?","authors":"Marcin Trybulec, Ilona Iłowiecka-Tańska","doi":"10.1007/s10699-024-09959-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10699-024-09959-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The paper examines the semiotic and cognitive status of interactive exhibits at science centers, taking the Copernicus Science Center in Warsaw (CSC) as an example. Such science centers support bottom-up interactions, encouraging visitors to spontaneously explore the exhibits in various ways. We analyze one distinctive way of interaction, when young visitors ignore an exhibit’s instruction and use it as if it were a kind of a toy or machine to play with (this is particularly common with exhibits that are unfamiliar “open-ended objects”). Drawing on cognitive semiotics we describe this particular way of interacting with exhibits as the <i>reality mode</i> of experience, in which the user ignores an intended exhibit’s representational function. We consider whether such interactive objects can be framed as cognitive artifacts, given that standard conceptualizations of artifacts emphasize their representational function. How can we convincingly describe the process by which the cognitive function of an exhibit experienced in <i>reality mode</i> is constituted? In this paper we apply concept of ecological cognitive artifact and the idea of the enactive signification to these questions. We argue that exhibits experienced in <i>reality mode</i> do indeed perform cognitive functions, even in the absence of a representational relation. Our investigation provides insights into the cognitive functions of exhibits and contributes to the conceptualization of non-representational cognitive artifacts.</p>","PeriodicalId":55146,"journal":{"name":"Foundations of Science","volume":"75 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141880325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A Delicate Balancing Act: Integrative Pluralism and the Pursuit of Unified Theories 微妙的平衡术：综合多元论与统一理论的追求
IF 0.9 4区 哲学
Foundations of Science Pub Date : 2024-07-30 DOI: 10.1007/s10699-024-09958-9
Marcin Miłkowski
{"title":"A Delicate Balancing Act: Integrative Pluralism and the Pursuit of Unified Theories","authors":"Marcin Miłkowski","doi":"10.1007/s10699-024-09958-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10699-024-09958-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper examines the interplay between integrative explanatory pluralism and the quest for unified theories. We argue that when grounded in virtues associated with satisfactory explanations, integrative pluralism exhibits an inherent instability stemming from the conflict between the demand for unity and the commitment to preserving a patchwork of disparate partial explanations. A case study in cognitive science illuminates the challenges of maintaining both systematicity and depth in explanations within this framework. While this instability does not render integrative pluralism fundamentally flawed, it stresses the importance of a diachronic analysis of scientific dynamics and norms. The conclusion highlights the continued value of integrative pluralism in interdisciplinary research programs, while emphasizing its role as a temporary rather than permanent approach.</p>","PeriodicalId":55146,"journal":{"name":"Foundations of Science","volume":"92 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141857940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Optimized Skin Lesion Segmentation: Analysing DeepLabV3+ and ASSP Against Generative AI-Based Deep Learning Approach 优化皮损分割：用基于生成式人工智能的深度学习方法分析 DeepLabV3+ 和 ASSP
IF 0.9 4区 哲学
Foundations of Science Pub Date : 2024-07-09 DOI: 10.1007/s10699-024-09957-w
Hassan Masood, Asma Naseer, Mudassir Saeed
{"title":"Optimized Skin Lesion Segmentation: Analysing DeepLabV3+ and ASSP Against Generative AI-Based Deep Learning Approach","authors":"Hassan Masood, Asma Naseer, Mudassir Saeed","doi":"10.1007/s10699-024-09957-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10699-024-09957-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Accurate skin lesion segmentation is an important task in dermatology for facilitating early diagnosis and treatment planning. The challenges in skin lesion segmentation comprehend the variability in lesion, low contrast, heterogeneous backgrounds, overlapping or connected lesions, noise and certain artifacts. Despite of these challenges, Deep learning models accomplish remarkable results for skin lesion segmentation by automatically learning discriminative features. The current research introduces a novel approach utilizing the ASSP-based Deeplabv3+ for skin lesion segmentation along with other UNET-based learners while employing VGG-16, VGG-19 and Dense nets as encoders. In addition, an analysis is conducted on GAN-UNET to evaluate the potential of Generative Artificial Intelligence in generating segmented images of skin lesions. Three benchmark medical image datasets, namely ISIC-2016, ISIC-2018, and HAM10000 Lesion Boundary Segmentation, are used to evaluate all five models. The models are trained exclusively on the ISIC-2018 dataset. A comparative analysis is performed, comparing the performance of these models against state-of-the-art segmentation methods, focusing on standard computer vision metrics. The proposed Deeplabv3+ model outperforms by showcasing its ability to accurately delineate skin lesions and surpassing existing techniques in terms of segmentation accuracy as 0.97, Jaccard coefficient as 0.84 and dice coefficient as 0.91.</p>","PeriodicalId":55146,"journal":{"name":"Foundations of Science","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141574017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Extending a Model Language to Handle Entangled Concepts in Artificial Intelligence 扩展模型语言，处理人工智能中的纠缠概念
IF 0.9 4区 哲学
Foundations of Science Pub Date : 2024-07-08 DOI: 10.1007/s10699-024-09956-x
Roberto Leporini
{"title":"Extending a Model Language to Handle Entangled Concepts in Artificial Intelligence","authors":"Roberto Leporini","doi":"10.1007/s10699-024-09956-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10699-024-09956-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In quantum information and computation, entanglement is a resource. When combining concepts, the application of entanglement outside of micro-physical systems is an useful tool. We suggest new cognitive image-based tests that do not need to be translated. No prior knowledge of terms related to the concepts is required, therefore the choice is more intuitive. We examine the merging of two concepts that establish non-classical statistical correlation and present an entanglement-aware vector encoding algorithm. This research’s added value results in an automated system that teaches artificial intelligence to identify and handle entangled concepts.\u0000</p>","PeriodicalId":55146,"journal":{"name":"Foundations of Science","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141561500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Quantum Ontology: A Modal Bundle-Theorist Relational Proposal 量子本体论：模态捆绑理论的关系提议
IF 0.9 4区 哲学
Foundations of Science Pub Date : 2024-07-04 DOI: 10.1007/s10699-024-09955-y
Matías Pasqualini
{"title":"Quantum Ontology: A Modal Bundle-Theorist Relational Proposal","authors":"Matías Pasqualini","doi":"10.1007/s10699-024-09955-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10699-024-09955-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Quantum mechanics poses several challenges in ontological elucidation. Contextuality threatens determinism and favors realism about <i>possibilia</i>. Indistinguishability challenges traditional identity criteria associated with individual objects. Entanglement favors holistic and relational approaches. These issues, in close connection with different interpretations of quantum mechanics, have given rise to various proposals for the ontology of quantum mechanics. There is a proposal that is realistic about <i>possibilia</i>, where quantum systems are seen as bundles of possible intrinsic properties. This proposal is developed in close connection with modal interpretations and addresses quantum contextuality straightforwardly. There are also proposals based on relations, associated with the relational quantum mechanics interpretation. In this paper, features of these proposals are combined to obtain a modal bundle-theorist relational proposal. Its aim is to consistently and straightforwardly address both contextuality and the holistic and relational aspects of quantum mechanics arising from quantum entanglement. The proposal, if some additional principles are assumed, may turn out to be both an instance of moderate structuralism and priority monism.</p>","PeriodicalId":55146,"journal":{"name":"Foundations of Science","volume":"14 1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141521343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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