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On the Neo-Empiricist Thesis and Historicity of Science: Enriques and Neurath 论新经验主义命题与科学的历史性：恩里克与纽赖特
IF 0.9 4区 哲学
Foundations of Science Pub Date : 2025-01-13 DOI: 10.1007/s10699-024-09965-w
Mirella Fortino
{"title":"On the Neo-Empiricist Thesis and Historicity of Science: Enriques and Neurath","authors":"Mirella Fortino","doi":"10.1007/s10699-024-09965-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10699-024-09965-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this article, which testifies the European dimension of Federigo Enriques, an essential question is raised: is it conceivable to admit a radical antithesis between logical empiricism or neo-empiricism and the Enriquesian view of scientific thought? This paper therefore analyses the relationship between Enriques’ conception of science and that of Otto Neurath, one of the main representatives of neo-empiricism. While the interest towards empiricism in Enriques’ conception of the scientific knowledge is emphasised, it cannot be denied that the relationship of Enriques’ epistemology to the scientific idea of the world appears problematic. However, elements of convergence between Neurath and Enriques are discernible above all in the neo-empiricist principle of verification, in the idea of the unity of science and in the recognition by both of the historical nature of the scientific enterprise. In particular, the comparison is emphasised between Neurath’s idea of the encyclopaedia and Enriques’ rationalism, that highlights how, on closer inspection, Neurath’s critical view is not a true antithesis of the historical perspective of science.</p>","PeriodicalId":55146,"journal":{"name":"Foundations of Science","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142974671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Non-causal Explanations in the Humanities: Some Examples. 人文学科中的非因果解释:一些例子
IF 0.9 4区 哲学
Foundations of Science Pub Date : 2025-01-01 Epub Date: 2023-04-06 DOI: 10.1007/s10699-023-09910-3
Roland den Boef, René van Woudenberg
{"title":"Non-causal Explanations in the Humanities: Some Examples.","authors":"Roland den Boef, René van Woudenberg","doi":"10.1007/s10699-023-09910-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10699-023-09910-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The humanistic disciplines aim to offer explanations of a wide variety of phenomena. Philosophical theories of explanation have focused mostly on explanations in the natural sciences; a much discussed theory of explanation is the causal theory of explanation. Recently it has come to be recognized that the sciences sometimes offer respectable explanations that are non-causal. This paper broadens the discussion by discussing explanations that are offered in the fields of history, linguistics, literary theory, and archaeology that do not seem to fit the causal theory of explanation. We conducted an exploratory survey in acclaimed humanities textbooks to find explicitly so-called explanations and analyze their nature. The survey suggests that non-causal explanations are an integral part of the humanities and that they are of distinct kinds. This paper describes three kinds that are suggested by our survey: teleological, formal, and normative explanations. We suggest that such humanistic explanations strengthen the case for explanatory pluralism.</p>","PeriodicalId":55146,"journal":{"name":"Foundations of Science","volume":" ","pages":"55-72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11914344/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43511504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A Bayesian Analysis of the Hubble Tension 哈勃张力的贝叶斯分析
IF 0.9 4区 哲学
Foundations of Science Pub Date : 2024-12-27 DOI: 10.1007/s10699-024-09967-8
Vincenzo Fano, Marco Sanchioni
{"title":"A Bayesian Analysis of the Hubble Tension","authors":"Vincenzo Fano, Marco Sanchioni","doi":"10.1007/s10699-024-09967-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10699-024-09967-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper conducts a Bayesian analysis of the Hubble tension, which addresses the discrepancy between local measurements of the Hubble Constant <span>(H_0)</span> and the value predicted by the <span>(Lambda )</span>CDM model based on Cosmic Microwave Background data. By incorporating new, independent data from the James Webb Space Telescope released in August 2024, the analysis shows that, unlike before, there is no longer strong evidence to suggest that the <span>(Lambda )</span>CDM model is incorrect. As a result, the Hubble tension appears to ease somewhat, indicating that the previously perceived crisis in cosmology may have been overstated, and the standard model remains robust.</p>","PeriodicalId":55146,"journal":{"name":"Foundations of Science","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142887425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Preparation and Test in Physics 物理学的准备和测试
IF 0.9 4区 哲学
Foundations of Science Pub Date : 2024-12-26 DOI: 10.1007/s10699-024-09970-z
Shengyang Zhong
{"title":"Preparation and Test in Physics","authors":"Shengyang Zhong","doi":"10.1007/s10699-024-09970-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10699-024-09970-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p>To model a (particular kind of) physical system, the perspective that encompasses preparations, tests and the interplay between them is crucial. In this paper, we employ the conceptual and technical framework presented by Buffernoir (2023) to model physical systems through this pivotal lens, utilizing Chu spaces. With some intuitive and operational axioms we manage to reproduce the following fundamental and abstract results, as well as (part of) the involved reasoning: (1) the states corresponding to a property form a (bi-orthogonally) closed set; (2) the properties form an orthomodular lattice. Adding some idealistic axioms, we can derive: (1) the pure states form a quantum Kripke frame in the sense of Zhong (2017, 2021, 2023); (2) the properties form an irreducible propositional system in the sense of Piron (1976), isomorphic to the lattice of closed sets of pure states. Our axioms are different from those in Buffernoir (2023): on the one hand, they say less about the structure of mixed states; on the other hand, they are arguably more intuitive and operational. The work formalizes some important reasoning about quantum systems, reveals some implicit idealization behind the Hilbert space formalism of quantum theory and hints at other possible formalisms. Finally, it is argued that the framework can be applied to classical physics at an abstract level as well as naturally extended with probabilities.</p>","PeriodicalId":55146,"journal":{"name":"Foundations of Science","volume":"129 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142887057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Maxwell’s Masterful Entanglement of Optics and Electromagnetism: Bottomed Questioning the Incommensurability Tenet 麦克斯韦对光学和电磁纠缠的精通：对不可通约性原则的根本质疑
IF 0.9 4区 哲学
Foundations of Science Pub Date : 2024-12-23 DOI: 10.1007/s10699-024-09968-7
Rinat M. Nugayev
{"title":"Maxwell’s Masterful Entanglement of Optics and Electromagnetism: Bottomed Questioning the Incommensurability Tenet","authors":"Rinat M. Nugayev","doi":"10.1007/s10699-024-09968-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10699-024-09968-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p>It is contended that one of the promising directions for brooding over the problem of incommensurability of paradigms, coined by T. Kuhn and P. Feyerabend, may be associated with the trend of neo-Kantian epistemology, embodied by the writings of Ernst Cassirer. According to Cassirer, the statements fixing connections and relationships between mathematical ideal constructs render a reliable ‘neutral language’ that can serve as a firm ground for comparing the ‘old’ and ‘new’ paradigms. The aim of the paper is to offer Maxwell’s work as a test case against the incommensurability thesis. A case study of the genesis and functioning of a neutral mathematical language related to the Maxwellian solid synthesis of optics and electromagnetism is provided. It is elicited that its basis is constituted by stodgy language of continuum mechanics. The main function of the neutral language was to project the consequences of all the unified partial theoretical schemes (‘old’ rival paradigms) of Ampѐre, Faraday, Biot, Savar et al. onto the grand mathematical model, ‘rewrite’ all known laws in this pervasive mathematical language, compare their conclusions with each other to eliminate contradictions. Eventually the stuff was generalized in a self-consistent system of Maxwell’s equations.</p>","PeriodicalId":55146,"journal":{"name":"Foundations of Science","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142880265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Evolution of the Ethos of Science: From the Representationalist to the Interventionist Approach to Science 科学伦理的演变：从科学的表象主义到干预主义方法
IF 0.9 4区 哲学
Foundations of Science Pub Date : 2024-12-18 DOI: 10.1007/s10699-024-09969-6
Marek Sikora
{"title":"Evolution of the Ethos of Science: From the Representationalist to the Interventionist Approach to Science","authors":"Marek Sikora","doi":"10.1007/s10699-024-09969-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10699-024-09969-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The article is an exploration into the problem of the ethos of modern science viewed from the representationalist and interventionist perspectives. The representationalist account of science is associated with the position of theoreticism, while the interventionist account pertains to the concept of new experimentalism. The former of these approaches is dominated by the ethos of science which Robert K. Merton defined as comprising four sets of institutional imperatives referred to as ‘Mertonian norms’: universalism, communitarism, disinterestedness, and organized skepticism. In the latter approach, the concept of ethos is far more intricate. It can be described as a hybrid mix of elements derived from Mertonian norms and some constituents from the area of science that John Ziman calls “industrial science”. This article compares the two types of ethos, highlighting the need to identify and investigate nuances in the ethos embraced by individual disciplines within the area of the interventionist approach to science. It is argued that the need can be attributed to the escalating process of substituting the ideal of value-free science for the ideal of value-laden science. The phenomenon is especially evident in the field of laboratory sciences, as exemplified by the research conducted on synthetic mRNA technology. The author also draws attention to the problem of the social responsibility of disciplines from the interventionist approach to science.</p>","PeriodicalId":55146,"journal":{"name":"Foundations of Science","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142841953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Form and Information in Biology—An Evolutionary Perspective 生物学中的形式与信息--进化的视角
IF 0.9 4区 哲学
Foundations of Science Pub Date : 2024-09-20 DOI: 10.1007/s10699-024-09964-x
Engin Bermek
{"title":"Form and Information in Biology—An Evolutionary Perspective","authors":"Engin Bermek","doi":"10.1007/s10699-024-09964-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10699-024-09964-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this paper, I adopt the view that the form which is embodied in matter gives it its essence and converts it into substance (Aristotle). I furthermore understand information as the transmissible state of the form. Living beings as substances can create order in their environment adapted to their needs. The environment in turn has the potential to change the form and other causes such as matter, efficiency/functionality, and goal/intention. Living beings can internalize these changes, propagate them through replication, or share them as information with others. Living beings have progressively acquired through this process advanced form- and information-processing and generation abilities. This positive feedback loop with enhancement in form and information has become one of the main drivers of biological evolution. Based on these considerations, I will address the nature of form and information and the changes that they have undergone during biological evolution.</p>","PeriodicalId":55146,"journal":{"name":"Foundations of Science","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142306328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Model Organism Databases and Algorithms: A Computing Mechanism for Cross-species Research 模式生物数据库和算法：跨物种研究的计算机制
IF 0.9 4区 哲学
Foundations of Science Pub Date : 2024-09-16 DOI: 10.1007/s10699-024-09962-z
Sim-Hui Tee
{"title":"Model Organism Databases and Algorithms: A Computing Mechanism for Cross-species Research","authors":"Sim-Hui Tee","doi":"10.1007/s10699-024-09962-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10699-024-09962-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Model organism databases are used extensively for knowledge retrieval and knowledge sharing among biologists. With the invention of genome sequencing and protein profiling technologies, large amount of molecular data provides practical insights into the molecular study of model organisms. The knowledge-intensive characteristic of model organism databases provides a reference point for the comparative study of other species. In this paper, I argue that algorithms could be used to facilitate cross-species research. I emphasize the epistemic significance of algorithms in the integration of data for cross-species research. I examine (1) how algorithms guide data integration in model organism databases; and (2) the importance of algorithms for the use of model organism database in the cross-species research. I argue that an extrapolation from the stored data to other species is possible in virtue of the fact that algorithms can facilitate two modes of data integration—viz., inter-level and cross-species integration. Lastly, I examine the implication of the data integration role of an algorithm in light of mechanistic explanation.</p>","PeriodicalId":55146,"journal":{"name":"Foundations of Science","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142235334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
About the Concept of Molecular Structure 关于分子结构的概念
IF 0.9 4区 哲学
Foundations of Science Pub Date : 2024-09-07 DOI: 10.1007/s10699-024-09963-y
Olimpia Lombardi, Giovanni Villani
{"title":"About the Concept of Molecular Structure","authors":"Olimpia Lombardi, Giovanni Villani","doi":"10.1007/s10699-024-09963-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10699-024-09963-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The concept of molecular structure is one of the most important concepts of chemistry. In fact, molecular structure is closely related to the concept of chemical substance and its set of properties, and it is the main factor in the explanation of reactivity. In fact, much of the behavior of substances is explained in terms of the structure of their component molecules. This may explain why people tend to take the notion of molecular structure for granted. However, the problem begins already when it comes to specifying the concept, since there is no clear definition of ‘molecular structure’ valid for all chemistry. The purpose of the present article is to show that the term ‘molecular structure’ subsumes very different notions, which depend on how the molecule and its components are conceived, and each of which brings its own difficulties. In particular, we will focus on how the molecule and its structure are devised from a classical view and from a quantum–mechanical view, and will discuss the different problems related with molecular structure that arise in each case.</p>","PeriodicalId":55146,"journal":{"name":"Foundations of Science","volume":"249 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142144231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Understanding the Interaction Between the Divergence of Science and the Convergence of Technology Based on Polanyi’s Thoughts on Science 基于波兰尼的科学思想理解科学的分化与技术的融合之间的相互作用
IF 0.9 4区 哲学
Foundations of Science Pub Date : 2024-08-24 DOI: 10.1007/s10699-024-09961-0
Jianzhong Li
{"title":"Understanding the Interaction Between the Divergence of Science and the Convergence of Technology Based on Polanyi’s Thoughts on Science","authors":"Jianzhong Li","doi":"10.1007/s10699-024-09961-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10699-024-09961-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The increasing interplay of science and technology is often portrayed with an air of inevitability, but few studies explicitly discuss the source and nature of their interaction. Based on Polanyi’s thoughts on science, technology and personal research activity, in this paper, we consider the relationship between the (relative) divergence of science and the (relative) convergence of technology, and use it to analyse the interaction between science and technology. In particular, we consider the inter-confinement between science and technology that can be attributed to the interaction between the divergence of science and the convergence of technology. This science-technology nexus might have its impact on achieving technology-science progress.</p>","PeriodicalId":55146,"journal":{"name":"Foundations of Science","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142045647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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