Fungal Genetics and Biology最新文献

{"title":"Improved gene-targeting efficiency upon starvation in Saccharomycopsis","authors":"Davies Kaimenyi ,&nbsp;Mareike Rij ,&nbsp;Jürgen Wendland","doi":"10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103809","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103809","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Commonly used fungal transformation protocols rely on the use of either electroporation or the lithium acetate/single strand carrier DNA/Polyethylene glycol/heat shock method. We have used the latter method previously in establishing DNA-mediated transformation in </span><span><em>Saccharomycopsis</em><em> schoenii,</em></span><span> a CTG-clade yeast that exhibits necrotrophic mycoparasitism. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of predation by </span><em>Saccharomycopsis</em> we aim at gene-function analyses to identify virulence-related pathways and genes. However, in spite of a satisfactory transformation efficiency our efforts were crippled by high frequency of ectopic integration of disruption cassettes. Here, we show that overnight starvation of <em>S. schoenii</em><span> cells, while reducing the number of transformants, resulted in a substantial increase in gene-targeting via homologous recombination. To demonstrate this, we have deleted the </span><span><em>S. schoenii CHS1, </em><em>HIS3</em></span> and <em>LEU2</em> genes and determined the required size of the flanking homology regions. Additionally, we complemented the <em>S. schoenii leu2</em> mutant with heterologous <em>LEU2</em> gene from <em>Saccharomycopsis fermentans</em>. To demonstrate the usefulness of our approach we also generated a <em>S. fermentans leu2</em> strain, suggesting that this approach may have broader applicability.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55135,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Genetics and Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9648731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Love in the time of climate change: A review of sexual reproduction in the order Onygenales","authors":"Klaire Laux ,&nbsp;Marcus de Melo Teixeira ,&nbsp;Bridget Barker","doi":"10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103797","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103797","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Life-threatening infections caused by fungi in the order Onygenales have been rising over the last few decades. Increasing global temperature due to anthropogenic climate change is one potential abiotic selection pressure that may explain the increase in infections. The generation of genetically novel offspring with novel phenotypes through the process of sexual recombination could allow fungi to adapt to changing climate conditions. The basic structures associated with sexual reproduction have been identified in <em>Histoplasma</em>, <em>Blastomyces</em>, <em>Malbranchea</em>, and <em>Brunneospora</em>. However, for <em>Coccidioides</em> and <em>Paracoccidioides</em>, the actual structural identification of these processes has yet to be identified despite having genetic evidence that suggests sexual recombination is occurring in these organisms. This review highlights the importance of assessing sexual recombination in the order Onygenales as a means of understanding the mechanisms these organisms might employ to enhance fitness in the face of a changing climate and provides details regarding the known reproductive mechanisms in the Onygenales.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55135,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Genetics and Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9649633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First report on the regulation and function of carbon metabolism during large sclerotia formation in medicinal fungus Wolfiporia cocos","authors":"Cong Zhang,&nbsp;Lianfu Chen,&nbsp;Mengting Chen,&nbsp;Zhangyi Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103793","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103793","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The medicinal fungus <em>Wolfiporia cocos</em> colonizes and then grows on the wood of <em>Pinus</em> species, and utilizes a variety of Carbohydrate Active Enzymes (CAZymes) to degrades wood for the development of large sclerotia that is mostly built up of beta-glucans. Some differentially expressed CAZymes were revealed by comparisons between the mycelia cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and sclerotia formed on pine logs in previous studies. Here, different profile of expressed CAZymes were revealed by comparisons between the mycelia colonization on pine logs (Myc.) and sclerotia (Scl.b). To further explore the regulation and function of carbon metabolism in the conversion of carbohydrates from <em>Pine</em> species by <em>W. cocos,</em> the transcript profile of core carbon metabolism was firstly analyzed, and it was characterized by the up-regulated expression of genes in the glycolysis pathway (EMP) and pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) in Scl.b, as well as high expression of genes in the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) in both Myc. and Scl.b stages. The conversion between glucose and glycogen and between glucose and β-glucan was firstly identified as the main carbon flow in the differentiation process of <em>W. cocos</em> sclerotia, with a gradual increase in the content of β-glucan, trehalose and polysaccharide during this process. Additionally, gene functional analysis revealed that the two key genes (<em>PGM</em> and <em>UGP1</em>) may mediate the formation and development of <em>W. cocos</em> sclerotia possibly by regulating β-glucan synthesis and hyphal branching. This study has shed light on the regulation and function of carbon metabolism during large <em>W. cocos</em> sclerotium formation and may facilitate its commercial production.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55135,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Genetics and Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9798434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Evolution and Ecology of Psilocybin in Nature.","authors":"M. Meyer, J. Slot","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.4384673","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4384673","url":null,"abstract":"Fungi produce diverse metabolites that can have antimicrobial, antifungal, antifeedant, or psychoactive properties. Among these metabolites are the tryptamine-derived compounds psilocybin, its precursors, and natural derivatives (collectively referred to as psiloids), which have played significant roles in human society and culture. The high allocation of nitrogen to psiloids in mushrooms, along with evidence of convergent evolution and horizontal transfer of psilocybin genes, suggest they provide a selective benefit to some fungi. However, no precise ecological roles of psilocybin have been experimentally determined. The structural and functional similarities of psiloids to serotonin, an essential neurotransmitter in animals, suggest that they may enhance the fitness of fungi through interference with serotonergic processes. However, other ecological mechanisms of psiloids have been proposed. Here, we review the literature pertinent to psilocybin ecology and propose potential adaptive advantages psiloids may confer to fungi.","PeriodicalId":55135,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Genetics and Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77311131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of the Trr/Trx system in the fungal pathogen Candida glabrata","authors":"Guadalupe Gutiérrez-Escobedo ,&nbsp;Norma Vázquez-Franco ,&nbsp;Ana López-Marmolejo ,&nbsp;Gabriel Luna-Arvizu ,&nbsp;Israel Cañas-Villamar ,&nbsp;Irene Castaño ,&nbsp;Alejandro De Las Peñas","doi":"10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103799","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103799","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><em>C. glabrata</em>, an opportunistic fungal pathogen, can adapt and resist to different stress conditions. It is highly resistant to oxidant stress compared to other <em>Candida</em> spp and to the phylogenetically related but non-pathogen <em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em>. In this work, we describe the Trx/Trr system of <em>C. glabrata</em> composed of Trr1 and Trr2 (thioredoxin reductases) and Trx2 (thioredoxin) that are localized in the cytoplasm and Trx3 present in the mitochondrion. The transcriptional induction of <em>TRR2</em> and <em>TRX2</em> by oxidants depends on Yap1 and Skn7 and <em>TRR1</em> and <em>TRX3</em> have a low expression level. Both <em>TRR2</em> and <em>TRX2</em> play an important role in the oxidative stress response. The absence of <em>TRX2</em> causes auxotrophy of methionine and cysteine. Trr1 and Trr2 are necessary for survival at high temperatures and for the chronological life span of <em>C. glabrata</em>. Furthermore, the Trx/Trr system is needed for survival in the presence of neutrophils. The role of <em>TRR1</em> and <em>TRX3</em> is not clear, but in the presence of neutrophils, they have non-overlapping functions with their <em>TRR2</em> and <em>TRX2</em> paralogues.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55135,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Genetics and Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9445184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A small cysteine-rich fungal effector, BsCE66 is essential for the virulence of Bipolaris sorokiniana on wheat plants","authors":"Vemula Chandra Kaladhar ,&nbsp;Yeshveer Singh ,&nbsp;Athira Mohandas Nair ,&nbsp;Kamal Kumar ,&nbsp;Achuit Kumar Singh ,&nbsp;Praveen Kumar Verma","doi":"10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103798","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103798","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Spot Blotch (SB) caused by hemibiotrophic fungal pathogen <em>Bipolaris sorokiniana</em> is one of the most devastating wheat diseases leading to 15–100% crop loss. However, the biology of <em>Triticum-Bipolaris</em> interactions and host immunity modulation by secreted effector proteins remain underexplored. Here, we identified a total of 692 secretory proteins including 186 predicted effectors encoded by <em>B. sorokiniana</em> genome. Gene Ontology categorization showed that these proteins belong to cellular, metabolic and signaling processes, and exhibit catalytic and binding activities. Further, we functionally characterized a cysteine-rich, <em><u>B</u>. <u>s</u>orokiniana <u>C</u>andidate <u>E</u>ffector 66 (BsCE66)</em> that was induced at 24–96 hpi during host colonization. The Δ<em>bsce66</em> mutant did not show vegetative growth defects or stress sensitivity compared to wild-type, but developed drastically reduced necrotic lesions upon infection in wheat plants. The loss-of-virulence phenotype was rescued upon complementing the Δ<em>bsce66</em> mutant with <em>BsCE66</em> gene. Moreover, BsCE66 does not form homodimer and conserved cysteine residues form intra-molecular disulphide bonds. BsCE66 localizes to the host nucleus and cytosol, and triggers a strong oxidative burst and cell death in <em>Nicotiana benthamiana</em>. Overall, our findings demonstrate that BsCE66 is a key virulence factor that is necessary for host immunity modulation and SB disease progression. These findings would significantly improve our understanding of <em>Triticum-Bipolaris</em> interactions and assist in the development of SB resistant wheat varieties.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55135,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Genetics and Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9797941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of gene expression related to polyamine concentration and dimorphism induced in ornithine decarboxylase (odc) and spermidine synthase (spd) Ustilago maydis mutants","authors":"Fernando Pérez-Rodríguez ,&nbsp;Laura Valdés-Santiago ,&nbsp;Jorge Noé García-Chávez ,&nbsp;José Luis Castro-Guillén ,&nbsp;José Ruiz-Herrera","doi":"10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103792","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103792","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Polyamines are ubiquitous small organic cations, and their roles as regulators of several cellular processes are widely recognized. They are implicated in the key stages of the fungal life cycle. <em>Ustilago maydis</em> is a phytopathogenic fungus, the causal agent of common smut of maize and a model system to understand dimorphism and virulence. <em>U. maydis</em> grows in yeast form at pH 7 and it can develop its mycelial form <em>in vitro</em> at pH 3. <em>Δodc</em> mutants that are unable to synthesize polyamines, grow as yeast at pH 3 with a low putrescine concentration, and to complete its dimorphic transition high putrescine concentration is require. <em>Δspd</em> mutants require spermidine to grow and cannot form mycelium at pH 3. In this work, the increased expression of the mating genes, <em>mfa1</em> and <em>mfa2,</em> on Δ<em>odc</em> mutants, was related to high putrescine concentration. Global gene expression analysis comparisons of Δ<em>odc</em> and Δ<em>spd U. maydis</em> mutants indicated that 2,959 genes were differentially expressed in the presence of exogenous putrescine at pH 7 and 475 genes at pH 3. While, in Δ<em>spd</em> mutant, the expression of 1,426 genes was affected by exogenous spermine concentration at pH 7 and 11 genes at pH 3. Additionally, we identified 28 transcriptional modules with correlated expression during seven tested conditions: mutant genotype, morphology (yeast, and mycelium), pH, and putrescine or spermidine concentration. Furthermore, significant differences in transcript levels were noted for genes in modules relating to pH and genotype genes involved in ribosome biogenesis, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, <em>N-</em><span>glycan synthesis, and Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchor. In summary, our results offer a valuable tool for the identification of potential factors involved in phenomena related to polyamines and dimorphism.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":55135,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Genetics and Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9450369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Population structure of Pyricularia oryzae on rice in Vietnam reveals diversified populations with four pandemic and two endemic clusters","authors":"Lieu Thi Le ,&nbsp;Henri Adreit ,&nbsp;Loan Thi Ha ,&nbsp;Joelle Milazzo ,&nbsp;Michel Lebrun ,&nbsp;Didier Tharreau ,&nbsp;Xuan Hoi Pham ,&nbsp;Hai Thanh Nguyen ,&nbsp;Elisabeth Fournier ,&nbsp;Giang Thi Hoang","doi":"10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103794","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103794","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We characterized the genetic structure of 609 strains of <em>Pyricularia oryzae,</em> the fungal pathogen causing rice blast disease, in three main regions in Vietnam using microsatellites (SSR) markers. From the 447 distinct multilocus genotypes identified, six genetic clusters were defined, all of them showing elevated genetic and genotypic diversities. Four of these clusters were related to rice-attacking lineages already described at the worldwide scale, whereas the two remaining clusters were endemic to Vietnam. Strains were unevenly distributed into the six clusters depending on their groups of rice variety (<em>indica</em> / <em>japonica</em><span>) or type of varieties (traditional / modern) of origin, but none of the clusters was specifically related to these two factors. The highest diversity of blast population was found in Northern mountainous area, and the lowest in Red River Delta in both terms of genetic diversity and gene diversity. Hierarchical AMOVAs confirmed that all three factors considered (rice variety group, type of variety origin and geography) significantly contributed to the population structure of </span><em>P. oryzae</em> in Vietnam, with highest contribution from rice variety group. Mating types were unevenly distributed among clusters. Combined with results of female fertility and linkage disequilibirum, we hypothesized that clonal reproduction probably occurred in all clusters, but that sexual reproduction likely took place at least in some restricted areas in the Northern mountainous area for strains belonging to the cluster related to the previously described recombinant lineage (worldwide lineage 1). Our study pictures the genetic diversity, population structure and reproductive mode of the blast fungus in central and north Vietnam, and shows that the observed population structure is explained by several factors, the most important one being the variability of rice variety. All these new information might help for elaborating appropriate strategies to controlling the blast disease.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55135,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Genetics and Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9437947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Proteomic dissection of the role of GliZ in gliotoxin biosynthesis in Aspergillus fumigatus","authors":"Aimee M. Traynor ,&nbsp;Özlem Sarikaya-Bayram ,&nbsp;Özgür Bayram ,&nbsp;José Antonio Calera ,&nbsp;Sean Doyle","doi":"10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103795","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103795","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Gliotoxin (GT) biosynthesis in fungi is encoded by the <em>gli</em> biosynthetic gene cluster. While GT addition autoinduces biosynthesis, Zn²⁺ has been shown to attenuate cluster activity, and it was speculated that identification of Zn2Cys6 binuclear transcription factor GliZ binding partners might provide insight into this observation. Using the Tet-ON induction system, doxycycline (DOX) presence induced GliZ fusion protein expression in, and recovery of GT biosynthesis by, <em>A. fumigatus</em> Δ<em>gliZ</em>::HA-<em>gliZ</em> and Δ<em>gliZ</em>::TAP-<em>gliZ</em> strains, respectively. Quantitative RT-PCR confirmed that DOX induces <em>gli</em> cluster gene expression (<em>n</em> = 5) in both <em>A. fumigatus</em> HA-GliZ and TAP-GliZ strains. GT biosynthesis was evident in Czapek-Dox and in Sabouraud media, however tagged GliZ protein expression was more readily detected in Sabouraud media. Unexpectedly, Zn²⁺ was essential for GliZ fusion protein expression in vivo, following 3 h DOX induction. Moreover, HA-GliZ abundance was significantly higher in either DOX/GT or DOX/Zn²⁺, compared to DOX-only. This suggests that while GT induction is still intact, Zn²⁺ inhibition of HA-GliZ production in vivo is lost. Co-immunoprecipitation revealed that GT oxidoreductase GliT associates with GliZ in the presence of GT, suggesting a potential protective role. Additional putative HA-GliZ interacting proteins included cystathionine gamma lyase, ribosomal protein L15 and serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT). Total mycelial quantitative proteomic data revealed that GliT and GtmA, as well as several other <em>gli</em> cluster proteins, are increased in abundance or uniquely expressed with GT addition. Proteins involved in sulphur metabolism are also differentially expressed with GT or Zn²⁺ presence. Overall, we disclose that under DOX induction GliZ functionality is unexpectedly evident in zinc-replete media, subject to GT induction and that GliT appears to associate with GliZ, potentially to prevent dithiol gliotoxin (DTG)-mediated GliZ inactivation by zinc ejection.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55135,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Genetics and Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9444678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DhFIG_2, a gene of nematode-trapping fungus Dactylellina haptotyla that encodes a component of the low-affinity calcium uptake system, is required for conidiation and knob-trap formation","authors":"Xiaozhou Zhao ,&nbsp;Yani Fan ,&nbsp;Weiwei Zhang ,&nbsp;Meichun Xiang ,&nbsp;Seogchan Kang ,&nbsp;Shunxian Wang ,&nbsp;Xingzhong Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103782","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103782","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Calcium ion (Ca²⁺) is a universal second messenger involved in regulating diverse processes in animals, plants, and fungi. The low-affinity calcium uptake system (LACS) participates in acquiring Ca²⁺ from extracellular environments under high extracellular Ca²⁺ concentration. Unlike most fungi, which encode only one protein (FIG1) for LACS, nematode-trapping fungi (NTF) encode two related proteins. AoFIG_2, the NTF-specific LACS component encoded by adhesive network-trap forming <em>Arthrobotrys oligospora,</em> was shown to be required for conidiation and trap formation. We characterized the role of DhFIG_2, an AoFIG_2 ortholog encoded by knob-trap forming <em>Dactylellina haptotyla</em>, in growth and development to expand our understanding of the role of LACS in NTF. Because repeated attempts to disrupt <em>DhFIG_2</em> failed, knocking down the expression of <em>DhFIG_2</em> via RNA interference (RNAi) was used to study its function. RNAi of <em>DhFIG_2</em> significantly decreased its expression, severely reduced conidiation and trap formation, and affected vegetative growth and stress responses, suggesting that this component of LACS is crucial for trap formation and conidiation in NTF. Our study demonstrated the utility of RNAi assisted by ATMT for studying gene function in <em>D. haptotyla</em>.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55135,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Genetics and Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9444529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}