Fungal Genetics and Biology最新文献

{"title":"Functional genome annotation and transcriptome analysis of Pseudozyma hubeiensis BOT-O, an oleaginous yeast that utilizes glucose and xylose at equal rates","authors":"Friederike Mierke ,&nbsp;Daniel P. Brink ,&nbsp;Joakim Norbeck ,&nbsp;Verena Siewers ,&nbsp;Thomas Andlid","doi":"10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103783","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103783","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><em>Pseudozyma hubeiensis</em> is a basidiomycete yeast that has the highly desirable traits for lignocellulose valorisation of being equally efficient at utilization of glucose and xylose, and capable of their co-utilization. The species has previously mainly been studied for its capacity to produce secreted biosurfactants in the form of mannosylerythritol lipids, but it is also an oleaginous species capable of accumulating high levels of triacylglycerol storage lipids during nutrient starvation. In this study, we aimed to further characterize the oleaginous nature of <em>P. hubeiensis</em> by evaluating metabolism and gene expression responses during storage lipid formation conditions with glucose or xylose as a carbon source.</p><p>The genome of the recently isolated <em>P. hubeiensis</em> BOT-O strain was sequenced using MinION long-read sequencing and resulted in the most contiguous <em>P. hubeiensis</em> assembly to date with 18.95 Mb in 31 contigs. Using transcriptome data as experimental support, we generated the first mRNA-supported <em>P. hubeiensis</em> genome annotation and identified 6540 genes. 80% of the predicted genes were assigned functional annotations based on protein homology to other yeasts. Based on the annotation, key metabolic pathways in BOT-O were reconstructed, including pathways for storage lipids, mannosylerythritol lipids and xylose assimilation. BOT-O was confirmed to consume glucose and xylose at equal rates, but during mixed glucose-xylose cultivation glucose was found to be taken up faster. Differential expression analysis revealed that only a total of 122 genes were significantly differentially expressed at a cut-off of |log₂ fold change| ≥ 2 when comparing cultivation on xylose with glucose, during exponential growth and during nitrogen-starvation. Of these 122 genes, a core-set of 24 genes was identified that were differentially expressed at all time points. Nitrogen-starvation resulted in a larger transcriptional effect, with a total of 1179 genes with significant expression changes at the designated fold change cut-off compared with exponential growth on either glucose or xylose.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55135,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Genetics and Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9437926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanosized extracellular vesicles released by Neurospora crassa hyphae","authors":"Elizabeth Medina-Castellanos ,&nbsp;Daniel A. Salgado-Bautista ,&nbsp;Juan M. Martínez-Andrade ,&nbsp;Ruben Dario Cadena-Nava ,&nbsp;Meritxell Riquelme","doi":"10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103778","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103778","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized structures containing proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, released by living cells to the surrounding medium. EVs participate in diverse processes, such as intercellular communication, virulence, and disease. In pathogenic fungi, EVs carry enzymes that allow them to invade the host or undergo environmental adaptation successfully. In <em>Neurospora crassa</em>, a non-pathogenic filamentous fungus widely used as a model organism, the vesicle-dependent secretory mechanisms that lead to polarized growth are well studied. In contrast, biosynthesis of EVs in this fungus has been practically unexplored. In the present work, we analyzed <em>N. crassa</em> culture's supernatant for the presence of EVs by dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and proteomic analysis. We identified spherical membranous structures, with a predominant subpopulation averaging a hydrodynamic diameter (<em>d_h</em>) of 68 nm and a particle diameter (<em>d_p</em>) of 38 nm. EV samples stained with osmium tetroxide vapors were better resolved than those stained with uranyl acetate. Mass spectrometry analysis identified 252 proteins, including enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolic processes, oxidative stress response, cell wall organization/remodeling, and circadian clock-regulated proteins. Some of these proteins have been previously reported in exosomes from human cells or in EVs of other fungi. In view of the results, it is suggested a putative role for EVs in cell wall biosynthesis and vegetative development in <em>N. crassa</em>.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55135,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Genetics and Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9116605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predicting functions of putative fungal sesquiterpene synthase genes based on multiomics data analysis","authors":"Tetyana Nosenko ,&nbsp;Ina Zimmer ,&nbsp;Andrea Ghirardo ,&nbsp;Tobias G. Köllner ,&nbsp;Baris Weber ,&nbsp;Andrea Polle ,&nbsp;Maaria Rosenkranz ,&nbsp;Jörg-Peter Schnitzler","doi":"10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103779","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103779","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Sesquiterpenes (STs) are secondary metabolites, which mediate biotic interactions between different organisms. Predicting the species-specific ST repertoires can contribute to deciphering the language of communication between organisms of the same or different species. High biochemical plasticity and catalytic promiscuity of sesquiterpene synthases (STSs), however, challenge the homology-based prediction of the STS functions.</p><p>Using integrated analyses of genomic, transcriptomic, volatilomic, and metabolomic data, we predict product profiles for 116 out of 146 putative <em>STS</em> genes identified in the genomes of 30 fungal species from different trophic groups. Our prediction method is based on the observation that STSs encoded by genes closely related phylogenetically are likely to share the initial enzymatic reactions of the ST biosynthesis pathways and, therefore, produce STs <em>via</em> the same reaction route. The classification by reaction routes allows to assign STs known to be emitted by a particular species to the putative <em>STS</em> genes from this species. Gene expression information helps to further specify these ST-to-STS assignments. Validation of the computational predictions of the STS functions using both <em>in silico</em> and experimental approaches shows that integrated multiomic analyses are able to correctly link cyclic STs of non-cadalane type to genes. In the process of the experimental validation, we characterized catalytic properties of several putative <em>STS</em> genes from the mycorrhizal fungus <em>Laccaria bicolor</em>. We show that the STSs encoded by the <em>L.<!--> <!-->bicolor</em> mycorrhiza-induced genes emit either nerolidol or α–cuprenene and α–cuparene, and discuss the possible roles of these STs in the mycorrhiza formation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55135,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Genetics and Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9176382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The transcriptional activator ClrB is crucial for the degradation of soybean hulls and guar gum in Aspergillus niger","authors":"Roland S. Kun ,&nbsp;Sandra Garrigues ,&nbsp;Mao Peng ,&nbsp;Keykhosrow Keymanesh ,&nbsp;Anna Lipzen ,&nbsp;Vivian Ng ,&nbsp;Sravanthi Tejomurthula ,&nbsp;Igor V. Grigoriev ,&nbsp;Ronald P. de Vries","doi":"10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103781","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103781","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Low-cost plant substrates, such as soybean hulls, are used for various industrial applications. Filamentous fungi are important producers of Carbohydrate Active enZymes (CAZymes) required for the degradation of these plant biomass substrates. CAZyme production is tightly regulated by several transcriptional activators and repressors. One such transcriptional activator is CLR-2/ClrB/ManR, which has been identified as a regulator of cellulase and mannanase production in several fungi. However, the regulatory network governing the expression of cellulase and mannanase encoding genes has been reported to differ between fungal species. Previous studies showed that <em>Aspergillus niger</em> ClrB is involved in the regulation of (hemi-)cellulose degradation, although its regulon has not yet been identified. To reveal its regulon, we cultivated an <em>A. niger</em> Δ<em>clrB</em> mutant and control strain on guar gum (a galactomannan-rich substrate) and soybean hulls (containing galactomannan, xylan, xyloglucan, pectin and cellulose) to identify the genes that are regulated by ClrB. Gene expression data and growth profiling showed that ClrB is indispensable for growth on cellulose and galactomannan and highly contributes to growth on xyloglucan in this fungus. Therefore, we show that <em>A. niger</em> ClrB is crucial for the utilization of guar gum and the agricultural substrate, soybean hulls. Moreover, we show that mannobiose is most likely the physiological inducer of ClrB in <em>A. niger</em> and not cellobiose, which is considered to be the inducer of <em>N. crassa</em> CLR-2 and <em>A. nidulans</em> ClrB.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55135,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Genetics and Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9488986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The small heat shock protein Hsp12.1 has a major role in the stress response and virulence of Cryptococcus gattii","authors":"Heryk Motta ,&nbsp;Júlia Catarina Vieira Reuwsaat ,&nbsp;Eamim Daidrê Squizani ,&nbsp;Matheus da Silva Camargo ,&nbsp;Ane Wichine Acosta Garcia ,&nbsp;Augusto Schrank ,&nbsp;Marilene Henning Vainstein ,&nbsp;Charley Christian Staats ,&nbsp;Lívia Kmetzsch","doi":"10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103780","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103780","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><em>Cryptococcus gattii</em> is one of the etiological agents of cryptococcosis. To achieve a successful infection, <em>C. gattii</em> cells must overcome the inhospitable host environment and deal with the highly specialized immune system and poor nutrients availability. Inside the host, <em>C. gattii</em> uses a diversified set of tools to maintain homeostasis and establish infection, such as the expression of remarkable and diverse heat shock proteins (Hsps). Grouped by molecular weight, little is known about the Hsp12 subset in pathogenic fungi. In this study, the function of the <em>C. gattii HSP12.1</em> and <em>HSP12.2</em> genes was characterized. Both genes were upregulated during murine infection and heat shock. The <em>hsp</em>12.1 Δ null mutant cells were sensitive to plasma membrane and oxidative stressors. Moreover, <em>HSP12</em> deletion induced <em>C. gattii</em> reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation associated with a differential expression pattern of oxidative stress-responsive genes compared to the wild type strain. Apart from these findings, the deletion of the paralog gene <em>HSP12.2</em> did not lead to any detectable phenotype. Additionally, the double-deletion mutant strain <em>hsp</em>12.1 Δ <em>/hsp</em>12.2 Δ presented a similar phenotype to the single-deletion mutant <em>hsp</em>12.1 Δ<em>,</em> suggesting a minor participation of Hsp12.2 in these processes. Furthermore, <em>HSP12.1</em> disruption remarkably affected <em>C. gattii</em> virulence and phagocytosis by macrophages in an invertebrate model of infection, demonstrating its importance for <em>C. gattii</em> pathogenicity.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55135,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Genetics and Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10016260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Septum-associated microtubule organizing centers within conidia support infectious development by the blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae","authors":"Audra Mae Rogers,&nbsp;Martin John Egan","doi":"10.1016/j.fgb.2022.103768","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fgb.2022.103768","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Cytoplasmic microtubule arrays play important and diverse roles within fungal cells, including serving as molecular highways for motor-driven organelle motility. While the dynamic plus ends of cytoplasmic microtubules are free to explore the cytoplasm through their stochastic growth and shrinkage, their minus ends are nucleated at discrete organizing centers, composed of large multi-subunit protein complexes. The location and composition of these microtubule organizing centers varies depending on genus, cell type, and in some instances cell-cycle stage. Despite their obvious importance, our understanding of the nature, diversity, and regulation of microtubule organizing centers in fungi remains incomplete. Here, using three-color fluorescence microscopy based live-cell imaging, we investigate the organization and dynamic behavior of the microtubule cytoskeleton within infection-related cell types of the filamentous fungus,<!--> <em>Magnaporthe oryzae</em>, a highly destructive pathogen of rice and wheat. We provide data to support the idea that cytoplasmic microtubules are nucleated at septa, rather than at nuclear spindle pole bodies, within the three-celled blast conidium, and provide new insight into remodeling of the microtubule cytoskeleton during nuclear division and inheritance. Lastly, we provide a more complete picture of the architecture and subcellular organization of the prototypical blast appressorium, a specialized pressure-generating cell type used to invade host tissue. Taken together, our study provides new insight into microtubule nucleation, organization, and dynamics in specialized and differentiated fungal cell types.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55135,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Genetics and Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9118626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The establishment of multiple knockout mutants of Colletotrichum orbiculare by CRISPR-Cas9 and Cre-loxP systems","authors":"Kohji Yamada ,&nbsp;Toya Yamamoto ,&nbsp;Kanon Uwasa ,&nbsp;Keishi Osakabe ,&nbsp;Yoshitaka Takano","doi":"10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103777","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103777","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><em>Colletotrichum orbiculare</em></span><span> is employed as a model fungus to analyze molecular aspects of plant-fungus interactions. Although gene disruption<span> via homologous recombination (HR) was established for </span></span><em>C. orbiculare</em>, this approach is laborious due to its low efficiency. Here we developed methods to generate multiple knockout mutants of <em>C. orbiculare</em> efficiently. We first found that CRISPR-Cas9 system massively promoted gene-targeting efficiency. By transiently introducing a CRISPR-Cas9 vector, more than 90% of obtained transformants were knockout mutants. Furthermore, we optimized a self-excision Cre-<em>loxP</em> marker recycling system for <em>C. orbiculare</em><span> because a limited availability of desired selective markers hampers sequential gene disruption. In this system, the integrated selective marker is removable from the genome via Cre recombinase driven by a xylose-inducible promoter, enabling the reuse of the same selective marker for the next transformation. Using our CRISPR-Cas9 and Cre-</span><em>loxP</em><span><span><span> systems, we attempted to identify functional sugar transporters involved in fungal virulence. Multiple disruptions of putative quinate </span>transporter genes<span> restricted fungal growth on media containing quinate as a sole carbon source, confirming their functionality as quinate transporters. However, our analyses showed that quinate acquisition was dispensable for infection to host plants. In addition, we successfully built mutations of 17 </span></span>cellobiose transporter genes in a strain. From the data of knockout mutants that we established in this study, we inferred that repetitive rounds of gene disruption using CRISPR-Cas9 and Cre-</span><em>loxP</em> systems do not cause adverse effects on fungal virulence and growth. Therefore, these systems will be powerful tools to perform a systematic loss-of-function approach for <em>C. orbiculare</em>.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55135,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Genetics and Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9175391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genome sequencing progenies of magic mushrooms (Psilocybe subaeruginosa) identifies tetrapolar mating and gene duplications in the psilocybin pathway","authors":"Alistair R. McTaggart ,&nbsp;Timothy Y. James ,&nbsp;Jason C. Slot ,&nbsp;Caine Barlow ,&nbsp;Nigel Fechner ,&nbsp;Louise S. Shuey ,&nbsp;André Drenth","doi":"10.1016/j.fgb.2022.103769","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fgb.2022.103769","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Knowledge of breeding systems and genetic diversity is critical to select and combine desired traits that advance new cultivars in agriculture and horticulture. Mushrooms that produce psilocybin, magic mushrooms, may potentially be used in therapeutic and wellness industries, and stand to benefit from genetic improvement. We studied haploid siblings of <em>Psilocybe subaeruginosa</em> to resolve the genetics behind mating compatibility and advance knowledge of breeding. Our results show that mating in <em>P. subaeruginosa</em> is tetrapolar, with compatibility controlled at a homeodomain locus with one copy each of <em>HD1</em> and <em>HD2</em>, and a pheromone/receptor locus with four homologs of the receptor gene <em>STE3</em>. An additional two pheromone/receptor loci homologous to <em>STE3</em> do not appear to regulate mating compatibility. Alleles in the psilocybin gene cluster did not vary among the five siblings and were likely homozygous in the parent. <em>Psilocybe subaeruginosa</em> and its relatives have three copies of PsiH genes but their impact on production of psilocybin and its analogues is unknown. Genetic improvement in <em>Psilocybe</em> will require access to genetic diversity from the centre of origin of different species, identification of genes behind traits, and strategies to avoid inbreeding depression.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55135,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Genetics and Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9117585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Critical role of Wat1/Pop3 in regulating the TORC1 signalling pathway in fission yeast S. pombe","authors":"Lalita Panigrahi ,&nbsp;Simmi Anjum ,&nbsp;Shakil Ahmed","doi":"10.1016/j.fgb.2022.103764","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fgb.2022.103764","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The target of rapamycin (TOR), a major pathway for the regulation of cell growth and proliferation is conserved from yeast to humans. Fission yeast contains two tor complexes, TORC1 is crucial for cell growth while TORC2 gets activated under stress conditions. Pop3/Wat1, a mammalian Lst8 ortholog is an important component of both TOR complexes and has been implicated in the oxidative stress response pathway. Here in this study, the genetic interaction analysis revealed a synthetic lethal interaction of <em>wat1</em> with <em>tor2-287</em> mutant cells. Co-immunoprecipitation analysis revealed Wat1 interacts with TORC1 components Tor2, Mip1, and Tco89 while <em>wat1-17</em> mutant protein fails to interact with these proteins. In the absence of Wat1, the cells arrest at G1 phase with reduced cell size at non-permissive temperature reminiscent of <em>tor2-287</em> mutant phenotype. Similarly, inactivation of Wat1 results in the failure of TORC1 mediated phosphorylation of Psk1 and Rps602, leading to dysregulation of amino acid permeases and delocalization of Gaf1, a DNA binding transcription factor. Overall, we have hypothesized that Wat1/Pop3 is required to execute the function of TORC1.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55135,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Genetics and Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10664586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimized fluorescent proteins for 4-color and photoconvertible live-cell imaging in Neurospora crassa","authors":"Ziyan Wang ,&nbsp;Bradley M. Bartholomai ,&nbsp;Jennifer J. Loros ,&nbsp;Jay C. Dunlap","doi":"10.1016/j.fgb.2022.103763","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fgb.2022.103763","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Fungal cells<span> are quite unique among life in their organization and structure, and yet implementation of many tools recently developed for fluorescence imaging in animal systems and yeast has been slow in filamentous fungi. Here we present analysis of properties of fluorescent proteins in </span></span><span><em>Neurospora crassa</em></span><span><span> as well as describing genetic tools for the expression of these proteins that may be useful beyond cell biology applications. The brightness and photostability of ten different fluorescent </span>protein tags were compared in a well-controlled system; six different promoters are described for the assessment of the fluorescent proteins and varying levels of expression, as well as a customizable bidirectional promoter system. We present an array of fluorescent proteins suitable for use across the visible light spectrum to allow for 4-color imaging, in addition to a photoconvertible fluorescent protein that enables a change in the color of a small subset of proteins in the cell. These tools build on the rich history of cell biology research in filamentous fungi and provide new tools to help expand research capabilities.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":55135,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Genetics and Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10501358/pdf/nihms-1927181.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10295227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}