Fungal Genetics and Biology最新文献

{"title":"Pathogenicity chromosome of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae","authors":"Kosei Sakane ,&nbsp;Mitsunori Akiyama ,&nbsp;Sudisha Jogaiah ,&nbsp;Shin-ichi Ito ,&nbsp;Kazunori Sasaki","doi":"10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103860","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103860","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><em>Fusarium oxysporum</em> f. sp. <em>cepae</em> (<em>Foc</em>) is the causative agent of Fusarium basal rot disease in onions, which leads to catastrophic global crop production losses. Therefore, the interaction of <em>Foc</em> with its host has been actively investigated, and the pathogen-specific (PS) regions of the British strain <em>Foc</em>_FUS2 have been identified. However, it has not been experimentally determined whether the identified PS region plays a role in pathogenicity. To identify the pathogenicity chromosome in the Japanese strain <em>Foc</em>_TA, we initially screened effector candidates, defined as small proteins with a signal peptide that contain two or more cysteines, from genome sequence data. Twenty-one candidate effectors were identified, five of which were expressed during infection. Of the expressed effector candidates, four were located on the 4-Mb-sized chromosome in <em>Foc</em>_TA. To clarify the relationship between pathogenicity and the 4-Mb-sized chromosome in <em>Foc</em>_TA, nine putative 4-Mb-sized chromosome loss strains were generated by treatment with benomyl (a mitotic inhibitor drug). A pathogenicity test with putative 4-Mb-sized chromosome loss strains showed that these strains were impaired in their pathogenicity toward onions. Genome analysis of three putative 4-Mb-sized chromosome loss strains revealed that two strains lost a 4-Mb-sized chromosome in common, and another strain maintained a 0.9-Mb region of the 4-Mb-sized chromosome. Our findings show that the 4-Mb-sized chromosome is the pathogenicity chromosome in <em>Foc</em>_TA, and the 3.1-Mb region within the 4-Mb-sized chromosome is required for full pathogenicity toward onion.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55135,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Genetics and Biology","volume":"170 ","pages":"Article 103860"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138813691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pathogenicity chromosome of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae","authors":"Kosei Sakane, Mitsunori Akiyama, Sudisha Jogaiah, Shin-ichi Ito, Kazunori Sasaki","doi":"10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103860","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103860","url":null,"abstract":"<p><em>Fusarium oxysporum</em> f. sp. <em>cepae</em> (<em>Foc</em>) is the causative agent of Fusarium basal rot disease in onions, which leads to catastrophic global crop production losses. Therefore, the interaction of <em>Foc</em> with its host has been actively investigated, and the pathogen-specific (PS) regions of the British strain <em>Foc</em>_FUS2 have been identified. However, it has not been experimentally determined whether the identified PS region plays a role in pathogenicity. To identify the pathogenicity chromosome in the Japanese strain <em>Foc</em>_TA, we initially screened effector candidates, defined as small proteins with a signal peptide that contain two or more cysteines, from genome sequence data. Twenty-one candidate effectors were identified, five of which were expressed during infection. Of the expressed effector candidates, four were located on the 4-Mb-sized chromosome in <em>Foc</em>_TA. To clarify the relationship between pathogenicity and the 4-Mb-sized chromosome in <em>Foc</em>_TA, nine putative 4-Mb-sized chromosome loss strains were generated by treatment with benomyl (a mitotic inhibitor drug). A pathogenicity test with putative 4-Mb-sized chromosome loss strains showed that these strains were impaired in their pathogenicity toward onions. Genome analysis of three putative 4-Mb-sized chromosome loss strains revealed that two strains lost a 4-Mb-sized chromosome in common, and another strain maintained a 0.9-Mb region of the 4-Mb-sized chromosome. Our findings show that the 4-Mb-sized chromosome is the pathogenicity chromosome in <em>Foc</em>_TA, and the 3.1-Mb region within the 4-Mb-sized chromosome is required for full pathogenicity toward onion.</p>","PeriodicalId":55135,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Genetics and Biology","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138820821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sequence capture identifies fastidious chytrid fungi directly from host tissue","authors":"Kevin P. Mulder ,&nbsp;Anna E. Savage ,&nbsp;Brian Gratwicke ,&nbsp;Joyce E. Longcore ,&nbsp;Ed Bronikowski ,&nbsp;Matthew Evans ,&nbsp;Ana V. Longo ,&nbsp;Naoko P. Kurata ,&nbsp;Tim Walsh ,&nbsp;Frank Pasmans ,&nbsp;Nancy McInerney ,&nbsp;Suzan Murray ,&nbsp;An Martel ,&nbsp;Robert C. Fleischer","doi":"10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103858","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103858","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The chytrid fungus <em>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</em> (Bd) was discovered in 1998 as the cause of chytridiomycosis, an emerging infectious disease causing mass declines in amphibian populations worldwide. The rapid population declines of the 1970s-1990s were likely caused by the spread of a highly virulent lineage belonging to the Bd-GPL clade that was introduced to naïve susceptible populations. Multiple genetically distinct and regional lineages of Bd have since been isolated and sequenced, greatly expanding the known biological diversity within this fungal pathogen. To date, most Bd research has been restricted to the limited number of samples that could be isolated using culturing techniques, potentially causing a selection bias for strains that can grow on media and missing other unculturable or fastidious strains that are also present on amphibians. We thus attempted to characterize potentially non-culturable genetic lineages of Bd from distinct amphibian taxa using sequence capture technology on DNA extracted from host tissue and swabs. We focused our efforts on host taxa from two different regions that likely harbored distinct Bd clades: (1) wild-caught leopard frogs (<em>Rana</em>) from North America, and (2) a Japanese Giant Salamander (<em>Andrias japonicus</em>) at the Smithsonian Institution’s National Zoological Park that exhibited signs of disease and tested positive for Bd using qPCR, but multiple attempts failed to isolate and culture the strain for physiological and genetic characterization. We successfully enriched for and sequenced thousands of fungal genes from both host clades, and Bd load was positively associated with number of recovered Bd sequences. Phylogenetic reconstruction placed all the <em>Rana</em>-derived strains in the Bd-GPL clade. In contrast, the <em>A. japonicus</em> strain fell within the Bd-Asia3 clade, expanding the range of this clade and generating additional genomic data to confirm its placement. The retrieved ITS locus matched public barcoding data from wild <em>A. japonicus</em> and Bd infections found on other amphibians in India and China, suggesting that this uncultured clade is widespread across Asia. Our study underscores the importance of recognizing and characterizing the hidden diversity of fastidious strains in order to reconstruct the spatiotemporal and evolutionary history of Bd. The success of the sequence capture approach highlights the utility of directly sequencing pathogen DNA from host tissue to characterize cryptic diversity that is missed by culture-reliant approaches.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55135,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Genetics and Biology","volume":"170 ","pages":"Article 103858"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138687375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CfErp3 regulates growth, conidiation, inducing ipomeamarone and the pathogenicity of Ceratocystis fimbriata","authors":"Changgen Li ,&nbsp;Hao Cong ,&nbsp;Xiaoying Cao ,&nbsp;Yong Sun ,&nbsp;Kailun Lu ,&nbsp;Ludan Li ,&nbsp;Yiming Wang ,&nbsp;Yongjing Zhang ,&nbsp;Qiang Li ,&nbsp;Jihong Jiang ,&nbsp;Lianwei Li","doi":"10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103846","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103846","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Erp3 protein, which is an important member of the p24 family, is primarily responsible for the transport of cargo from the ER to the Golgi apparatus in <em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em>. However, the function of Erp3 in plant pathogenic fungi has not been reported. In this study, we characterized the <em>ERP3</em> gene in <em>Ceratocystis fimbriata</em>, which causes the devastating disease sweetpotato black rot. The Δ<em>Cferp3</em> mutants exhibited slow growth, reduced conidia production, attenuated virulence, and reduced ability to induce host to produce toxins. Further analysis revealed that CfErp3 was localized in the ER and vesicles and regulated endocytosis, cell wall integrity, and osmotic stress responses, modulated ROS levels, and the production of ipomeamarone during pathogen-host interactions. These results indicate that CfErp3 regulates <em>C. fimbriata</em> growth and pathogenicity as well as the production of ipomeamarone in sweetpotato by controlling endocytosis, oxidative homeostasis, and responses to cell wall and osmotic stresses.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55135,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Genetics and Biology","volume":"170 ","pages":"Article 103846"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1087184523000774/pdfft?md5=e9c153527a37ff993e510bcd96ead458&pid=1-s2.0-S1087184523000774-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138483539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-locus sequencing typing reveals geographically related intraspecies variability of Sporothrix brasiliensis","authors":"Vanessa Brito de Souza Rabello ,&nbsp;Marcus de Melo Teixeira ,&nbsp;Wieland Meyer ,&nbsp;Laszlo Irinyi ,&nbsp;Melissa Orzechowski Xavier ,&nbsp;Vanice Rodrigues Poester ,&nbsp;José Guillermo Pereira Brunelli ,&nbsp;Fernando Almeida-Silva ,&nbsp;Andrea Reis Bernardes‑Engemann ,&nbsp;Isabella Dib Ferreira Gremião ,&nbsp;Débora Ferreira dos Santos Angelo ,&nbsp;Inácio José Clementino ,&nbsp;Rodrigo Almeida-Paes ,&nbsp;Rosely Maria Zancopé-Oliveira","doi":"10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103845","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103845","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous mycosis caused by pathogenic <em>Sporothrix</em> species. Among them, <em>Sporothrix brasiliensis</em> is the main species associated with endemic regions in South America, especially Brazil. It is highly virulent and can be spread through zoonotic transmission. Molecular epidemiological surveys are needed to determine the extent of genetic variation, to investigate outbreaks, and to identify genotypes associated with antifungal resistance and susceptibility. This study investigated the sequence variation of different constitutive genes and established a novel multilocus sequence typing (MLST) scheme for <em>S. brasiliensis</em>. Specific primers were designed for 16 genes using Primer-BLAST software based on the genome sequences of three <em>S</em>. <em>brasiliensis</em> strains (ATCC MYA-4823, A001 and A005). Ninety-one human, animal, and environmental <em>S</em>. <em>brasiliensis</em> isolates from different Brazilian geographic regions (South, Southeast, Midwest and Northeast) andtwo isolates from Paraguay were sequenced. The <em>loci</em> that presented the highest nucleotide diversity (π) were selected for the MLST scheme. Among the 16 studied genetic loci, four presented increased π value and were able to distinguish all <em>S</em>. <em>brasiliensis</em> isolates into seven distinct haplotypes. The PCR conditions were standardized for four <em>loci</em>. Some of the obtained haplotypes were associated with the geographic origin of the strains. This study presents an important advance in the understanding of this important agent of sporotrichosis in Brazil. It significantly increased the discriminatory power for genotyping of <em>S</em>. <em>brasiliensis</em> isolates, and enabled new contributions to the epidemiological studies of this human and animal pathogen in Brazil and in other countries.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55135,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Genetics and Biology","volume":"170 ","pages":"Article 103845"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138471287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polymorphisms at amino acid positions 85 and 86 in succinate dehydrogenase subunit C of Colletotrichum siamense: Implications for fitness and intrinsic sensitivity to SDHI fungicides","authors":"Yurong Qiu ,&nbsp;Yaling Meng ,&nbsp;Wenxu Lian,&nbsp;Shasha Jian,&nbsp;Yannan Du,&nbsp;Meng Wang,&nbsp;Ye Yang,&nbsp;Xiaoyu Liang,&nbsp;Yu Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103844","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103844","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Among succinate dehydrogenase inhibiter (SDHI) fungicides, penthiopyrad and benzovindiflupyr particularly inhibit <em>Colletotrichum</em>. Studying SDH amino acid polymorphism in <em>Colletotrichum</em>, along with its fungicide binding sites, is key to understanding their mechanisms of action. This study explores the SDH amino acid polymorphisms in <em>Colletotrichum siamense</em> strains from rubber trees in China and their interaction with SDHI fungicides, specifically penthiopyrad and benzovindiflupyr. Sequencing revealed most polymorphisms were in the SDHC subunit, particularly at positions 85 and 86, which are key to penthiopyrad resistance. Among 33 isolates, 33.3 % exhibited a substitution at position 85, and 9 % at position 86. A strain with W85L and T86N substitutions in SDHC showed reduced SDH activity, ATP content, mycelial growth, and virulence, and decreased sensitivity to penthiopyrad but not benzovindiflupyr. Molecular docking with Alphafold2 modeling suggested distinct binding modes of the two fungicides to <em>C. siamense</em> SDH. These findings underscore the importance of SDHC polymorphisms in <em>C. siamense</em>'s fitness and sensitivity to SDHIs, enhancing our understanding of pathogen-SDHI interactions and aiding the development of novel SDHI fungicides.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55135,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Genetics and Biology","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 103844"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138292469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Construction of RNA silencing system of Penicillium brevicompactum and genetic manipulation of the regulator pbpcz in mycophenolic acid production","authors":"TingTing Hu ,&nbsp;Jingjing Wang ,&nbsp;Mianhui Chen ,&nbsp;Lin Lin ,&nbsp;Wei Wei ,&nbsp;Dongzhi Wei","doi":"10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103843","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103843","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><em>Penicillium brevicompactum</em> is a critical industrial strain for the production of mycophenolic acid (MPA). However, the genetic background of <em>Penicillium brevicompactum</em> is unclear, and there are few tools available for genetic manipulation. To investigate its gene function, we first verified the feasibility of a pair of citrate synthase promoter (Pcit) and terminator (Tcit) from <em>P. brevicompactum</em> by constructing a fluorescent expression cassette. Based on this, an RNAi vector was designed and constructed with reverse promoters. This study focused on the functional investigation of the <em>pbpcz</em> gene in <em>P. brevicompactum</em>, a regulator belonging to the Zn(II)₂Cys₆ family. RNAi was used to silence the <em>pbpcz</em> gene, providing a valuable tool for genetic studies in <em>P. brevicompactum</em>. After seven days, we observed differences in the number of spores between different phenotypes strains of <em>pbpcz</em> gene. Compared to the wild-type strain (WT), the spore yield of the <em>pbpcz</em><span> gene silencing mutant (M2) was only 51.4 %, while that of the </span><em>pbpcz</em> gene overexpressed mutant (SE4) was increased by 50 %. Expression levels of the three genes (<em>brlA</em>, <em>abaA</em>, and <em>wetA</em>) comprising conidia's central regulatory pathway were significantly reduced in the <em>pbpcz</em> gene silencing mutant, while fluorescence localization showed that PbPCZ protein was mainly distributed in spores. The results indicated that the <em>pbpcz</em> gene is critical for conidia and asexual development of <em>P. brevicompactum.</em> In addition, overexpressing the <em>pbpcz</em> gene resulted in a 30.3 % increase in MPA production compared to the wild type, with a final yield of 3.57 g/L. These results provide evidence that PbPCZ acts as a positive regulator in <em>P. brevicompactum</em>, controlling MPA production and regulating conidia and asexual development.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55135,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Genetics and Biology","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 103843"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71489228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A member of the OSCA/TMEM63 family of mechanosensitive calcium channels participates in cell wall integrity maintenance in Aspergillus nidulans","authors":"Terry W. Hill ,&nbsp;Stanley Vance Jr. ,&nbsp;Jennifer F. Loome ,&nbsp;Benard J. Haugen ,&nbsp;Darlene M. Loprete ,&nbsp;Shana V. Stoddard ,&nbsp;Loretta Jackson-Hayes","doi":"10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103842","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103842","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The <em>calF</em>7 mutation in <em>Aspergillus nidulans</em> causes hypersensitivity to the cell wall compromising agents Calcofluor White (CFW) and Congo Red. In this research we demonstrate that the <em>calF</em>7 mutation resides in gene AN2880, encoding a predicted member of the OSCA/TMEM63 family of transmembrane glycoproteins. Those members of the family whose physiological functions have been investigated have been shown to act as mechanosensitive calcium transport channels. Deletion of AN2880 replicates the CFW hypersensitivity phenotype. Separately, we show that CFW hypersensitivity of <em>calF</em> deletion strains can be overcome by inclusion of elevated levels of extracellular calcium ions in the growth medium, and, correspondingly, wild type strains grown in media deficient in calcium ions are no longer resistant to CFW. These observations support a model in which accommodation to at least some forms of cell wall stress is mediated by a calcium ion signaling system in which the AN2880 gene product plays a role. The genetic lesion in <em>calF</em>7 is predicted to result in a glycine-to-arginine substitution at position 638 of the 945-residue CalF protein in a region of the RSN1_7TM domain that is highly conserved amongst filamentous fungi. Homology modeling predicts that the consequence of a G638R substitution is to structurally occlude the principal conductance pore in the protein. GFP-tagged wild type CalF localizes principally to the Spitzenkörper and the plasma membrane at growing tips and forming septa. However, both septation and hyphal morphology appear to be normal in <em>calF</em>7 and AN2880 deletion strains, indicating that any role played by CalF in normal hyphal growth and cytokinesis is dispensable.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55135,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Genetics and Biology","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 103842"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41153921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genome-wide survey and evolutionary history of the pectin methylesterase (PME) gene family in the Dothideomycetes class of fungi","authors":"Vinicius Delgado da Rocha ,&nbsp;Thaís Carolina da Silva Dal'Sasso ,&nbsp;Maximiller Dal-Bianco ,&nbsp;Luiz Orlando de Oliveira","doi":"10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103841","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103841","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Once deposited in the plant cell wall, pectin undergoes demethylesterification by endogenous pectin methylesterases (PMEs), which play various roles in growth and development, including defense against pathogen attacks. Pathogen PMEs can alter pectin's methylesterification pattern, increasing its susceptibility to degradation by other fungal pectinases and thus playing a critical role as virulence factors during early infection stages. To investigate the evolutionary history of PMEs in the Dothideomycetes class of fungi, we obtained genomic data from 15 orders (79 species) and added genomic data from 61 isolates of <em>Corynespora cassiicola</em>. Our analyses involved maximum likelihood phylogenies, gene genealogies, and selection analyses. Additionally, we measured PME gene expression levels of <em>C. cassiicola</em> using soybean as a host through RT-qPCR assays. We recovered 145 putative effector PMEs and 57 putative non-effector PMEs from across the Dothideomycetes. The PME gene family exhibits a small size (up to 5 members per genome) and comprises three major clades. The evolutionary patterns of the PME1 and PME2 clades were largely shaped by duplications and recurring gene retention events, while biased gene loss characterized the small-sized PME3 clade. The presence of five members in the PME gene family of <em>C. cassiicola</em> suggests that the family may play a key role in the evolutionary success of <em>C. cassiicola</em> as a polyphagous plant pathogen. The haplogroups Cc_PME1.1 and Cc_PME1.2 exhibited an accelerated rate of evolution, whereas Cc_PME2.1, Cc_PME2.2, and Cc_PME2.3 seem to be under strong purifying selective constraints. All five PME genes were expressed during infection of soybean leaves, with the highest levels during from six to eight days post-inoculation. The highest relative expression level was measured for CC_29_g7533, a member of the Cc_PME2.3 clade, while the remaining four genes had relatively lower levels of expression.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55135,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Genetics and Biology","volume":"169 ","pages":"Article 103841"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41161416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of the emerging physical network in young mycelia","authors":"Edgar Martínez-Galicia ,&nbsp;Ana Fernanda Flores Enríquez ,&nbsp;Alejandro Puga ,&nbsp;Braulio Gutiérrez–Medina","doi":"10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103823","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103823","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Filamentous fungi develop intricate hyphal networks that support mycelial foraging and transport of resources. These networks have been analyzed recently using graph theory, enabling the development of models that seek to predict functional traits. However, attention has focused mainly on mature colonies. Here, we report the extraction and analysis of the graph corresponding to </span><span><em>Trichoderma atroviride</em></span><span> mycelia<span><span> only a few hours after conidia germination. To extract the graph for a given mycelium, a mosaic conformed of multiple bright-field, </span>optical microscopy images is digitally processed using freely available software. The resulting graphs are characterized in terms of number of nodes and edges, average edge length, total mycelium length, hyphal growth unit, maximum edge length and mycelium diameter, for colonies between 8 h and 14 h after conidium germination. Our results show that the emerging hyphal network grows first by hyphal elongation and branching, and then it transitions to a stage where hyphal-hyphal interactions become significant. As a tangled hyphal network develops with decreasing hyphal mean length, the mycelium maintains long (∼2 mm) hyphae—a behavior that suggests a combination of aggregated and dispersed architectures to support foraging. Lastly, analysis of early network development in </span></span><span><em>Podospora anserina</em></span> reveals striking similarity with <em>T. atroviride</em>, suggesting common mechanisms during initial colony formation in filamentous fungi.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55135,"journal":{"name":"Fungal Genetics and Biology","volume":"168 ","pages":"Article 103823"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10262584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}