Infection Genetics and Evolution最新文献

{"title":"A large geno-spatial cluster of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis outbreak in a western district of Thailand","authors":"Natthakan Thipkrua ,&nbsp;Areeya Disrathakit ,&nbsp;Virasakdi Chongsuvivatwong ,&nbsp;Surakameth Mahasirimongkol ,&nbsp;Wuthiwat Ruangchai ,&nbsp;Prasit Palittapongarnpim ,&nbsp;Angkana Chaiprasert ,&nbsp;Petchawan Pungrassami ,&nbsp;Phalin Kamolwat ,&nbsp;Krairerk Suthum ,&nbsp;Koapong Tossapornpong ,&nbsp;Hutcha Sriplung","doi":"10.1016/j.meegid.2025.105715","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.meegid.2025.105715","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The growing issue of drug resistance, particularly multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB), has exacerbated this problem. The rise of drug resistance TB is a severe global health concern. In Thailand, a persistent community outbreak of primary MDR-TB has been confirmed in the Tha Maka district of Kanchanaburi province, with an increasing prevalence of MDR-TB among newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis cases. It was the first site in Thailand where a cluster of MDR-TB, caused by the Asian African 3 Modern Beijing strain, and XDR-TB, caused by L2.1, outbreaks were reported. This study aims to assess the MDR-TB outbreak in detail by characterizing the genomic profiles of the prevalent MDR-TB strains and examining their geographical distribution within the affected district. Through whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and bioinformatic analysis of 188 MTB isolates, the study identified three major phylogenetic lineages: the East Asian lineage (L2, 92 %), the Indo-Oceanic lineage (L1, 5.9 %), and the Euro-American lineage (L4, 2.1 %). The detailed sub-lineage distribution offers valuable insights into the predominant genetic clusters of <em>M. tuberculosis</em> within the sampled population. Notably, Lineage 2, specifically the L2.2.M3 sub-lineage, stood out as the dominant strain of MDR-TB, accounting for 77.7 % of the isolates. This finding underscores the significant prevalence of the L2.2.M3 sub-lineage and its potential role in the local transmission dynamics of tuberculosis. The high proportion and genetic homogeneity of the L2.2.M3 cluster among MDR-TB patients may indicate the strain's adaptation for more effective transmission within the Thai population. The increasing prevalence of this pathogenic strain could significantly impact tuberculosis control programs. Early diagnosis and contact tracing with chemotherapeutic preventive therapy for MDR-TB will be essential in inhibiting the spread and reactivation of these strains. Additionally, further studies are needed to prospectively identify transmission routes through contact tracing and real-time genotypic methods. It will also be crucial to ensure that future vaccines and/or recommended chemoprophylaxis therapy for MDR-TB will provide protection against these emerging strains.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54986,"journal":{"name":"Infection Genetics and Evolution","volume":"128 ","pages":"Article 105715"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142973321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic parameters and single-step genome-wide association analysis for trematode (Fasciola hepatica and Calicophoron/Paramphistomum spp.) infections in German dairy cows","authors":"Katharina May ,&nbsp;Anna Sophie Hecker ,&nbsp;Christina Strube ,&nbsp;Tong Yin ,&nbsp;Sven König","doi":"10.1016/j.meegid.2025.105712","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.meegid.2025.105712","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Infections with the liver fluke (<em>Fasciola hepatica</em>) cause economic losses in cattle production worldwide. Also, infections with rumen flukes (<em>Calicophoron/Paramphistomum</em> spp.) are gaining importance in grazing cattle in Europe. However, increasing resistance of helminth parasites against anthelmintics and limitations in treatment emphasize the need for alternative breeding approaches. This study included 1602 dairy cows kept on 29 farms with 2423 observations for <em>F. hepatica</em> and <em>Calicophoron/Paramphistomum</em> spp. egg counts per gram faeces (EPG). The EPGs were binary defined (infected: EPG &gt; 0; non-infected: EPG = 0) and logarithmically transformed. The pedigree included 7939 cows. Genotypes (777 k) were available for 214 cows. A single-step GBLUP (ssGBLUP) model was applied to estimate genetic parameters for infection traits. Genomic breeding values from ssGBLUP were used in a single-step genome-wide association study (ssGWAS) to identify genetic variants associated with helminth infections. The heritability for liver fluke infections was up to 0.09, and up to 0.34 for rumen fluke infections. The genetic correlations between liver and rumen fluke infections ranged from 0.49 to 0.53, indicating that breeding for improved resilience to both helminth taxa is possible simultaneously. The ssGWAS revealed four SNPs for liver fluke infections on BTA 5, 13, 26 and 29, and 17 SNPs for rumen fluke infections on BTA 3 and 23. The SNPs for liver fluke infections were annotated to 12 potential candidate genes, most of which involved in liver fibrosis and immunity. The <em>LRRC8B</em> gene was found to be involved in host-rumen fluke interactions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54986,"journal":{"name":"Infection Genetics and Evolution","volume":"128 ","pages":"Article 105712"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142973322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of differentially methylated sites and regions associated with intrauterine transmission of hepatitis B virus in infants","authors":"Zhengqin Su ,&nbsp;Yongjian Su ,&nbsp;Xiaozhen Shen ,&nbsp;Jiawei Zhang ,&nbsp;Ting Zeng ,&nbsp;Jialing Li ,&nbsp;Shiyi Chen ,&nbsp;Kai Shao ,&nbsp;Shiyue Zhang ,&nbsp;Dan Luo ,&nbsp;Liping Hu ,&nbsp;Xiaojing Guo ,&nbsp;Hai Li","doi":"10.1016/j.meegid.2024.105705","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.meegid.2024.105705","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The goal is to identify methylation sites linked to transmission and their impact on host gene expression and HBV spread, aiming to uncover new molecular targets for preventing and treating intrauterine HBV infection.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This study recruited 1205 infants born to HBsAg-positive mothers in Liuzhou City, China, between July 2023 and January 2024. Infants were followed up at 7–12 months of age and classified as HBsAg-positive (case, <em>n</em> = 5) or HBsAg-negative (control, <em>n</em> = 14) based on serological testing. Peripheral blood samples were collected for DNA extraction. DNA methylation profiling was performed using the Illumina Infinium MethylationEPIC BeadChip (850 K). Data were processed using the ChAMP package in R, including quality control, normalization, and identification of Differentially Methylated Positions (DMPs) and differentially methylated regions (DMRs). DMPs and DMRs were annotated using ANNOVAR 2018Apr16, and GO enrichment analysis was conducted using DAVID. The study was approved by the Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine Ethics Committee, and informed consent was obtained.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>We identified 734,978 DMPs and 660 DMRs, with 1813 DMPs and 221 DMRs showing significant differences between groups. HBV-infected infants exhibited lower overall genomic methylation levels, with significant concentrations in gene body regions and CpG islands. GO enrichment analysis indicated that differentially methylated genes were enriched in processes related to cell adhesion and calcium ion binding.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Prenatal HBV exposure was associated with significant infant hypomethylation, particularly in regulatory regions like TSS1500, TSS200, and CpG islands, potentially impacting gene expression. Enrichment of immune-related pathways among differentially methylated genes suggests that HBV may alter infant immune development through epigenetic modifications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54986,"journal":{"name":"Infection Genetics and Evolution","volume":"127 ","pages":"Article 105705"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142824872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and drug resistance analysis of hepatitis C virus genotypes in Heilongjiang, China","authors":"Bo Du ,&nbsp;Le Yu ,&nbsp;Kun Zhou ,&nbsp;Han Qiao ,&nbsp;Meng Wu ,&nbsp;Dong Wang ,&nbsp;Xi Jin ,&nbsp;Jing Feng ,&nbsp;Xingku Li ,&nbsp;Rongzheng Zhang ,&nbsp;Shuyun Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.meegid.2024.105700","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.meegid.2024.105700","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hepatitis C still poses a threat to public safety, and there are few reports of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in Heilongjiang Province. Therefore, we aimed to study the epidemiology and resistance-associated substitutions (RASs) of HCV in Heilongjiang and explore the efficacy of treatment. 7019 specimens from Heilongjiang Province were subjected to the genotype identification. The Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model was utilized to predict HCV infection trends from 2024 to 2030. The Sanger sequencing was performed on samples of genotype(GT) 1b and 2a to investigate RASs. Phylogenetic analysis was conducted to assess the similarity of local HCV sequences with those from other countries. In addition, we tracked the effect of patients treated with DAAs and the relationship between efficacy and RASs. The predominant HCV subtypes in Heilongjiang were 1b (47.51 %) and 2a (43.85 %). From 2012 to 2023, the proportions of GT2a, GT3a, GT3b, and GT6a gradually increased. And the prevalence of GT2a will exceed that of GT1b over the next seven years. The proportion of RASs in GT1b and GT2a NS5A region was 73.47 % and 15.22 %, respectively. And the proportion of RASs in GT1b NS5B region was 100 %. Local HCV sequences exhibited phylogenetic relationships with sequences from other countries. The GT1b R30Q and GT2a C92S were correlated with drug efficacy. K107R and P206S, which have not been reported in the literature, were also related to drug efficacy. The epidemiology of HCV genotypes in Heilongjiang is becoming increasingly diverse. HCV GT1b has a large variety and a high proportion of RASs, and patients infected with this genotype of HCV need to be sequenced before treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54986,"journal":{"name":"Infection Genetics and Evolution","volume":"127 ","pages":"Article 105700"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142814837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revisiting adaptive introgression at the HLA genes in Lithuanian genomes with machine learning","authors":"Josef Hackl ,&nbsp;Xin Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.meegid.2024.105708","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.meegid.2024.105708","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54986,"journal":{"name":"Infection Genetics and Evolution","volume":"127 ","pages":"Article 105708"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142900537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A simple improved method for extracting DNA from ethanol-preserved hard ticks and its applications","authors":"Nandhini Perumalsamy,&nbsp;Muthukumaravel Subramanian,&nbsp;Rohit Sharma,&nbsp;Ayyanar Elango,&nbsp;Shriram Ananganallur Nagarajan","doi":"10.1016/j.meegid.2024.105709","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.meegid.2024.105709","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hard tick exoskeletons, composed primarily of chitin, pose a significant challenge for researchers attempting to extract genetic material. This study presents a simple modified, alternative method for extracting DNA from ethanol-preserved hard ticks. The extracted DNA was further used for PCR amplification of phylogenetic markers for population genetics studies. The study also improvises the DNA extraction methods from commercial kits. We have used four DNA extraction methods: Modified Simple Alkaline Lysis, and other commercial kit-based methods (Kit X, Kit Y &amp; Kit Z). The modified method for DNA extraction yielded comparable results in terms of concentration, and purity from all the life stages (adult, nymph, and larvae). The extracted DNA from each method was quantified and subjected to PCR amplification of molecular markers, ITS-1 and ITS-2. The nucleotide sequences from both markers were characterized for the first time and used for phylogenetic analysis of <em>Amblyomma integrum</em>, which is a potential vector for Kyasanur Forest Disease Virus (KFDV), causing monkey fever disease in India. These results demonstrate a cost-effective approach for isolating genomic DNA suitable for PCR amplification and subsequent nucleotide sequencing. Importantly, this simple method offers an option for population genetics study in resource-limited settings, facilitating field research with minimal equipment requirements. Additionally, the study showed tick homogenization can significantly improve DNA yield from commercial kits.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54986,"journal":{"name":"Infection Genetics and Evolution","volume":"127 ","pages":"Article 105709"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142916432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"BCG's role in strengthening immune responses: Implications for tuberculosis and comorbid diseases","authors":"Nilofer Naqvi ,&nbsp;Yashika Ahuja ,&nbsp;Sheeba Zarin ,&nbsp;Anwar Alam ,&nbsp;Waseem Ali ,&nbsp;Mohd Shariq ,&nbsp;Seyed E. Hasnain ,&nbsp;Nasreen Z. Ehtesham","doi":"10.1016/j.meegid.2024.105703","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.meegid.2024.105703","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The BCG vaccine represents a significant milestone in the prevention of tuberculosis (TB), particularly in children. Researchers have been developing recombinant BCG (rBCG) variants that can trigger lasting memory responses, thereby enhancing protection against TB in adults. The breakdown of immune surveillance is a key link between TB and other communicable and non-communicable diseases. Notably, TB is more prevalent among people with comorbidities such as HIV, diabetes, cancer, influenza, COVID-19, and autoimmune disorders. rBCG formulations have the potential to address both TB and HIV co-pandemics. TB increases the risk of lung cancer and immunosuppression caused by cancer can reactivate latent TB infections. Moreover, BCG's efficacy extends to bladder cancer treatment and blood glucose regulation in patients with diabetes and TB. Additionally, BCG provides cross-protection against unrelated pathogens, emphasizing the importance of BCG-induced trained immunity in COVID-19 and other respiratory diseases. Furthermore, BCG reduced the severity of pulmonary TB-induced influenza virus infections. Recent studies have proposed innovations in BCG delivery, revaccination, and attenuation techniques. Disease-centered research has highlighted the immunomodulatory effects of BCG on TB, HIV, cancer, diabetes, COVID-19, and autoimmune diseases. The complex relationship between TB and comorbidities requires a nuanced re-evaluation to understand the shared attributes regulated by BCG. This review assessed the interconnected relationships influenced by BCG administration in TB and related disorders, recommending the expanded use of rBCG in healthcare. Collaboration among vaccine research stakeholders is vital to enhance BCG's efficacy against global health challenges.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54986,"journal":{"name":"Infection Genetics and Evolution","volume":"127 ","pages":"Article 105703"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142820338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dengue virus: Etiology, epidemiology, pathobiology, and developments in diagnosis and control – A comprehensive review","authors":"Masoud Pourzangiabadi ,&nbsp;Hamideh Najafi ,&nbsp;Arezoo Fallah ,&nbsp;Aida Goudarzi ,&nbsp;Iman Pouladi","doi":"10.1016/j.meegid.2024.105710","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.meegid.2024.105710","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dengue flavivirus (DENV) is the virus that causes dengue, one of the most dangerous and common viral diseases in humans that are carried by mosquitoes and can lead to fatalities. Every year, there are over 400 million cases of dengue fever worldwide, and 22,000 fatalities. It has been documented in tropical and subtropical climates in over 100 nations. Unfortunately, there is no specific treatment approach, but prevention, adequate awareness, diagnosis in the early stages of viral infection and proper medical care can reduce the mortality rate. The first licensed vaccine for dengue virus (CYD Denvaxia) was quadrivalent, but it is not approved in all countries. The primary barriers to vaccine development include inadequate animal models, inadequate etiology mechanistic studies, and adverse drug events. This study provides current knowledge and a comprehensive view of the biology, production and reproduction, transmission, pathogenesis and diagnosis, epidemiology and control measures of dengue virus.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54986,"journal":{"name":"Infection Genetics and Evolution","volume":"127 ","pages":"Article 105710"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142900535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Europe-wide distribution and bat-host specific lineages in the malarial parasite Polychromophilus murinus revealed through genetic screening of bat flies","authors":"Luisa Timm ,&nbsp;Sascha P. Rosskopf ,&nbsp;Oskar Werb ,&nbsp;Jaap van Schaik ,&nbsp;Juliane Schaer","doi":"10.1016/j.meegid.2024.105707","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.meegid.2024.105707","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Malaria parasites of the genus <em>Polychromophilus</em> commonly infect vespertilionid and miniopterid bats, and are transmitted by bat flies (Nycteribiidae). While <em>Polychromophilus murinus</em> has been recorded sporadically in Europe, its host range, distribution and phylogeographic structure have not been explored. Here we investigate the prevalence and genetic diversity of <em>P. murinus</em> infections in 1131 bat flies collected from seven European bat species, focusing on <em>Basilia nana</em>, collected from its primary host, the Bechstein's bat throughout its distribution. Additionally, we explore the temporal dynamics of <em>P. murinus</em> in two regions in Germany where bat flies were repeatedly collected over at least five years. Bat flies were screened for <em>Polychromophilus</em> infection via PCR of a fragment of cytochrome <em>b</em>, and fragments of three additional genes were sequenced for positive samples. Overall, <em>P. murinus</em> infections were detected in 287 of 1131 screened bat flies of four different species, collected from seven bat species, across 13 countries. The 269 recovered <em>cytb</em> sequences represented 21 distinct haplotypes, clustered based on the bat species from which the infected flies were collected. Repeated sampling over multiple years revealed a consistent presence of <em>P. murinus</em> in both investigated populations, without substantial variation in prevalence between years. The results suggest an endemic long-term presence of <em>Polychromophilus</em> within European bat populations, and the presence of host-specific associations between <em>P. murinus</em> lineages and its various bat hosts. We posit that exposure to <em>P. murinus</em> appears to be a near certainty in several European bat species, and its potential costs should be further investigated.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54986,"journal":{"name":"Infection Genetics and Evolution","volume":"127 ","pages":"Article 105707"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142900538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Narrowing the region of candidate genes that control the development of protoscoleces of Echinococcus multilocularis in the mouse liver","authors":"Keisuke Sato ,&nbsp;Naritaka Hikosaka ,&nbsp;Hirokazu Kouguchi ,&nbsp;Takao Irie ,&nbsp;Masami Morimatsu ,&nbsp;Takashi Agui","doi":"10.1016/j.meegid.2024.105704","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.meegid.2024.105704","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Alveolar echinococcosis is a zoonosis caused by the larval stage of <em>Echinococcus multilocularis</em>. In previous studies, QTL analysis using C57BL/6 N (B6) and DBA/2 (D2) which differ in susceptibility suggested the presence of genes on chromosome 1 that control protoscolex development. In this study, we constructed several congenic mice with different chromosome 1 regions substituted to confirm the presence of responsible genes and to narrow down the regions where the responsible genes exist.</div><div>Five lines of third-generation congenic strain were constructed and infection experiments were conducted. The results showed that the development of protoscolex was seen in the two lines, resulting to narrow-down the responsible region between 69.4 cM and 70.67 cM. There were 18 genes having different SNPs and 10 genes having amino acid substitutions between B6 and D2 within this region.</div><div>Infection experiments with third-generation of congenic mice succeeded in narrowing down the chromosomal region determining protoscolex development, resulting to reduce the number of candidate genes. The identification of the gene responsible for protoscolex development will contribute to the control of <em>E. multilocularis</em> infection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54986,"journal":{"name":"Infection Genetics and Evolution","volume":"127 ","pages":"Article 105704"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142808685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}