Journal for Nature Conservation最新文献

{"title":"Assessment of area endemism of five arid and semi-arid plant species of the Indian Thar desert using stacking species distribution modelling","authors":"Manish Mathur ,&nbsp;Preet Mathur","doi":"10.1016/j.jnc.2025.127092","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jnc.2025.127092","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Endemism is essential for biodiversity conservation, as species with limited ranges are more susceptible to habitat loss due climate change. This study evaluates the Area of Endemism (AoE) for <em>Acacia jacquemontii, Anogeissus sericea</em> var. <em>nummularia, Calligonum polygonoides, Commiphora wightii,</em> and <em>Tecomella undulata</em>, which are found in the arid and semi-arid areas of western India. The Area of Endemism (AoE) for these species was assessed using Machine Learning − Staking Species Distribution Modelling (SSDM). Study indicated that the mean temperature of the wettest quarter (Bio-8, 30 to 33 °C), the maximum temperature of the warmest month (43.3 to 46.2 °C), the annual temperature range (Bio-7, 35.1 to 35.4 °C), and the precipitation of the coldest quarter (Bio-19, 11–13 mm) significantly influence the AoE and percentage of endemism. The Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) indicated that the examined endemic species inhabited both homogeneous and diverse settings. The topographical features, including elevation (10 to 30 m), slope 1 (10–15 % gradient), and slope 2 (30 to 45 % gradient), were deemed more appropriate. SSDM modeling indicated that the present optimum AoE is located in the Marwar region of the Thar Desert, covering the western districts of Rajasthan. This investigation revealed the following key trends: (a) as climatic conditions change, suitable habitats are shifting northward, whereas southern Rajasthan (Barmer, Jaisalmer, Nagaur, Pali, Jalore) is seeing a reduction in optimal habitat, (b) optimal AoE is decreasing at a more accelerated rate than the moderate, particularly in north-central Rajasthan and Gujarat, (c) the western limit of Jaisalmer district shows indications of recovery under RCP 8.5, with expected new habitat patches arising in Churu, Bikaner, and Sikar. The results identified specific sites for biodiversity protection, so enabling adaptive management measures to reduce species extinction in vulnerable habitats.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54898,"journal":{"name":"Journal for Nature Conservation","volume":"89 ","pages":"Article 127092"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145096350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The implementation of REDD+ in Africa: The case of REDD+ conflict management","authors":"Richard Mbatu,&nbsp;Filemon Eliamini","doi":"10.1016/j.jnc.2025.127088","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jnc.2025.127088","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>It has been eighteen years since the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD+) program was first introduced by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) as a mechanism to fight against global warming and climate change. During this time, many REDD+ projects have emerged in forest-rich countries throughout the developing world, many in Africa. Equally, a large amount of literature has examined how REDD+ projects are managed in Africa and the challenges they present. Specifically, there is a growing body of scientific literature on conflicts linked to the REDD+ framework in Africa, albeit fragmented. This incomplete information base hinders the development of a comprehensive research agenda on REDD+ conflict management in Africa and dampens efforts towards the design of adaptive REDD+ policies that address actual and potential conflicts for African nations. This paper contributes to bridging this knowledge gap by systematically reviewing REDD+ conflict-related issues in Africa using the automated content analysis (ACA) tool, Leximancer (edition 5.0), and employing the resource conflict, collective action, and social-ecological resilience (RCCASER) framework for categorization to improve the current body of knowledge on REDD+ conflict management in Africa. Our findings suggest that REDD+ conflicts in Africa manifest around issues related to forest access, land tenure, community participation, benefit sharing, and structural adjustment. To enhance the smooth implementation of projects that ensure win–win outcomes for all stakeholders while ensuring that REDD+ objectives are met, future research should consider field research on the REDD+ conflict-related themes identified in this study.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54898,"journal":{"name":"Journal for Nature Conservation","volume":"89 ","pages":"Article 127088"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145010866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Limited winter constraints in a recent translocated endangered island bird","authors":"Luis M. Carrascal ,&nbsp;Alejandro Delgado ,&nbsp;Víctor Suárez","doi":"10.1016/j.jnc.2025.127091","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jnc.2025.127091","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Translocation programs are vital conservation tools for endangered species with restricted and isolated populations. Assessing the establishment phase is crucial to understand how translocated individuals adapt to new environments and overcome ecological constraints, especially during winter, the most challenging period of the annual cycle. This study focused on the endangered Gran Canaria blue chaffinch (<em>Fringilla polatzeki</em>), an endemic woodland bird species with a highly restricted natural range. Nine years after initiating a translocation program to a new pine forest (La Cumbre), we examined the blue chaffinch’s winter biology during its establishment phase, assessing how limiting the winter season could be in this new habitat, by investigating dependence on supplementary feeding and the intensity of competitive interactions. Our findings reveal minimal reliance on supplementary feeding, unaffected by temperature, with chaffinches allocating only 5.2% of their daily time to feeders, primarily in the afternoon. The species demonstrated competitive dominance over other seed-eating birds unique to La Cumbre, suggesting that interspecific competition does not constrain resource access. Additionally, intraspecific competition was minimal, with few aggressive interactions and no differences in feeder access related to sex or age within the dominance hierarchy. These results indicate that La Cumbre’s winter conditions do not significantly limit the blue chaffinch foraging activities during the critical establishment phase. Combined with prior evidence of comparable physical condition, reproductive success, and genetic variability between translocated and natural populations, our study supports La Cumbre as a suitable translocation area. This research highlights the importance of ecological assessments beyond the breeding season to ensure the long-term success and persistence of translocated populations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54898,"journal":{"name":"Journal for Nature Conservation","volume":"89 ","pages":"Article 127091"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145049510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rediscovery and conservation of Garcinia klabang (Clusiaceae), a critically endangered tree last collected in 1857 and previously tagged as possibly extinct","authors":"Tirma Papingka ,&nbsp;Eddy Nurtjahya ,&nbsp;Robika ,&nbsp;Angga Yudaputra ,&nbsp;Lina Herliana ,&nbsp;Enggal Primananda ,&nbsp;Rismita Sari ,&nbsp;Iyan Robiansyah","doi":"10.1016/j.jnc.2025.127071","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jnc.2025.127071","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Since 2006, the IUCN has introduced the “Possibly Extinct” tag within the Critically Endangered category (CR(PE)) to identify species that are likely extinct based on available evidence but still have a small chance of survival. <em>Garcinia klabang</em> Miq., a CR(PE) species from the Clusiaceae family, was last collected in 1857 from the Jebus area on Bangka Island, Indonesia. In 2020, the IUCN Red List listed the species as Critically Endangered with the “Possibly Extinct” tag, due to its limited geographic range and the significant threats it faces from forest conversion to agricultural land and oil palm plantations. In this study, we report the rediscovery of <em>G. klabang</em> 168 years after its last collection, in a new location approximately 40 km east of the type locality. A total of 190 <em>G. klabang</em> individuals were recorded at four locations, with most concentrated in Jebus and Riau Silip. Nearly half (44.2 %) being in a mature stage, with a diameter at breast height of up to 31.5 cm and a hight of up to 15 m. These individuals occur across a range of habitats, from heathland forests at low elevations to lowland forests at elevations exceeding 500 m, with slopes ranging from 0° to 35°. The habitats of the species were characterized by higher silt content soil, nutrient-poor and acidic. Based on our findings, <em>G. klabang</em> is still qualified for CR status under criteria CR C2a(i) with the tag “Possibly Extinct” has been removed. Additionally, we collected plant materials for ex-situ conservation in Cibodas Botanic Gardens. We also conducted species distribution modelling to map the suitable habitat for this species. This map can help guide future population surveys and aid in selecting appropriate sites for habitat protection and natural population enrichment programs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54898,"journal":{"name":"Journal for Nature Conservation","volume":"89 ","pages":"Article 127071"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145018454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Management regimes influence the response of Chilean kelp fishers when facing hypothetical future scenarios","authors":"Fernando González-Roca ,&nbsp;Julio A. Vásquez ,&nbsp;Stefan Gelcich ,&nbsp;Ángel Pérez-Ruzafa","doi":"10.1016/j.jnc.2025.127082","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jnc.2025.127082","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Co-management of kelp resources in northern Chile involves diverse access regimes that could influence artisanal fishers’ responses to economic, environmental, and social changes. This study analyzes the responses of 126 fishers from 25 coastal associations in the Atacama and Coquimbo regions to three hypothetical scenarios: a significant drop in kelp prices, environmental impacts from El Niño, and increased illegal activity. The research uses surveys, contingency tables, and multinomial logistic regression to explore the socio-economic characteristics and response strategies of fishers within different management regimes, such as Regional Management Plans (MP) and Management and Exploitation Areas for Benthic Resources (MEABR). Results indicate that migratory status, resource dependence, and management regime in which they operate significantly influence fishers’ decisions. Particularly, MEABR affiliates are more likely to adopt conservation-oriented actions compared to those under MP when faced with the three types of shocks. This study contributes insights on critical variables which can be tailored to refine co-management policies to better accommodate future possible ecological and socio-economic changes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54898,"journal":{"name":"Journal for Nature Conservation","volume":"89 ","pages":"Article 127082"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145049513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Substitutability of CITES-listed species in traditional Chinese medicine amongst the general public in Hong Kong","authors":"Jessica Bell Rizzolo ,&nbsp;Hubert Cheung ,&nbsp;Jovy Y.S. Chan","doi":"10.1016/j.jnc.2025.127070","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jnc.2025.127070","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>While most medicinal ingredients used in TCM are derived from plants, the use of animal-based medicines from threatened and endangered species has raised significant conservation concerns. We conducted a quantitative survey in 2023 with a population-based sample (n = 1556) in Hong Kong. In addition to gathering baseline data about TCM attitudes and use, we used an experimental vignette survey to assess the willingness to accept substitutes for five products: a) tiger bone, b) bear bile, c) tokay gecko, d) seahorse, and e) saiga antelope horn. We examined how acceptance for substitutes is impacted by the combination of five factors: price, the legality of the original product, the type of substitute (domestic animal, synthetic, or plant-based), availability of the substitute, and conservation status of the species. 72.1 % of respondents believed that TCM is effective and 28.7 % used wildlife supplements as part of TCM. However, the use of synthetic and plant-based TCM supplements was higher than that of wildlife-based ones, and past consumption of substitutes ranged from moderate (34.6 % for saiga) to high (61.9 % for seahorse). In logistic regression models, factors that increased substitutability acceptance differed by species. For bear bile and tokay gecko, having an easily available substitute increased substitutability. For tiger bone, the conservation status of wild tigers impacted substitutability. Price was a significant factor for both saiga and seahorse. We discuss how approaches tailored to specific products, as well as preexistent attitudes towards TCM, can increase the sustainability of TCM and the protection of CITES-listed species in Hong Kong.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54898,"journal":{"name":"Journal for Nature Conservation","volume":"89 ","pages":"Article 127070"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145049508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"3D modeling as a conservation tool to characterize endangered seasonally flooded ecosystems in the Volta Grande Do Xingu, Eastern Amazon, Pará, Brazil","authors":"Alynne Almeida Affonso ,&nbsp;Marília Prado Freire ,&nbsp;André Oliveira Sawakuchi ,&nbsp;Carlos Henrique Grohmann","doi":"10.1016/j.jnc.2025.127087","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jnc.2025.127087","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Volta Grande do Xingu (VGX) region in the southeastern Amazon forest of Brazil, characterized by its exceptional geomorphology and biodiversity, faces significant ecological challenges due to the construction of the Belo Monte Hydroelectric Complex (BMHC). This study aims to characterize and describe the seasonally flooded areas within the VGX that are at risk due to the BMHC’s operation by employing 3D modeling techniques. Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA) were used to collect imagery, which was then processed using Structure-from-Motion Multi-View Stereo (SfM-MVS) techniques, resulting in the creation of high-resolution 3D models, orthophotos, and digital surface models. From these products, an extremely detailed and accurate characterization of the seasonally flooded areas within the study site was provided. These datasets offer unprecedented insights into the unique habitats of the VGX. The models representing the main flooded habitats of the VGX are openly accessible on the Sketchfab online platform, ensuring broad availability to researchers and policymakers. This research underscores the importance of preserving natural heritage in the face of growing environmental challenges, emphasizing the need for comprehensive protection mechanisms for irreplaceable assets like the VGX.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54898,"journal":{"name":"Journal for Nature Conservation","volume":"89 ","pages":"Article 127087"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145018452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental drivers of lionfish catch efficiency in trammel net fisheries in the Southwest coasts of Türkiye","authors":"Zafer Tosunoğlu ,&nbsp;Mehmet Cilbiz ,&nbsp;Funda Kok ,&nbsp;Ali Ulaş","doi":"10.1016/j.jnc.2025.127089","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jnc.2025.127089","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Invasive species pose significant challenges to marine ecosystems worldwide, with lionfish among the most prominent. Lionfish (<em>Pterois miles</em> and <em>Pterois volitans</em>) began invading the northwestern Atlantic in the 1980s and rapidly expanded throughout the region. In the Mediterranean, they were first recorded off Israel in 1991, followed by a new invasion event in Lebanon in 2012. Since then, the species has spread rapidly across the eastern Mediterranean and progressively westward, raising concerns over ecological and socio-economic impacts, building on lessons from their invasion in the Atlantic and far beyond. In Türkiye, <em>P. miles</em> has rapidly expanded along the southern coasts, triggering ecological concerns and driving interest in scalable removal strategies. This study evaluates the catch efficiency of thick trammel nets, a widely used gear type in small-scale fisheries in relation to gear configuration and environmental factors.</div><div>Between 2022 and 2024, 41 thick trammel net deployments were conducted at depths of 16–62.5  m using nets with varying mesh sizes (72, 90, 100 mm) and twine thicknesses (210/9 and 210/12 denier). The nets were soaked for 12 h and 50 min to 23 h. All fish were identified and weighed onboard. Lionfish accounted for over 50 % of total catch, reflecting their high regional abundance. Catch per unit effort was positively correlated with soak time and water temperature, and negatively with mesh size and longitude. Generalized Additive Models indicated peak catch per unit effort at 24–28 °C, with optimal performance around 80–90 mm mesh size and longer soak durations.</div><div>While twine thickness had a limited effect on catch per unit effort, thicker lines were associated with safer handling of lionfish and may increase fisher willingness to target this species. The findings suggest that modest gear adjustments—combined with favorable environmental timing—can enhance lionfish removals without altering core fishing practices. These results support the integration of gear-based solutions into market-driven invasive species control strategies, with potential socio-economic benefits for small-scale fisheries communities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54898,"journal":{"name":"Journal for Nature Conservation","volume":"89 ","pages":"Article 127089"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145018453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mapping soil knowledge: A qualitative comparison of laypeople’s understanding of soil and expert-identified essentials in Germany","authors":"Johanna Schaal,&nbsp;Nicolas Neef,&nbsp;Siegmar Otto","doi":"10.1016/j.jnc.2025.127079","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jnc.2025.127079","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soils play a critical role in mitigating climate change, conserving biodiversity, and supporting human well-being. To ensure a sustainable future for soil, raising the publićs awareness of soil conservation and enhancing their knowledge is crucial. This qualitative study captures and represents laypeople’s soil knowledge through concept maps. These concept maps, along with the associated knowledge, were gathered through semi-structured interviews based on the approach of didactic reconstruction and are compared with expert-identified essentials for laypeople. These Laypeople demonstrate basic knowledge of certain aspects, such as the decomposition process, organisms and plant interactions with soil, and human impacts on degradation. However, notable gaps exist in soil genesis, its role in climate protection, and perception of soil texture, types, and processes, including misconceptions about erosion. This study underscores the importance of education and awareness-building in soil conservation efforts. The concept maps generated in this study can serve as a basis for this purpose.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54898,"journal":{"name":"Journal for Nature Conservation","volume":"89 ","pages":"Article 127079"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145049512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Floristic quality assessment of saline-alkali habitats in songnen plain","authors":"Zihe Wang,&nbsp;Yajie Liu,&nbsp;Jinhua Li,&nbsp;Xiaoyu Lu,&nbsp;Chunxue Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.jnc.2025.127080","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jnc.2025.127080","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Songnen Plain, an important agricultural and ecological region in China, is currently experiencing severe salinization, necessitating an urgent scientific assessment of its saline grassland habitat quality. Floristic Quality Assessment (FQA), a rapid method for evaluating habitat quality based on plant adaptations to their environment, has been successfully applied in various ecosystems. Our objective was to use FQA to assess the habitat quality of the Songnen saline-alkali grassland, ultimately providing a scientific basis for the ecological protection and management of this unique ecosystem. In our study, thirty quadrats were randomly selected for a field survey in the Songnen saline-alkali grassland. Plant species were identified, and coefficients of conservatism were assigned to each. Soil physicochemical properties and plant community diversity were also analyzed across different habitat classes. 101 herbaceous plant species across 78 genera and 31 families were identified in the field study. Habitat quality varied significantly, with 4 quadrats classified as excellent, 8 as good, 11 as fair, and 7 as poor. Significant disparities were observed in plant community diversity and soil physicochemical properties among the different habitat quality categories. The key soil factors that influenced habitat quality were pH, organic matter, and total phosphorus content. In summary, our findings indicate that the overall habitat quality of the Songnen saline-alkali grassland is suboptimal. The application of FQA proved to be an effective tool for assessing the current habitat quality and offered a robust scientific foundation for its ecological restoration and management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54898,"journal":{"name":"Journal for Nature Conservation","volume":"89 ","pages":"Article 127080"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145049511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}