EPJ Quantum Technology最新文献

{"title":"Optimising the quantum/classical interface for efficiency and portability with a multi-level hardware abstraction layer for quantum computers","authors":"Kenton M. Barnes,&nbsp;Anton Buyskikh,&nbsp;Nicholas Y. Chen,&nbsp;Gabriel Gallardo,&nbsp;Marco Ghibaudi,&nbsp;Matthew J. A. Ruszala,&nbsp;Daniel S. Underwood,&nbsp;Abhishek Agarwal,&nbsp;Deep Lall,&nbsp;Ivan Rungger,&nbsp;Nikolaos Schoinas","doi":"10.1140/epjqt/s40507-023-00192-z","DOIUrl":"10.1140/epjqt/s40507-023-00192-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Steady progress is being made in the development of quantum computing platforms based on different types of qubit technologies. Each platform requires bespoke strategies to maximise the efficiency of the quantum/classical interface when operating close to the qubits. At a higher level, however, a shared interface allowing portability of quantum algorithms across all the available quantum platforms is preferred. Striking the right balance between portability and performance of the algorithm as implemented on quantum hardware remains a major challenge for this field. Here, we propose a quantum hardware abstraction layer (QHAL) providing a multi-level intermediate representation of the quantum stack. A collaborative effort between software specialists and quantum hardware developers operating on four major qubit technologies (photonics, silicon, superconducting and trapped ions) led to the identification of a minimum common set of instructions and metadata allowing the QHAL to interact efficiently with multiple platforms. Access to the stack from the higher levels increases latency yet minimises the amount of hardware architecture parameters to be handled by the algorithm developer, thus simplifying code development and reducing security threats from misuse or malicious access for hardware developers. Access to the stack from the lowest—closest to the qubits—level provides the highest hardware responsiveness, suitable for algorithms requiring minimum latency for data and instruction transfer. With respect to existing quantum assembly languages, the QHAL extends further down in the stack by defining an application-binary interface to interact with the quantum hardware. By defining a standard representation of the quantum stack, a common reference framework is provided to both software and hardware developers which would ensure future integration of their R&amp;D efforts.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":547,"journal":{"name":"EPJ Quantum Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2023-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://epjquantumtechnology.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1140/epjqt/s40507-023-00192-z","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134796262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantum authentication method based on key-controlled maximally mixed quantum state encryption","authors":"Na-Hee Lim,&nbsp;Ji-Woong Choi,&nbsp;Min-Sung Kang,&nbsp;Hyung-Jin Yang,&nbsp;Sang-Wook Han","doi":"10.1140/epjqt/s40507-023-00193-y","DOIUrl":"10.1140/epjqt/s40507-023-00193-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Quantum authentication is a fundamental first step that ensures secure quantum communication. Although various quantum authentication methods have been proposed recently, their implementation efficiency is limited. This paper proposes a key-controlled maximally mixed quantum state encryption (MMQSE) method using only a single qubit, unitary operation, minimized quantum transmissions, and a single qubit measurement, which improves implementation feasibility and operation efficiency. We applied it to representative quantum authentication applications, namely, quantum identity and message authentication. The security of our authentication schemes was verified by analyzing the relationship between the integral ratio of Uhlmann’s fidelity and probability of successful eavesdropping. Moreover, we demonstrate the higher authentication efficiency of the proposed scheme in a real quantum-channel noise environment. The upper bound of the valid noise rate was quantified using the integral ratio of Uhlmann’s fidelity in a noise environment. Finally, the optimal number of authentication sequences was estimated.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":547,"journal":{"name":"EPJ Quantum Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2023-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://epjquantumtechnology.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1140/epjqt/s40507-023-00193-y","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134796291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simultaneous cooling and synchronization of the mechanical and the radio-frequency resonators via voltage modulation","authors":"Liang Wang,&nbsp;Wei Zhang,&nbsp;Shutian Liu,&nbsp;Shou Zhang,&nbsp;Hong-Fu Wang","doi":"10.1140/epjqt/s40507-023-00191-0","DOIUrl":"10.1140/epjqt/s40507-023-00191-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We explore the ground state cooling and quantum synchronization of the mechanical and low-frequency inductor-capacitor (LC) resonators in a hybrid three-mode optoelectromechanical system, in which the mechanical resonator is optically and capacitively coupled to the optical cavity and the LC circuit, respectively. We find that when the bias voltage modulation switch is incorporated into the direct current (DC) bias voltage, ground state cooling and quantum synchronization can be simultaneously achieved regardless of whether the mechanical resonator and the low-frequency LC resonator have the identical frequency. Furthermore, we elucidate the relationship between quantum synchronization and ground state cooling of the two resonators, that is, the simultaneous ground state cooling of the resonators must be accompanied by quantum synchronization. Our work may open up an alternative approach to the simultaneous ground state cooling and quantum synchronization of multiple resonators, which has fewer parametric limitations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":547,"journal":{"name":"EPJ Quantum Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2023-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://epjquantumtechnology.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1140/epjqt/s40507-023-00191-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134795985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Arbitrary bias control of LiNbO3 based Mach-Zehnder intensity modulators for QKD system","authors":"Jun Teng,&nbsp;Shuang Wang,&nbsp;Zhen-Qiang Yin,&nbsp;Wei Chen,&nbsp;Guan-Jie Fan-Yuan,&nbsp;Guang-Can Guo,&nbsp;Zheng-Fu Han","doi":"10.1140/epjqt/s40507-023-00189-8","DOIUrl":"10.1140/epjqt/s40507-023-00189-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Quantum key distribution (QKD) can help distant agents to share unconditional secret keys, and the achievable secret key rate can be enhanced with the help of decoy-state protocol. To implement QKD experimentally, the agents are supposed to accurately transmit a number of different intensity pulses with the LiNbO₃ based Mach-Zehnder (LNMZ) intensity modulator. However, the bias drift of LNMZ intensity modulator may affect the performance of a QKD system. In this letter, we reveal a simple RC circuit model to demonstrate the bias drift in the LNMZ intensity modulator. And based on the model, we propose a multi-step bias stable scheme to control the bias working point. Experimental result shows that our scheme can eliminate the bias drift of at arbitrary working point within a long time range. Besides, there is no need of any feedback mechanisms in the scheme. This means our scheme will not lead to any increasement in system complexity, making it more suitable for a QKD system.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":547,"journal":{"name":"EPJ Quantum Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2023-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://epjquantumtechnology.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1140/epjqt/s40507-023-00189-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45478557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neutral atom quantum computing hardware: performance and end-user perspective","authors":"Karen Wintersperger,&nbsp;Florian Dommert,&nbsp;Thomas Ehmer,&nbsp;Andrey Hoursanov,&nbsp;Johannes Klepsch,&nbsp;Wolfgang Mauerer,&nbsp;Georg Reuber,&nbsp;Thomas Strohm,&nbsp;Ming Yin,&nbsp;Sebastian Luber","doi":"10.1140/epjqt/s40507-023-00190-1","DOIUrl":"10.1140/epjqt/s40507-023-00190-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We present an industrial end-user perspective on the current state of quantum computing hardware for one specific technological approach, the neutral atom platform. Our aim is to assist developers in understanding the impact of the specific properties of these devices on the effectiveness of algorithm execution. Based on discussions with different vendors and recent literature, we discuss the performance data of the neutral atom platform. Specifically, we focus on the physical qubit architecture, which affects state preparation, qubit-to-qubit connectivity, gate fidelities, native gate instruction set, and individual qubit stability. These factors determine both the quantum-part execution time and the end-to-end wall clock time relevant for end-users, but also the ability to perform fault-tolerant quantum computation in the future. We end with an overview of which applications have been shown to be well suited for the peculiar properties of neutral atom-based quantum computers.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":547,"journal":{"name":"EPJ Quantum Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2023-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://epjquantumtechnology.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1140/epjqt/s40507-023-00190-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42045971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dihedral lattice gauge theories on a quantum annealer","authors":"Michael Fromm,&nbsp;Owe Philipsen,&nbsp;Christopher Winterowd","doi":"10.1140/epjqt/s40507-023-00188-9","DOIUrl":"10.1140/epjqt/s40507-023-00188-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We study lattice gauge theory with discrete, non-Abelian gauge groups. We extend the formalism of previous studies on D-Wave’s quantum annealer as a computing platform to finite, simply reducible gauge groups. As an example, we use the dihedral group <span>(D_{n})</span> with <span>(n=3,4)</span> on a two plaquette ladder for which we provide proof-of-principle calculations of the ground-state and employ the known time evolution formalism with Feynman clock states.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":547,"journal":{"name":"EPJ Quantum Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2023-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://epjquantumtechnology.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1140/epjqt/s40507-023-00188-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46221493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A study of polarization compensation for quantum networks","authors":"Matej Peranić,&nbsp;Marcus Clark,&nbsp;Rui Wang,&nbsp;Sima Bahrani,&nbsp;Obada Alia,&nbsp;Sören Wengerowsky,&nbsp;Anton Radman,&nbsp;Martin Lončarić,&nbsp;Mario Stipčević,&nbsp;John Rarity,&nbsp;Reza Nejabati,&nbsp;Siddarth Koduru Joshi","doi":"10.1140/epjqt/s40507-023-00187-w","DOIUrl":"10.1140/epjqt/s40507-023-00187-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The information-theoretic unconditional security offered by quantum key distribution has spurred the development of larger quantum communication networks. However, as these networks grow so does the strong need to reduce complexity and overheads. Polarization-based entanglement distribution networks are a promising approach due to their scalability and no need for trusted nodes. Nevertheless, they are only viable if the birefringence of all-optical distribution fibres in the network is compensated to preserve the polarization-based quantum state. The brute force approach would require a few hundred fibre polarization controllers for even a moderately sized network. Instead, we propose and investigate four different realizations of polarization compensation schemes that can be used in quantum networks. We compare them based on the type of reference signals, complexity, effort, level of disruption to network operations and performance on a four-user quantum network.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":547,"journal":{"name":"EPJ Quantum Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2023-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://epjquantumtechnology.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1140/epjqt/s40507-023-00187-w","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48503568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficient multiparty quantum secret sharing based on a novel structure and single qubits","authors":"Shu-Yu Kuo,&nbsp;Kuo-Chun Tseng,&nbsp;Chia-Ching Yang,&nbsp;Yao-Hsin Chou","doi":"10.1140/epjqt/s40507-023-00186-x","DOIUrl":"10.1140/epjqt/s40507-023-00186-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Quantum secret sharing (QSS) is a significant branch of quantum cryptography and can be widely used in various applications. Quantum secret sharing schemes can be developed by utilizing different features of quantum mechanics, and quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) is an effective way to achieve secret sharing using single qubits. The utilization of QSDC offers certain benefits, such as low cost, high security, and great potential for implementation with current technologies. However, the purpose of QSDC is different from that of QSS, which causes some vulnerabilities, such as dishonest participant attacks. We discover two critical factors that affect the security of traditional protocols. Firstly, they skip a few steps from the QSDC protocol to the QSS protocol. Secondly, the participants have different privileges. This can lead to participants with more privileges engaging in potential attack behavior. In light of these issues, this study proposes a new multiparty QSS scheme to address these vulnerabilities. The proposed protocol ensures the independence of each participant and grants them equal privileges. Analysis results demonstrate that it can defend against malicious attackers, retain the advantages of the QSDC protocol, and further reduce transmission costs. It achieves an excellent balance between security and performance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":547,"journal":{"name":"EPJ Quantum Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://epjquantumtechnology.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1140/epjqt/s40507-023-00186-x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41460048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microwave electrometry with bichromatic electromagnetically induced transparency in Rydberg atoms","authors":"Mingzhi Han,&nbsp;He Hao,&nbsp;Xiaoyun Song,&nbsp;Zheng Yin,&nbsp;Michal Parniak,&nbsp;Zhengmao Jia,&nbsp;Yandong Peng","doi":"10.1140/epjqt/s40507-023-00184-z","DOIUrl":"10.1140/epjqt/s40507-023-00184-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A scheme for measuring microwave (MW) electric (E) fields is proposed based on bichromatic electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in Rydberg atoms. A bichromatic control field drives the excited state transition, whose absorption shows three EIT windows. When a MW field drives the Rydberg transition, the EIT windows split and six transmission peaks appear. It is interesting to find that the peak-to-peak distance of transmission spectrum is sensitive to the MW field strength, which can be used to measure MW E-field. Simulation results show that the spectral resolution could be increased by about 4 times, and the minimum detectable strength of the MW E-field may be improved by about 3 times compared with the common EIT scheme. After the Doppler averaging, the minimum detectable MW E-field strength is about 5 times larger than that without Doppler effect. Also, we investigate other effects on the sensitivity of the system.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":547,"journal":{"name":"EPJ Quantum Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://epjquantumtechnology.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1140/epjqt/s40507-023-00184-z","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4576784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modular source for near-infrared quantum communication","authors":"Federico Berra,&nbsp;Costantino Agnesi,&nbsp;Andrea Stanco,&nbsp;Marco Avesani,&nbsp;Sebastiano Cocchi,&nbsp;Paolo Villoresi,&nbsp;Giuseppe Vallone","doi":"10.1140/epjqt/s40507-023-00185-y","DOIUrl":"10.1140/epjqt/s40507-023-00185-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We present a source of states for Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) based on a modular design exploiting the iPOGNAC, a stable, low-error, and calibration-free polarization modulation scheme, for both intensity and polarization encoding. This source is immune to the security vulnerabilities of other state sources such as side channels and some quantum hacking attacks. Remarkably, our intensity modulation scheme allows full tunability of the intensity ratio between the decoy and signal states, and mitigates patterning effects. The source was implemented and tested at the near-infrared optical band around 800 nm, of particular interest for satellite-based QKD. Furthermore, the modularity of the source simplifies its development, testing, and qualification, especially for space missions. For these reasons, our work paves the way for the development of the second generation of QKD satellites that can guarantee excellent performances at higher security levels.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":547,"journal":{"name":"EPJ Quantum Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://epjquantumtechnology.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1140/epjqt/s40507-023-00185-y","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4499981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}