Nutrition Research Reviews最新文献_第3页

Impact of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on clinical manifestations in autism spectrum disorders: an umbrella review of meta-analyses. 补充 Omega-3 脂肪酸对自闭症谱系障碍临床表现的影响：荟萃分析综述。

IF 5.1 2区医学

Nutrition Research Reviews Pub Date : 2024-11-21 DOI: 10.1017/S0954422424000325

Hamid Abbasi, Abdolrahman Parhiz, Sara Khoshdooz, Farnush Bakhshimoghaddam, Saeid Doaei, Maryam Gholamalizadeh

{"title":"Impact of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on clinical manifestations in autism spectrum disorders: an umbrella review of meta-analyses.","authors":"Hamid Abbasi, Abdolrahman Parhiz, Sara Khoshdooz, Farnush Bakhshimoghaddam, Saeid Doaei, Maryam Gholamalizadeh","doi":"10.1017/S0954422424000325","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0954422424000325","url":null,"abstract":"Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition. Omega-3 fatty acid insufficiency has been linked to ASD. This umbrella meta-analysis was performed to investigate the effects of omega-3 supplementation on clinical manifestations in participants with ASD. Based on the PRISMA statement, databases including Web of Science, PubMed and Scopus were systematically searched for published meta-analyses on the effect of omega-3 supplementation on ASD up to December 2023. To assess the risk of bias, the assessment of multiple systematic reviews (AMSTAR)-2 was utilised. The outcomes were core and non-core symptoms of ASD including social withdrawal/lethargy, cluttering speech, hyperactivity, irritability and stereotypy. Seven meta-analyses eventually remained in the umbrella review. The results revealed that omega-3 fatty acid supplementation caused a significant reduction in cluttering speech in studies conducted on age ≤8 years (effect size (ES) -0·30; 95% confidence interval (CI) -0·55, -0·06; P = 0·02). Omega-3 supplementation caused a significant reduction in hyperactivity in participants ≤8 years (ES -0·30; 95% CI -0·55, -0·06; P = 0·02) and in participants who received the supplements for more than 14 weeks (ES -0·30; 95% CI -0·55, -0·06; P = 0·02). A dosage of ≤1000 mg/d of omega-3 supplementation led to a significant increase in the stereotypy/restricted and repetitive interests and behaviours (ES 0·19; 95% CI 0·03, 0·35; P = 0·02). This umbrella review revealed that omega-3 fatty acid may be a beneficial supplement to control cluttering speech and hyperactivity in children with ASD who are 8 years old or younger.","PeriodicalId":54703,"journal":{"name":"Nutrition Research Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142683750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effects of active compounds and their metabolites associated with coffee consumption on neurodegenerative disease. 饮用咖啡的活性化合物及其代谢物对神经退行性疾病的影响

IF 5.1 2区医学

Nutrition Research Reviews Pub Date : 2024-11-21 DOI: 10.1017/S0954422424000349

Dorota Koníčková, Kateřina Menšíková, Lucie Plíhalová, Petr Kaňovský

{"title":"Effects of active compounds and their metabolites associated with coffee consumption on neurodegenerative disease.","authors":"Dorota Koníčková, Kateřina Menšíková, Lucie Plíhalová, Petr Kaňovský","doi":"10.1017/S0954422424000349","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0954422424000349","url":null,"abstract":"Coffee is one of the most known and consumed beverages worldwide. Only three species are used in commercial coffee production, that is, Coffea arabica L. (Arabica coffee), Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner (Robusta coffee) and Coffea liberica Hiern (Excelsa coffee). The world population consumes approximately two billion cups of coffee per day, making it an important commercial resource of bioactive compounds in world markets. High interest in coffee consumption described in the literature is due not only to its organoleptic properties (for example, desirable bitterness, amount of flavours and aromas) but also to its ability to stimulate the central nervous system.It is now known that there are more than 1000 compounds in coffee beverages, several of which have a bioactive activity. Recent studies show that consuming three to four cups of coffee per day, that is, moderate consumption according to the European Food Safety Authority, may be beneficial for health.The main objective of the proposed review is to provide a comprehensive overview of bioactive compounds in coffee and other caffeine-containing beverages and their effects on neurodegenerative proteinopathies.","PeriodicalId":54703,"journal":{"name":"Nutrition Research Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142683706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Anti-ageing natural supplements: the main players in promoting healthy lifespan. 抗衰老天然保健品：促进健康寿命的主要角色。

IF 5.1 2区医学

Nutrition Research Reviews Pub Date : 2024-11-21 DOI: 10.1017/S0954422424000301

Mehran Izadi, Nariman Sadri, Amirhossein Abdi, Mohammad Mahdi Raeis Zadeh, Dorsa Jalaei, Mohammad Mahdi Ghazimoradi, Sara Shouri, Safa Tahmasebi

引用次数: 0

Mediterranean diet and oral health: is there an association? A scoping review. 地中海饮食与口腔健康：是否存在关联？范围审查。

IF 5.1 2区医学

Nutrition Research Reviews Pub Date : 2024-11-18 DOI: 10.1017/S0954422424000337

Aleksandra Popovac, Jelena Jaćimović, Antonia Trichopoulou, Eleni Peppa, Kostas Kotrokois, Ivica Stančić, Aleksandra Milić-Lemić, Anastassia Kossioni

{"title":"Mediterranean diet and oral health: is there an association? A scoping review.","authors":"Aleksandra Popovac, Jelena Jaćimović, Antonia Trichopoulou, Eleni Peppa, Kostas Kotrokois, Ivica Stančić, Aleksandra Milić-Lemić, Anastassia Kossioni","doi":"10.1017/S0954422424000337","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0954422424000337","url":null,"abstract":"As the Mediterranean diet (MDi) has demonstrated a powerful preventative effect on various medical conditions, a positive effect on oral health may also be speculated. Tooth loss, pain or tooth mobility may discourage the consumption of specific food types, affecting MDi adherence. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between adherence to MDi and oral health in adult populations. The study protocol was registered in Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/vxbnh/) and adhered to PRISMA-ScR guidelines. The principal research questions were: (1) Does better oral health enable adults to better adhere to MDi? and (2) Does better adherence to MDi enable adult individuals to have better oral health? The content of three databases, Clarivate Analytics' Web of Science, Scopus and PubMed was searched without language, date or any other restrictions. The search results were imported into the Rayyan environment, and from the initial 1127 studies identified, only 20 remained after the exclusion process. Three articles composed the first group, revealing significant associations between various oral health parameters and adherence to MDi, with large variations in methodology and no safe conclusions. The studies investigating the effect of the level of adherence to MDi on various oral parameters were more numerous and revealed negative associations with the prevalence of periodontal disease and upper aero-digestive tract cancer. Further studies to explore the existence and direction of the association between oral health and MDi are needed, with public health interventions encouraging adherence to the MDi to reduce the burden of oral conditions and other non-communicable diseases.","PeriodicalId":54703,"journal":{"name":"Nutrition Research Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142649046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Bioactive components in the marsupial pouch and milk. 有袋动物袋和乳汁中的生物活性成分。

IF 5.1 2区医学

Nutrition Research Reviews Pub Date : 2024-11-18 DOI: 10.1017/S0954422424000313

Manujaya W Jayamanna Mohottige, Chloe E Gardner, Mitchell G Nye-Wood, Katherine A Farquharson, Angéla Juhász, Katherine Belov, Carolyn J Hogg, Emma Peel, Michelle L Colgrave

{"title":"Bioactive components in the marsupial pouch and milk.","authors":"Manujaya W Jayamanna Mohottige, Chloe E Gardner, Mitchell G Nye-Wood, Katherine A Farquharson, Angéla Juhász, Katherine Belov, Carolyn J Hogg, Emma Peel, Michelle L Colgrave","doi":"10.1017/S0954422424000313","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0954422424000313","url":null,"abstract":"Marsupials give birth to immunologically naïve young after a relatively short gestation period compared with eutherians. Consequently, the joey relies significantly on maternal protection, which is the focus of the present review. The milk and the pouch environment are essential contributors to maternal protection for the healthy development of joeys. In this review, we discuss bioactive components found in the marsupial pouch and milk that form cornerstones of maternal protection. These bioactive components include immune cells, immunoglobulins, the S100 family of calcium-binding proteins, lysozymes, whey proteins, antimicrobial peptides and other immune proteins. Furthermore, we investigated the possibility of the presence of plurifunctional components in milk and pouches that are potentially bioactive. These compounds include caseins, vitamins and minerals, oligosaccharides, lipids and microRNAs. Where applicable, this review addresses variability in bioactive components during different phases of lactation, designed to fulfil the immunological needs of the growing pouch young. Yet, there are numerous additional research opportunities to pursue, including uncovering novel bioactive components and investigating their modes of action, dynamics, stability and ability to penetrate the gut epithelium to facilitate systemic effects.","PeriodicalId":54703,"journal":{"name":"Nutrition Research Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142649036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Evaluating the roles of food matrix, lipid micronutrients and bioactives in controlling postprandial hypertriglyceridaemia and inflammation. 评估食物基质、脂质微量营养素和生物活性物质在控制餐后高甘油三酯血症和炎症中的作用。

IF 5.1 2区医学

Nutrition Research Reviews Pub Date : 2024-11-07 DOI: 10.1017/S0954422424000155

Ángela Bravo-Núñez, René Valéro, Emmanuelle Reboul

{"title":"Evaluating the roles of food matrix, lipid micronutrients and bioactives in controlling postprandial hypertriglyceridaemia and inflammation.","authors":"Ángela Bravo-Núñez, René Valéro, Emmanuelle Reboul","doi":"10.1017/S0954422424000155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954422424000155","url":null,"abstract":"Lipids play an important role in human nutrition. Although adequate lipid consumption is necessary for an optimal functioning of the human body, overconsumption of saturated fatty acids can lead to postprandial hypertriglyceridaemia, which triggers the development of atherosclerosis. Important parameters that impact postprandial lipaemia and inflammation are related to the matrix structure and the fat-soluble micronutrient profile of ingested foods/lipids, but the specific effect of these parameters should be further studied, as most of the available studies evaluate their effect at fasting state. This review specifically explores the effects of food structure and fat-soluble micronutrients, from either micronutrient-rich foods or supplements, on postprandial hypertriglyceridaemia and inflammation. The review also highlights the potential of emerging biomarkers such as miRNAs or circulating microvesicles, as an alternative to the widely use biomarkers (e.g. low-density lipoproteins or blood concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines), to identify inflammation associated with postprandial hypertriglyceridaemia at early stages.","PeriodicalId":54703,"journal":{"name":"Nutrition Research Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142592244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Efficacy of dairy protein and essential nutrient density in formulated food products for treating severe and moderate acute malnutrition at the community level: a narrative review. 配方食品中乳制品蛋白质和必需营养素密度对治疗社区严重和中度急性营养不良的功效：叙述性综述》。

IF 5.1 2区医学

Nutrition Research Reviews Pub Date : 2024-11-05 DOI: 10.1017/S095442242400026X

Marian Abraham, Dripta Roy Choudhury, Satish B Agnihotri

{"title":"Efficacy of dairy protein and essential nutrient density in formulated food products for treating severe and moderate acute malnutrition at the community level: a narrative review.","authors":"Marian Abraham, Dripta Roy Choudhury, Satish B Agnihotri","doi":"10.1017/S095442242400026X","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S095442242400026X","url":null,"abstract":"Community-based management of acute malnutrition (CMAM) relies on a food-based approach. However, a comprehensive assessment of their nutrient composition and its impact on treatment outcomes is currently lacking in the extant literature. This narrative review summarises recent evidence on the efficacy of formulations that contain dairy protein and maintain the density of essential nutrients (type I and type II) in managing uncomplicated acute malnutrition at the community level. The literature used for the evidence synthesis was identified using a two-stage screening process. An electronic search was run on PubMed and Cochrane Library, followed by a backward snowball search to identify efficacy studies. A total of twenty-six efficacy studies involving food formulations used to treat uncomplicated severe and moderate acute malnutrition were identified. The review found that, while more evidence favours the inclusion of dairy in formulations as efficacious in supporting recovery from malnutrition, ambiguity in the conclusive findings between dairy and non-dairy formulations remains due to the varied percentages of dairy protein in different formulations. The type of protein source used in a formulation matters, but other approaches, including fortification, can aid in maintaining the nutrient density of formulations, thereby improving the chances of recovery. However, the inclusion of high amounts of added sugar in therapeutic formulations exceeding the World Health Organization norms is a concern that warrants more attention. Future clinical research should assess outcomes such as lean or fat mass changes to confirm the benefits of using dairy or non-dairy formulations to treat moderate and severe acute malnutrition.","PeriodicalId":54703,"journal":{"name":"Nutrition Research Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142576841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effects of dietary proteins on cognitive performance and brain vascular function in adults: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. 膳食蛋白质对成人认知能力和脑血管功能的影响：随机对照试验的系统回顾。

IF 5.1 2区医学

Nutrition Research Reviews Pub Date : 2024-11-05 DOI: 10.1017/S0954422424000271

Micah S Adams, Ronald P Mensink, Peter J Joris

{"title":"Effects of dietary proteins on cognitive performance and brain vascular function in adults: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials.","authors":"Micah S Adams, Ronald P Mensink, Peter J Joris","doi":"10.1017/S0954422424000271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954422424000271","url":null,"abstract":"The incidence of cognitive decline is rising, leading to increased attention on the preventive role of healthy foods on brain function. Previous reviews including primarily observational studies suggested that dietary proteins may improve cognitive performance, but evidence from individual randomised controlled trials (RCT) is less consistent. Therefore, this systematic review examined the long-term effects of dietary proteins from RCT, considering both their amount and type, on cognitive performance (psychomotor speed and attention, executive function, memory and global cognition). Alterations in cerebral blood flow (CBF) - a validated brain vascular function marker - were also considered. A total of 4747 studies were identified through a systematic search, resulting in twenty-three included papers reporting effects on cognitive performance (n = 23) and CBF (n = 3). Improvements were observed in three out of the nine studies that evaluated psychomotor speed which compared a dietary protein intervention with a non-protein or lower-protein control. Of the six beneficial observations on working memory (n = 12), declarative memory (n = 10) and visuospatial memory (n = 10), five were nut interventions from three different trials. Limited studies focusing on global cognition suggested that specific target populations, namely subacute stroke or dementia, may benefit more than healthy individuals from increased dietary protein intake. From the three studies involving CBF, improvements in regional blood flow were associated with most cognitive performance outcomes. The comparative effects of different protein types warrant further investigation. Overall, this review encourages additional research into protein-rich foods or supplements which could potentially prevent or mitigate cognitive decline.","PeriodicalId":54703,"journal":{"name":"Nutrition Research Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142576657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Dietary guidelines for pregnant and lactating women, adherence levels and associated factors: a scoping review. 孕妇和哺乳期妇女膳食指南、遵守水平及相关因素：范围界定综述。

IF 8.3 2区医学

Nutrition Research Reviews Pub Date : 2024-10-21 DOI: 10.1017/S0954422424000283

Sofa Rahmannia, Kevin Murray, Gina Arena, Siobhan Hickling

{"title":"Dietary guidelines for pregnant and lactating women, adherence levels and associated factors: a scoping review.","authors":"Sofa Rahmannia, Kevin Murray, Gina Arena, Siobhan Hickling","doi":"10.1017/S0954422424000283","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0954422424000283","url":null,"abstract":"This scoping review addresses gaps in the existing literature on dietary guidelines for pregnant and lactating women globally. The study delves into adherence levels, identifies influencing factors and examines outcomes associated with these guidelines. Analysing food-based dietary guidelines (FBDG) from around the world, the review reveals that half of the countries lack FBDG, with only 15% providing tailored advice for pregnant and lactating women. Utilising data extracted from forty-seven articles across MEDLINE and EMBASE, the study highlights a scarcity of adherence studies, particularly in low- or middle-income countries (LMIC), and emphasises the lack of research during lactation. Overall adherence to dietary guidelines is low, with disparities in fruit, vegetable, whole grain and fish consumption. Positive correlations with adherence include age, education, employment, social class and certain medical histories, while negative correlations involve smoking, alcohol consumption, metropolitan residence and elevated BMI. The study documented significant associations between adherence and reduced risks of gestational complications but calls for further exploration of intermediate nutritional outcomes such as micronutrient deficiencies and child growth. Emphasising the urgency for globally standardised guidelines, especially in LMIC, this review provides a foundational call for prioritised studies and strategies to enhance dietary practices for pregnant and lactating women worldwide.","PeriodicalId":54703,"journal":{"name":"Nutrition Research Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142481160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Emerging perspectives: the interplay of taste perception and oral microbiota composition in dietary preferences and obesity. 新观点：味觉感知与口腔微生物群组成在饮食偏好和肥胖症中的相互作用。

IF 5.1 2区医学

Nutrition Research Reviews Pub Date : 2024-10-21 DOI: 10.1017/S0954422424000295

Deepankumar Shanmugamprema, Karthi Muthuswamy, Selvakumar Subramaniam

{"title":"Emerging perspectives: the interplay of taste perception and oral microbiota composition in dietary preferences and obesity.","authors":"Deepankumar Shanmugamprema, Karthi Muthuswamy, Selvakumar Subramaniam","doi":"10.1017/S0954422424000295","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0954422424000295","url":null,"abstract":"Recent advancements in sensory research have brought to light the intricate relationship between taste perception and the oral microbiota, prompting investigations into their influence on human health, particularly in the context of dietary preferences and obesity. This review aims to update the current understanding of how oral microbiota influence taste perception and dietary choices, elucidating shared metabolic pathways between food processing and oral bacteria. Further, this review outlines the mechanisms underlying taste perception, emphasising the role of taste receptors and taste buds in shaping sensory experiences influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Notably, we explore the bidirectional relationship between oral microbiota and taste sensitivity, highlighting the potential impact of microbial composition on taste perception thresholds and implications for dietary habits and health outcomes, such as obesity and dental caries. However, significant research gaps remain, particularly in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms linking oral microbiota with taste sensitivity, as well as the long-term effects of microbiota-targeted interventions. Future research should focus on longitudinal studies and experimental interventions to explore these connections more deeply, offering insights into potential strategies for promoting healthier dietary behaviours and managing diet-related non-communicable diseases.","PeriodicalId":54703,"journal":{"name":"Nutrition Research Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142481161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0