Ocular Surface最新文献

{"title":"Specificity of direct immunofluorescence in healthy conjunctival specimens","authors":"Anahita Kate , Poornima Golthi , Swapna S. Shanbhag , Megana Peddi , Simmy Chaudhary , Saumya Jakati , Sayan Basu","doi":"10.1016/j.jtos.2025.06.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtos.2025.06.003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54691,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Surface","volume":"38 ","pages":"Pages 113-115"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144512992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Moxifloxacin-resistant and moxifloxacin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Keratitis: Outcomes from a 10-year retrospective study","authors":"Raven Diacou ,&nbsp;Rohan Bir Singh ,&nbsp;Eric G. Romanowski ,&nbsp;Jonathan B. Mandell ,&nbsp;Alex Mammen ,&nbsp;Robert M.Q. Shanks ,&nbsp;Vishal Jhanji","doi":"10.1016/j.jtos.2025.06.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtos.2025.06.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>Fluoroquinolones, specifically moxifloxacin are commonly used to treat bacterial keratitis. However, recent clinical evidence assessing the clinical outcomes in bacterial keratitis cases resistant to moxifloxacin remains sparse. This study evaluates the clinical characteristics and outcomes in cases of <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> keratitis with <em>in vitro</em> resistance to moxifloxacin.</div></div><div><h3>Design</h3><div>Retrospective clinical cohort study.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Keratitis patients with cultures positive for <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, were identified between July 2012 and June 2022.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 104 patients with culture-confirmed <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> keratitis were included in the study. Patients infected by moxifloxacin-resistant bacteria (n = 32) were significantly older (74.32 ± 17.41 years) than moxifloxacin-susceptible infections (55.56 ± 20.86 years, p &lt; 0.0001). Moxifloxacin resistance was identified in 29.8 % of cases, including methicillin-susceptible (4.8 %) and methicillin-resistant <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> (25.96 %) isolates. The most common risk factors for moxifloxacin resistance were ocular surface disease (35.5 %) and history of prior infection (32.2 %). Moxifloxacin-resistant <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> was associated with larger epithelial defects (18.18 ± 4.93 mm² vs. 5.10 ± 0.76 mm², p &lt; 0.0001), longer healing times (42.42 ± 6.75 days vs. 32.2 ± 3.56 days, p &lt; 0.0001), and higher rates of corneal perforation (19.3 % vs. 4.2 %; p = 0.0317). Visual acuity outcomes were significantly worse in the resistant group, with minimal improvement from baseline (1.87 ± 0.14 LogMAR) to final follow-up (1.8 ± 0.18 LogMAR), compared to the moxifloxacin-susceptible group (from 1.46 ± 0.11 LogMAR to 1.15 ± 0.11 LogMAR, p &lt; 0.0001). Enucleation was required in 9.6 % of resistant cases.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The current study determined significant differences in clinical characteristics and outcomes among corneal ulcers caused by moxifloxacin-resistant <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54691,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Surface","volume":"38 ","pages":"Pages 97-103"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144471883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultrasonography assessments of meibomian gland as a noninvasive method of detecting changes in morphology","authors":"Liyun Wang ,&nbsp;Hongbo Yin ,&nbsp;Yujia Yang ,&nbsp;Li Qiu","doi":"10.1016/j.jtos.2025.06.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtos.2025.06.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>We employed 24 MHz ultrasonography to evaluate the morphological features of meibomian glands (MGs) and compared the ultrasonic differences in morphology between healthy volunteers and meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) patients.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>24 MHz ultrasound examinations on both the upper and lower eyelids of healthy volunteers and patients with MGD, using transverse and longitudinal sections. The reproducibility of ultrasonographic findings for the MG was evaluated, and a comparison of morphological characteristics at different examination sites between the two groups was made.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Among 89 participants, 24 were healthy volunteers and 65 had MGD. The cross-sectional ultrasound findings showed well-organized punctate hyperechoic ducts within the tarsal plate, surrounded by hypoechoic acinar formations, which were further classified based on the extent of MG involvement into three categories: normal, ≤50 % involvement, and &gt;50 % involvement. Additionally, a typical longitudinal ultrasound appearance of a MG consisted of a thin band-like hypoechoic structure (acinar) with uniform thickness accompanied by an arc-shaped linear hyperechoic duct in its middle region. Furthermore, seven abnormal longitudinal ultrasound manifestations were categorized as distortion, ectasia, central duct truncation, cyst formation, structureless appearance, complete disappearance or other findings. The intra- and inter-observer agreement for those categories was found to be high (ICC&gt;0.6). MGD patients exhibited a higher likelihood of overall MG involvement or abnormal ultrasound findings, particularly in relation to the middle part of the upper eyelid.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The present study has developed an initial classification method to identify abnormalities in MG morphology using 24 MHz ultrasound in MGD patients.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54691,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Surface","volume":"38 ","pages":"Pages 72-79"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144337791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ocular surface epithelial immune cells and corneal nerves in dry eye disease - A systematic review and meta-analysis of in vivo confocal microscopy data","authors":"Soumen Sadhu ,&nbsp;Isabelle Jalbert ,&nbsp;Luz Palacios-Derflingher ,&nbsp;Ali Alghamdi ,&nbsp;Blanka Golebiowski ,&nbsp;Fiona Stapleton","doi":"10.1016/j.jtos.2025.06.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtos.2025.06.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>To examine ocular surface epithelial immune cell (EIC) density and corneal nerve parameters between patients with dry eye disease (DED) compared to healthy controls with further comparisons between auto-immune - Sjӧgren Syndrome DED (SS-DED) and non-autoimmune – non-Sjӧgren Syndrome DED (NSS-DED) subtypes.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A systematic review and meta-analysis following PRISMA guidelines (Prospero-CRD42023446763) were conducted including studies reporting corneal and conjunctival EIC density and/or corneal nerve parameters in DED and healthy controls using <em>in vivo</em> confocal microscopy. Electronic databases – PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science were searched from inception to March 2025.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The meta-analysis included 24 studies (n = 1060 DED, n = 521 controls) reporting EIC density, 30 studies reporting nerve length (CNL; n = 1450 DED, n = 643 controls) and 20 studies reporting nerve density (CND; n = 919 DED, n = 462 controls) in the central cornea. Studies of other ocular surface locations were insufficient for meta-analysis. Higher central corneal EIC density was evident in DED compared to controls (MD: 57.9 cells/mm²; 95 % CI: 43.3, 72.5; p &lt; 0.001), and in, SS-DED compared to NSS-DED (51.0 cells/mm²; 95 % CI: 12.0, 90.0; p = 0.01). DED had lower CNL (−4.0 mm/mm²; 95 % CI: 5.2, −2.7; p &lt; 0.001) and CND (−7.2 nerves/mm²; 95 % CI: 10.3, −4.1; p &lt; 0.001) compared to controls. No significant differences in nerve parameters were found between SS-DED and NSS-DED subtypes (CNL: 95 % CI: 3.0, 1.4, CND: 6.8, 4.8; p ≥ 0.46).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>DED involves substantial EIC infiltration and reduced corneal nerve parameters. SS-DED is distinguished by higher EIC density than NSS-DED, while no differences were observed in corneal nerve parameters.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54691,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Surface","volume":"38 ","pages":"Pages 80-96"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144337790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heightened visual light sensitivity discomfort measured by the ocular photosensitivity analyzer is associated with chronic ocular pain","authors":"Ema V. Karakoleva ,&nbsp;Nicholas Pondelis ,&nbsp;Cameron Talbert ,&nbsp;Mariela C. Aguilar ,&nbsp;Alex Gonzalez ,&nbsp;Cornelis Rowaan ,&nbsp;Heather Durkee ,&nbsp;Paula A. Sepulveda-Beltran ,&nbsp;David Valdes-Arias ,&nbsp;Chloe Shields ,&nbsp;Shreya Bhatt ,&nbsp;David Zurakowski ,&nbsp;Deborah S. Jacobs ,&nbsp;Joseph B. Ciolino ,&nbsp;Elizabeth R. Felix ,&nbsp;Jean-Marie Parel ,&nbsp;Eric A. Moulton ,&nbsp;Anat Galor","doi":"10.1016/j.jtos.2025.06.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtos.2025.06.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>To quantify visual photosensitivity discomfort thresholds (VPDT) in individuals with chronic ocular pain (COP) compared to controls without COP and explore relationships between VPDT, demographics, clinical factors, and ocular metrics.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Prospective case-control study of 75 participants: 36 with COP (age 46.5 ± 15.6 years; 56 % female) and 39 controls (39.2 ± 15.6 years; 56 % female). COP was defined by self-reported ocular pain intensity ≥15 on a numerical rating scale (range, 0–100) for ≥3 months. COP cases were subclassified into inflammatory (Sjögren's disease) and neuropathic ocular pain subgroups. VPDT was measured using the Ocular Photosensitivity Analyzer (OPA), and ocular symptoms were assessed using the Visual Light Sensitivity Questionnaire (VLSQ-8; 8–40) and Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI; 0–100), with OSDI Question 1 addressing light sensitivity (OSDI-Q1; 0–4).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>COP patients exhibited lower VPDT than controls (log lux, 1.60 ± 1.17 vs. 2.42 ± 1.05; P = 0.006), indicating greater photosensitivity discomfort. No differences in VPDT were seen across COP subtypes. COP patients also reported greater symptom severity than controls, with higher VLSQ-8 (21.92 ± 1.41 vs. 9.03 ± 0.53), OSDI (50.84 ± 3.88 vs. 2.82 ± 0.85), and OSDI-Q1 (2.00 ± 0.24 vs. 0.14 ± 0.06) scores (all P &lt; 0.001). VPDT negatively correlated with VLSQ-8 (ρ = −0.75) and OSDI-Q1 (ρ = −0.62), demonstrating alignment between subjective light sensitivity symptoms and OPA-measured photosensitivity discomfort. Multivariable regression identified fibromyalgia as the strongest predictor of VPDT (19.6 % variance explained), with chronic fatigue improving the model (26.5 %).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>COP subjects display greater photosensitivity-related discomfort than controls, highlighting the OPA's potential as a psychophysical tool for quantifying photoallodynia. Further research is needed to assess its diagnostic utility across COP subtypes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54691,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Surface","volume":"38 ","pages":"Pages 64-71"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144337728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Attribution of causality in Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis","authors":"Asha Parvathaneni ,&nbsp;Liliya Benchetrit ,&nbsp;Derek Metcalfe ,&nbsp;James T. Kwan ,&nbsp;Yandong Bian ,&nbsp;Tavé Van Zyl ,&nbsp;Hajirah N. Saeed ,&nbsp;James Chodosh","doi":"10.1016/j.jtos.2025.06.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtos.2025.06.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN) is an acute, severe immunobullous disorder of skin and mucous membranes that is most commonly induced by exposure to drugs. Causation of SJS/TEN is most often determined by the “algorithm of drug causality for epidermal necrolysis” (ALDEN) tool. However, concerns remain regarding the precision of ALDEN and causality assessment tools, potentially impacting ongoing studies attempting to link specific genotypes with specific drug classes as causes. To determine whether a standard of care exists in attribution of causation in SJS/TEN, we performed a narrative review of current concepts on causation in SJS/TEN, and available clinical and laboratory assessment tools for attributing causation. We found that current SJS/TEN causality attribution tools, including ALDEN, are somewhat limited by underlying assumptions. The utility of <em>ex vivo</em> tests proposed for determining causation in SJS/TEN, specifically the lymphocyte transformation test and cytokine stimulation assays, remain under investigation and are either not tractable for acute SJS/TEN or are not yet validated. In summary, a critical unmet need exists in the care of SJS/TEN patients, namely the difficulty in determining a precise cause in any specific individual. This shortfall limits the clinician's ability to discontinue only the causal agent in the acute phase, confounds studies of pathogenesis, and leaves affected patients in the chronic phase without knowing which drug or drug class is safe to use in the future. Further studies are needed to close this critical gap in the care of this devastating disease.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54691,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Surface","volume":"38 ","pages":"Pages 104-112"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144337403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A pilot randomized controlled trial of topical androgen treatment in dry eye","authors":"Jay Ruzhang Jiang ,&nbsp;Rima Khankan ,&nbsp;William H. Ridder III ,&nbsp;Andrew Loc Nguyen ,&nbsp;Jerry R. Paugh","doi":"10.1016/j.jtos.2025.06.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtos.2025.06.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>To evaluate the safety and efficacy of eyelid androgen gel application to treat moderate to severe dry eye disease.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Twenty four eyes of 24 subjects (12 eyes per arm) were randomized to either eyelid testosterone or vehicle gel. Subjects received either 17β-Hydroxyandrost-4-en-3-one) 4.5 % wt./wt. or vehicle gel, applied twice daily 12 h apart for 4 weeks. Outcome parameters were monitored at 2-, and 4-weeks during dosing, and at 4-, and 8-weeks following dosing cessation.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Significant positive differences were found in the androgen arm only, for Schein symptom score, tear meniscus height (TMH), fluorescein tear breakup time (fTBUT) and meibum score (repeated ANOVA, all p = 0.046 or less for each arm comparison) at all follow-up visits compared to baseline. For example, fTBUT in the androgen arm at 4 weeks was 6.2 ± 1.5 s compared to baseline, 3.3 ± 0.9 secs p&lt; 0.001 (Dunnett's test, 95 % CI [1.838, 3.829]). No change was observed for either arm for staining, tear osmolarity, OSDI, non-invasive breakup time (NIBUT), serum lipid levels or hematocrit. Serum testosterone increased ∼ 9-fold in females (paired <em>t</em>-test; p = 0.006; CI [-240.2, −55.6]) in the androgen arm, but not males (paired <em>t</em>-test; p = 0.727; CI [-25.9, 31.2]).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Eyelid androgen gel application, 4.5 % wt./wt., was effective in improving tear fTBUT, symptoms, TMH and meibomian secretion grade in dry eye patients. Future research requires a larger sample size, outcome measure variability reduction and formulation optimization for absorption, androgen type, and dosing regimen.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54691,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Surface","volume":"38 ","pages":"Pages 56-63"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144304682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association of tobacco smoking with aqueous deficient and evaporative dry eye disease subtypes: a prospective registry-based case-control study","authors":"Barry Power ,&nbsp;Michael T.M. Wang ,&nbsp;Ally L. Xue ,&nbsp;Jennifer P. Craig","doi":"10.1016/j.jtos.2025.06.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtos.2025.06.001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54691,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Surface","volume":"38 ","pages":"Pages 53-55"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144304212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transcriptional landscape of aniridia-associated keratopathy through single-cell RNA sequencing","authors":"Masahito Yoshihara ,&nbsp;Rei Kamuro ,&nbsp;Susumu Hara ,&nbsp;Nozomi Nishida ,&nbsp;Koji Ohmoto ,&nbsp;Yuzuru Sasamoto ,&nbsp;Satoshi Kawasaki ,&nbsp;Yoshinori Oie ,&nbsp;Kohji Nishida","doi":"10.1016/j.jtos.2025.05.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtos.2025.05.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>Aniridia-associated keratopathy (AAK) is a progressive condition characterized by conjunctivalization of the cornea, yet its molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. This study aims to elucidate the transcriptional landscape of AAK by characterizing the gene expression profiles of corneal epithelial cells in a patient with congenital aniridia.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) was performed on epithelial tissues collected from the clear central corneal region and limbus of a 48-year-old female patient with congenital aniridia. The transcriptomic profiles were compared with those of healthy control samples.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>scRNA-seq analysis revealed that a subpopulation of cells from the clear central corneal region expressed the cornea-specific keratins <em>KRT3</em> and <em>KRT12</em> despite a significant reduction in <em>PAX6</em> expression. These cells exhibited corneal, conjunctival, or mixed gene signatures. Genes associated with wound healing and apoptosis were upregulated in the cornea-like cells from the aniridic cornea, indicating a chronic wound healing state. Elevated <em>KLF4</em> expression and regulon activity were observed in these cornea-like cells. Most limbal epithelial cells exhibited conjunctiva-like characteristics, reflecting a loss of limbal cell identity.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>While acknowledging the limitations of a single case study, this study provides deeper insights into the transcriptional signatures associated with AAK using scRNA-seq. We identified transcriptional alterations reflecting AAK progression and highlighted potential transcription factors that may contribute to corneal identity maintenance despite PAX6 deficiency. These findings enhance our understanding of AAK and suggest potential therapeutic strategies to slow its progression.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54691,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Surface","volume":"38 ","pages":"Pages 43-52"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144231411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Topical duloxetine for treatment of corneal keratinization in Aniridia-Associated Keratopathy","authors":"Marcel Y. Avila ,&nbsp;Mario A. Jimenez-Mora ,&nbsp;Edgar M. Espana","doi":"10.1016/j.jtos.2025.05.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jtos.2025.05.011","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54691,"journal":{"name":"Ocular Surface","volume":"38 ","pages":"Pages 41-42"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144210614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}