Ornithological Monographs最新文献

{"title":"Reproduction And Immune Homeostasis In A Long-Lived Seabird, The Nazca Booby (Sula granti)","authors":"V. Apanius, Mark A. Westbrock, D. J. Anderson","doi":"10.1525/OM.2008.65.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/OM.2008.65.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The evolution of longevity requires that the marginal investment in self-maintenance at the expense of reproductive effort is favored by realizing a longer reproductive lifespan. This can occur when extrinsic mortality factors (weather, predators, etc.) are less important than intrinsic mortality factors, such as the physiological cost of reproduction. Long-lived pelagic seabirds have low annual reproductive output and prolonged offspring growth periods that are thought to have evolved to accommodate marine resource variability. The life-history theory of senescence predicts that these same taxa should minimize per diem reproductive costs and shift effects of resource variability to the offspring. To address this prediction, we measured parental effort, offspring growth, and one aspect of self-maintenance (serum immunoglobulin G concentration [IgG]) in a long-lived pelagic seabird, the Nazca Booby (Sula granti). We collected data on 38 families in the 2002–2003 breeding season on Isla Espanola, G...","PeriodicalId":54665,"journal":{"name":"Ornithological Monographs","volume":"65 1","pages":"1-46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1525/OM.2008.65.1.1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66884524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conservation of Grassland Birds in North America: Understanding Ecological Processes in Different Regions: \"Report of the AOU Committee on Conservation\"","authors":"R. Askins, F. Chavez-Ramirez, B. Dale, C. Haas, J. Herkert, F. Knopf, P. Vickery","doi":"10.2307/40166905","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/40166905","url":null,"abstract":"—Many species of birds that depend on grassland or savanna habitats have shown substantial overall population declines in North America. To understand the causes of these declines, we examined the habitat requirements of birds in six types of grassland in diff erent regions of the continent. Open habitats were originally maintained by ecological drivers (continual and pervasive ecological processes) such as drought, grazing, and fi re in tallgrass prairie, mixed-grass prairie, shortgrass prairie, desert grassland, and longleaf pine savanna. By contrast, grasslands were created by occasional disturbances (e.g., fi res or beaver [Castor canadensis] activity) in much of northeastern North America. The relative importance of particular drivers or disturbances diff ered among regions. Keystone mammal species—grazers such as prairie-dogs (Cynomys spp.) and bison (Bison bison) in western prairies, and dam-building beavers in eastern deciduous forests—played a crucial, and frequently unappreciated, role in maintaining many grassland systems. Although fi re was important in preventing invasion of woody plants in the tallgrass and moist mixed prairies, grazing played a more important role in maintaining the typical grassland vegetation of shortgrass prairies and desert grasslands. Heavy grazing by prairiedogs or bison created a low “grazing lawn” that is the preferred habitat for many grassland bird species that are restricted to the shortgrass prairie and desert grasslands. Ultimately, many species of grassland birds are vulnerable because people destroyed their breeding, migratory, and wintering habitat, either directly by converting it to farmland and building lots, or indirectly by modifying grazing patt erns, suppressing fi res, or interfering with other ecological processes that originally sustained open grassland. Understanding the ecological processes that originally maintained grassland systems is critically important for eff orts to improve, restore, or create habitat for grassland birds and other grassland organisms. Consequently, preservation of large areas of natural or seminatural grassland, where these processes can be studied and core populations of grassland birds can fl ourish, should be a high priority. However, some grassland birds now primarily depend on artifi cial habitats that are managed to maximize production of livestock, timber, or other products. With a sound understanding of the habitat requirements of grassland birds and the processes that originally shaped their habitats, it should be possible to manage populations sustainably on “working land” such as catt le ranches, farms, and pine plantations. Proper management of private land will be critical for preserving adequate breeding, migratory, and winter habitat for grassland and savanna species. Received 12 December 2006, accepted 24 April 2007. Resumen.—Muchas especies de aves que dependen de habitats de pastizal o savana han mostrado disminuciones signifi cativas en sus pob","PeriodicalId":54665,"journal":{"name":"Ornithological Monographs","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/40166905","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69654972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MOLECULAR ADVANCES IN THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION AND SPECIATION IN BIRDS","authors":"A. Baker","doi":"10.1642/0078-6594(2007)63[18:MAITSO]2.0.CO;2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1642/0078-6594(2007)63[18:MAITSO]2.0.CO;2","url":null,"abstract":"Problems in deciphering the patterns and causes of geographic variation and speciation in birds occupied Ned Johnson (e.g., Johnson 1980, Cicero and Johnson 1998, Johnson and Cicero 2002) and many other ornithologists for much of their lives, but the recent onslaught of molecular studies and associated analytical methods are providing breakthroughs in understanding these evolutionary phenomena. In particular, coalescent theory and Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) applications have shown that bird species are sometimes strongly structured into well-differentiated populations by historical subdivision, high philopatry, and small effective population sizes, whereas other species that have recently recolonized parts of their range are effectively panmictic. These are the sorts of results that were impossible to obtain from studies of geographic variation in phenotypic characters alone. Recovery of well-supported species trees from gene trees is much more likely when multiple genes are sequenced, and provides the means for inferring divergence times and patterns and processes of evolution in birds. As in other vertebrates, patterns of cladogenesis in large clades of birds correlate with major paleoenvironmental changes and associated adaptive radiations, reminding us that much of current biodiversity on the planet had its genesis in the distant past. Received 24 July 2006, accepted 5 February 2007. Resumen.Ornitologos como Ned Johnson, entre muchos otros, han dedicado gran parte de sus carreras a analizar las causas y patrones en la variacion geografka y la especiacion en aves (e.g. Johnson 1980, Cicero and Johnson 1998, Johnson and Cicero 2002). Recientemente, los estudios moleculares y los metodos analiticos asociados han provisto de las herramientas necesarias para entender estos fenomenos evolutivos. En particular, el uso de la teoria de coalescencia y los algoritmos asociados a las cadenas de Markov Monte Carlo han demostrado que algunas especies de aves presentan una estructura poblacional muy marcada, producto de subdiviciones historicas, filopatria y tamanos poblacionales efectivos reducidos, mientras que otras especies que recientemente han recolonizado una parte de su area de distribution son panmiticas. Estos resultados son dificiles de obtener estudiando unicamente la variacion geografica de caracteres fenotipicos. Al igual que en otros vertebrados, los patrones de cladogenesis en grandes clados de aves se correlacionan con eventos paleoambientales y radiaciones adaptativas asociadas, recordandonos que gran parte de la biodiversidad del planeta tuvo su genesis en un pasado lejano. Ned Johnson had a consuming interest in the study of geographic variation and its connection to speciation in birds and was a strong advocate for the biological species concept (e.g., Johnson et al. 1999). He and his students and postdocs embraced new methods of detecting and quantifying variation within and among species as the way to make groundbreaking progress","PeriodicalId":54665,"journal":{"name":"Ornithological Monographs","volume":"63 1","pages":"18-29"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67383252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"NARROW CONTACT OF DESERT SAGE SPARROWS (AMPHISPIZA BELLI NEVADENSIS AND A. B. CANESCENS) IN OWENS VALLEY, EASTERN CALIFORNIA: EVIDENCE FROM MITOCHONDRIAL DNA, MORPHOLOGY, AND GIS-BASED NICHE MODELS","authors":"C. Cicero, N. K. Johnson","doi":"10.1642/0078-6594(2007)63[78:NCODSS]2.0.CO;2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1642/0078-6594(2007)63[78:NCODSS]2.0.CO;2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54665,"journal":{"name":"Ornithological Monographs","volume":"63 1","pages":"78-95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67383311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A TRIBUTE TO THE CAREER OF NED K. JOHNSON: ENDURING STANDARDS THROUGH CHANGING TIMES","authors":"J. V. Remsen, C. Cicero","doi":"10.1642/0078-6594(2007)63[1:ATTTCO]2.0.CO;2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1642/0078-6594(2007)63[1:ATTTCO]2.0.CO;2","url":null,"abstract":"Ned K. Johnson (1932-2003) served as Curator of Birds and Professor of Zoology at the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology (MVZ), University of California, Berkeley, from 1961 to his death in 2003. His distinguished career in ornithology included major contributions on various topics (e.g., geographic variation, biogeography, speciation, systematics, integration of molt and migration) that resulted in his receiving the Brewster Medal from the American Ornithologists' Union in 1992. With eight peer-reviewed short publications in print by the time he finished his undergraduate degree at the University of Nevada, Johnson launched into his doctoral program at MVZ under Alden H. Miller. His dissertation monograph on western flycatchers (Empidonax spp.) provided a model of meticulous, detailed empirical analyses that represented the epitome of its genre and presaged a remarkable series of investigations on the biogeography, speciation, and geographic variation of birds. He kept pace with technological advances throughout his career, from sonograms to complex multivariate statistics to spectrophotometry and molecular genetics. Johnson's advocacy of the importance of specimen-based research has been a bulwark of strength for museum ornithologists. His contribution to MVZ of >7,200 data-rich vertebrate specimens adds an important dimension to his legacy. Johnson's consistent approach to research, namely an unimpeachable empirical foundation for addressing critical conceptual issues, continues to inspire students and colleagues to match his standards. Received 23 January 2007, accepted 12 February 2007. Resumen.Ned K. Johnson (1932-2003) fue curador de aves y profesor de zoologia en el Museo de Zoologia de Vertebrados (MVZ), Universidad de California, Berkeley, desde 1961 hasta su muerte en 2003. Su distinguida carrera como ornitologo incluye importantes contribuciones en diversas areas (variaciones geograficas, biogeografia, especiacion, sistematica, relation entre muda y migration), siendo reconocido en 1992 con la medalla Brewster de la Union de Ornitologos Americanos. Johnson termino sus estudios de pregrado en la universidad de Nevada con ocho publicaciones en revistas de reconocido prestigio. Inmediatamente despues, comenzo el doctorado en el MVZ bajo la tutoria de Alden H. Miller. Su tesis sobre los papamoscas Empidonax presenta unos analisis empiricos minuciosos y detallados que constituyen un modelo en su genero, presagiando una importante serie de investigaciones sobre biogeografia, especiacion y variation geografica en aves. Johnson siguio de cerca los avances tecnologicos durante su carrera, empleando desde sonogramas a estadistica multivariante compleja, espectrofotometria o genetica molecular. La importancia que Johnson imprimio a la investigacion basada en especimenes de museo ha servido de plataforma para todos los ornitologos que trabajan con colecciones de museo. Su contribution al MVZ, con mas de 7,200 entradas de especies de vertebrados, confie","PeriodicalId":54665,"journal":{"name":"Ornithological Monographs","volume":"103 1","pages":"1-17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67383201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"STATISTICAL ASSESSMENT OF CONGRUENCE AMONG PHYLOGEOGRAPHIC HISTORIES OF THREE AVIAN SPECIES IN THE CALIFORNIA FLORISTIC PROVINCE","authors":"K. Burns, M. Alexander, Dino N. Barhoum, Erik A. Sgariglia","doi":"10.1642/0078-6594(2007)63[96:SAOCAP]2.0.CO;2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1642/0078-6594(2007)63[96:SAOCAP]2.0.CO;2","url":null,"abstract":"Comparing phylogeographic histories of codistributed species can reveal how common historical events and processes have influenced lineage diversification across species. Within the California Floristic Province, the phylogeographies of a diversity of plants and animals have been studied; however, only a few bird species have been examined in this region. We compared phylogeographic histories of three species of birdsWrentit (Chamaea fasciata), California Thrasher (Toxostoma redivivum), and White-headed Woodpecker (Picoides albolarvatus)to each other as well as to the phylogeographic histories of other California taxa. Qualitatively comparing phylogeographies of these three species reveals some similarities and some differences. All three species exhibit similar levels of sequence divergence, experienced recent range expansions, and show a division between southern and northern populations in the vicinity of the Transverse Ranges. However, nested-clade phylogeographic analysis suggests that different processes have influenced current patterns of genetic structure in these three species. Other taxa within California show a similar division between northern and southern populations; however, our species did not show concordant geographic breaks elsewhere that have been identified for other species. Using a statistical assessment of concordance, our data showed more agreement across a broader regional scale than among closely spaced populations. Phylogeographic trees of the three species showing relationships among counties were not statistically congruent with each other or with a tree representing other California taxa. However, at the broader level of geomorphic province, the Wrentit and White-headed Woodpecker showed complete concordance. Received 30 June 2006, accepted 5 February 2007. Resumen.La comparacion de la historia filogeografica de las especies con distribuciones similares, puede revelar como los eventos historicos y los procesos comunes que han experimentado estas especies han influenciado la diversificacion de sus linajes. Dentro de la provincia floristica de California, se ha estudiado la filogeografia de diversas plantas y animates; sin embargo, solo se han estudiado unas pocas especies de aves. En este estudio, comparamos la historia filogeografica de tres especies de avesChamaea fasciata, Toxostoma redivivum y Picoides albolarvatus; ademas, comparamos la historia filogeografica de otros taxones califomianos. Las comparaciones cualitativas de la filogeografia entre las tres especies antes mencionadas, revelan algunas diferencias y similitudes. Las tres especies muestran niveles similares de divergencia genetica, presentando, ademas, expansiones recientes en sus rangos de distribucion y mostrando una division entre las poblaciones del norte y del sur en las cercanias de los rangos transversales. Sin embargo, los analisis filogeograficos de clados encajados (NCA) sugieren que los patrones de estructura genetica en estas tres especie","PeriodicalId":54665,"journal":{"name":"Ornithological Monographs","volume":"63 1","pages":"96-109"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67383350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"NAMED SUBSPECIES AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE IN CONTEMPORARY ORNITHOLOGY","authors":"J. Rising","doi":"10.1642/0078-6594(2007)63[45:NSATSI]2.0.CO;2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1642/0078-6594(2007)63[45:NSATSI]2.0.CO;2","url":null,"abstract":"Subspecies, or geographic races, are diagnosable populations that, at least during the breeding season, are largely allopatric with other subspecies of the same species. In attempts to give objectivity to the subspecies concept, arbitrary rules have been applied for the recognition of subspecies (e.g., the \"75% rule/' whereby 75% of the individuals should be identifiable to subspecies; there are several other rules). As a case study, I examined the usefulness of the subspecies concept in describing geographic variation of a polytypic American songbird, the Savannah Sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis). About 21 subspecies of this species have been recognized in the taxonomic literature, but much of the geographic variation is clinal. I argue that there is little value in subdividing a clinal continuum into different subspecies. Rather, the use of subspecies is best restricted to distinctive, and usually geographically isolated, populations. I show that this has been done for only a few of the named subspecies of Savannah Sparrows. Received 31 July 2006, accepted 6 March 2007. Resumen.Las subespecies, o razas geograficas, son poblaciones generalmente alopatricas (al menos durante la epoca de reproduction) y que se pueden diferenciar claramente de otras subespecies de la misma especie. Se han propuesto diferentes reglas para asignar individuos a una determinada subespecie, e.g. \"la regla del 75%\" (75% de los individuos tienen que ser identificables como subespecie), en un intento de dar objetividad al concepto de subespecie. Como caso de estudio, discuto la utilidad del concepto de subespecie para describir la variacion geografica de Passerculus sandwichensis. Se han reconocido cerca de 21 subespecies, pero gran parte de la variation geografica es clinal. Argumento que es de poco valor el subdividir una clina continua en subespecies diferentes. Se debe restringir el uso de subespecies para poblaciones bien diferenciadas y aisladas geograficamente. Muestro que esto se ha hecho solo para unas pocas de las subespecies de Passerculus sandwichensis. In recent years, many biologists have used intraspecific geographic variation to test hypotheses about adaptation and evolution, and named subspecies have reflected this variation. For example, M0ller and Cuervo (1998) compared feather ornamentation in birds to test the hypothesis that sexual selection promotes speciation and found that ornamented species had more subspecies than non-ornamented specieswhich suggests an association between subspeciation and ornamentation. Likewise, Sol et al. (2005) examined brain size relative to body size in Holarctic passerines, to test the hypothesis that behavioral changes are an important ^-mail: rising@zoo.utoronto.ca driver of evolutionary diversification, and found that species with large relative brain size have undergone more extensive subspecific diversification. It is clearly important for these studies that named subspecies more or less accurately reflect units o","PeriodicalId":54665,"journal":{"name":"Ornithological Monographs","volume":"63 1","pages":"45-54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67383563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The \"walking eagle\" Wetmoregyps daggetti Miller---a scaled-up version of the Savanna Hawk Buteogallus meridionalis","authors":"S. Olson","doi":"10.1642/0078-6594(2007)63[110:TWEWDM]2.0.CO;2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1642/0078-6594(2007)63[110:TWEWDM]2.0.CO;2","url":null,"abstract":"—The so-called \"walking eagle,\" currently known as Wetmoregyps daggetti from the Pleistocene of southern California and northern Mexico, is practically identical in morphology and proportion to the living Savanna Hawk (Buteogallus meridionalis) but -40% larger. It should therefore be known as Buteogallus daggetti, new combination. Its habits were perhaps like those of a Savanna Hawk in that it was capable of taking much larger prey, given that the weight of B. daggetti may have exceeded that of the modern Secretarybird (Sagittarius serpentarius), and it may have occupied a similar niche. Any connection between its extinction and the disappearance of the North American mammalian megafauna is dubious at best. Received 27 November 2006, accepted 5 February 2007. RESUMEN. — Wetmoregyps daggetti, encontrado en el Pleistoceno en el sur de California y norte de Mexico, es practicamente identico en morfologia y en proporciones al gavilan pita venado Buteogallus meridionalis, aunque un 40% mas grande. Por lo tanto, debe considerarse como Buteogallus daggetti. Probablemente, sus habitos eran muy similares a los del gavilan pita venado, siendo capaz de capturar grandes presas. Su tamano excede al del secretario (Sagittarius serpentarius), pudiendo ocupar un nicho similar. Cualquier conexion entre la extincion de Wetmoregyps daggetti y la desaparicion de la megafauna de mamiferos en Norte America es, cuando menos, dudosa IN THE COURSE of investigating the relation\"eagles.\" Each of these instances will be treated ships of several species of large fossil raptors separately, beginning here with the fossil spefrom Cuba with William Suarez, I borrowed cies now known as Wetmoregyps daggetti. skeletons of the two living species of \"eagles\" of That species was described originally by the genus Harpyhaliaeetus, which are extremely Miller (1915) as Morphnus daggetti, on the basis rare in collections. Taking the opportunity to of a very long, slender tarsometatarsus that study their relationships in turn, we collaboMiller regarded as having belonged to a \"walkrated with Stephen Parry and also included in ing eagle.\" Three additional tarsometatarsi and our comparisons some of the large species of an incomplete tibiotarsus were assigned to the Accipitridae described from the Pleistocene of species a few years later (Miller 1925). Miller Rancho La Brea, California. We eventually real(1928, 1931) identified fragmentary tarsometaized that we could identify a previously unrectarsi from the Carpinteria asphalt deposits as ognized radiation of raptors, all of which could this species. In re-evaluating its affinities, he be accommodated in the genus Buteogallus. had \"no hesitation in placing the Pleistocene Three of the living species of Buteogallus, all bird nearer to Urubitinga [= Buteogallus] than to differing in skeletal proportions, appeared to Morphnus,\" while noting the \"strong superficial have nearly identical counterparts, either living resemblance of the Daggett Eagle","PeriodicalId":54665,"journal":{"name":"Ornithological Monographs","volume":"63 1","pages":"110-114"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67383244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DIVERGENCE BETWEEN SUBSPECIES GROUPS OF SWAINSON'S THRUSH (CATHARUS USTULATUS USTULATUS AND C. U. SWAINSONI)","authors":"K. Ruegg","doi":"10.1642/0078-6594(2007)63[67:DBSGOS]2.0.CO;2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1642/0078-6594(2007)63[67:DBSGOS]2.0.CO;2","url":null,"abstract":"—Swainson’s Thrush (Catharus ustulatus) is a long-distance Nearctic–Neotropical migrant that includes two major subspecies groups: the russet-backed group (C. u. ustulatus) of the Pacifi c Coast and the olive-backed inland group (C. u. swainsoni) (American Ornithologists’ Union [AOU] 1998, Evans Mack and Yong 2000). The two groups are most easily distinguished by diff erences in plumage characteristics, breeding and wintering location, and some vocalizations (Evans Mack and Yong 2000). Historical controversy over the taxonomic treatment of the ustulatus and swainsoni groups suggests that they have previously been considered on the border between subspecies and recently diverged sister species (reviewed in Bond 1963). Several authors emphasize the diff erences between the groups in breeding habitat and the lack of intergradation in regions where they co-occur (Bent 1949, Phillips 1991). Other authors emphasize their similarities, citing extensive intergradation along the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada (Grinnell and Miller 1944). In the past decade, a number of studies have brought further clarity to the extent of genetic, behavioral, ecological, and acoustic divergence between the ustulatus and swainsoni subspecies groups. Here, I review these recent advances in our knowledge, identify future research questions, and discuss potential implications of divergence on the taxonomic treatment of the two groups according to the AOU’s guidelines for naming species (AOU 1998, Johnson et al. 1999). Received, accepted. Resumen.—Catharus ustulatus es un migrador de larga distacia, Neartico–Neotropical. Incluye dos grupos importantes de subespecies: en la costa del Pacífi co, el grupo de “espalda café-rojizo”, C. u. ustulatus, y, en el interior, el grupo de “espalda olivacea”, C. u. swainsoni (American Ornithologists’ Union 1998, Evans Mack and Yong 2000). Ambos grupos se diferencian fácilmente por las caracteristicas del plumaje, sitios de reproducción y área de invernada, además de vocalizaciones (Evans Mack and Yong 2000). La controversia sobre el tratamiento taxonómico de los grupos ustulatus y swainsoni, sugiere que han sido previamente considerados en el límite entre subespecies y especies hermanas que recientemente divergieron (revizado en Bond 1963). Varios autores enfatizan las diferencias entre los grupos en áreas de reproducción y la falta de intergradación en las regiones en que coexisten (Bent 1949, Phillips 1991). Otros autores subrayan sus similitudes, aludiendo además a una extensiva intergradación en la vertiente este de la Sierra Nevada (Grinnell and Miller 1944). En la década pasada, varios estudios clarifi caron los niveles de divergencia genética, de comportamiento, acústicas y ecológica, entre los grupos de subespecie ustulatus y swainsoni. En este estudio, reviso los trabajos anteriores identifi cando futuras preguntas de investigación, y discuto las implicaciones taxonómicas para ambos grupos de acuerdo con las reglas establecidas p","PeriodicalId":54665,"journal":{"name":"Ornithological Monographs","volume":"63 1","pages":"67-77"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67383300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"VAINLY BEATING THE AIR: SPECIES-CONCEPT DEBATES NEED NOT IMPEDE PROGRESS IN SCIENCE OR CONSERVATION","authors":"K. Winker, Deborah A. Rocque, Thomas M. Braile, C. L. Pruett","doi":"10.1642/0078-6594(2007)63[30:VBTASD]2.0.CO;2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1642/0078-6594(2007)63[30:VBTASD]2.0.CO;2","url":null,"abstract":"Debate over species concepts has been a persistent theme in biology. We briefl y summarize competing species concepts and facets of the debate itself. We maintain that the inherent subjectivity within all species concepts is likely to ensure continued disagreement on where to place species limits. Although the debate itself contributes to the understanding of speciation and evolutionary processes, it can take on political overtones through posturing, caricatures, and provocative statements. Empirically, neither basic nor applied science would seem to have been slowed appreciably because the species-concept debate remains unresolved. Similarly, continued disagreement must be placed in its proper context (e.g., be shelved) when considering the preservation of biodiversity. To a considerable extent, this has occurred within the conservation community. The biological species concept (BSC) and its inclusion of diagnosably distinct populations as subspecies remain dominant in ornithology. This may be att ributable, in part, to the seemingly infi nitely fi ne divisions possible under phylogenetic species concepts (PSC)—which, among other things, could strain public credulity over what constitutes a species. Nevertheless, the strengths of each of these concepts are being applied to improve our understanding of biodiversity. The longstanding disagreement over species concepts should not become an impediment to responsible conservation and wildlife manage- ment. It probably has not occurred broadly yet, but there may be potential for such an eff ect in the political arena. Received, accepted. Resumen.—El concepto de especie es un tema polemico en biologia. Resumimos brevemente los distintos conceptos de especie y las facetas del debate. Consideramos que la subjetividad inherente en todos los conceptos de especie garantizan un continuo desacuerdo en como delimitar las especies. Aunque el debate en si mismo contribuye a entender el proceso de especiacion y otros procesos evolutivos, muchas veces se desarrolla en terminos demasiado caricaturescos, burlescos y provocativos. De hecho, la continuidad del debate no parece haber ralentizado ni la ciencia basica ni la aplicada. De igual modo, el continuo desacuerdo debe contextualizarse cuando consideramos la conservacion de la diversidad. El concepto biologico de especie (BSC) y la inclusion de las poblaciones diagnosticables como subespecies, sigue predominando en ornitologia. Esto puede deberse en parte a las infi nitas divisiones que se pueden realizar bajo el concepto fi logenetico de especie (PSC), lo que entre otras cosas, puede afectar el entendimiento del publico en general sobre que es una especie. Sin embargo, los puntos fuertes de cada concepto se estan aplicando para llegar a un mejor entendimiento de la biodiversidad. Este desacuerdo historico sobre el concepto de especie no tiene por que ser un impedimento para una politica responsable para la conservacion y gestion de la vida salvaje.","PeriodicalId":54665,"journal":{"name":"Ornithological Monographs","volume":"63 1","pages":"30-44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67383555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}