Physics and Chemistry of the Earth最新文献

{"title":"Land use and land cover changes in sub-catchments of Zimbabwe and their implications on wetland and catchment soil water conditions","authors":"Oshneck Mupepi ,&nbsp;Thomas Marambanyika ,&nbsp;Mark Makomborero Matsa ,&nbsp;Timothy Dube","doi":"10.1016/j.pce.2025.104081","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pce.2025.104081","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study evaluated land use and land cover changes in the Shashe and Tugwi and Zibagwe sub-catchments from 2017 to 2023, with a focus on their impacts on dry season wetland extent and condition. Utilizing the Google Earth Engine Cloud Computing platform, Sentinel-2 Level 1C data were processed using Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification algorithm to analyse these changes. The Soil Moisture Active Passive level 4 (SMAP L4) soil moisture and the Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) were computed to determine the influence of catchment level land cover change on soil moisture conditions. This study considered the influence of land cover on wetland conditions and catchment level soil moisture levels which got minimum attention in previous wetland studies. The study highlights that bare land in Tugwi and Zibagwe increased more rapidly (601.1 %) than in the drier Shashe sub-catchment. However, the wetland area decreased more in Shashe, indicating greater wetland degradation despite the slight difference (0.4 %). The analysis revealed that wetlands experienced an overall 11.8 % loss in Shashe and 11.4 % loss in Tugwi-Zibagwe. Results indicate that 5.2 %, 3.4 % and 2.3 % of the wetland area was replaced by grassland, shrubland and bare land respectively in Tugwi and Zibagwe combined whilst 4.8 %, 3.6 % and 2.32 % of the wetland area were replaced by bare land, grassland and shrubland respectively in Shashe. Statistically significant weak positive correlations were confirmed between soil moisture and NDVI in Tugwi and Zibagwe combined (<em>r = 0.28; p = 0.04</em>) and Shashe (<em>r = 0.43; p = 0.02</em>). Rainfall had stronger correlation with soil moisture in Tugwi and Zibagwe (<em>r = 0.43; p = 0.19</em>) and Shashe (<em>r = 0.62; p = 0.38</em>) which were not statistically significant indicating more influence of land cover on soil moisture than rainfall. The findings accentuate the critical need for sustainable land use practices to mitigate the adverse effects on natural land cover and wetland ecosystems. The rapid expansion of bare land and reduction in wetlands underscore the pressing challenges posed by land cover changes, particularly in regions experiencing increasing aridity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54616,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth","volume":"141 ","pages":"Article 104081"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144988870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrochemical evolution and nitrate contamination sources in Laiwu groundwater: Insights from hydrochemistry and dual-isotope analysis","authors":"Zihan Dong ,&nbsp;Lei Zhang ,&nbsp;Chao Wang ,&nbsp;Ye Zou","doi":"10.1016/j.pce.2025.104083","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pce.2025.104083","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Effective groundwater protection fundamentally relies on the accurate identification of primary influencing factors and pollution sources. In this study, 81 groundwater samples from a fault depression basin were analyzed using statistical and hydrochemical methods, the dual-isotope method, and the Bayesian Mixing Model (MixSIAR) to characterize groundwater and identify potential pollution sources and their contributions. Results reveal dominant hydrochemical facies of SO₄·Cl–Ca·Mg and HCO₃–Ca·Mg types, driven by natural processes such as Silicate and Carbonate weathering and dissolution, alongside anthropogenic nitrate inputs. Notably, the concentration of nitrate exceeded the permissible limit in over 90 % of the samples. Spatial analysis of nitrate pollution using the kriging method reveals the most of them were located in the lower reaches of the basin. Dual isotope analysis identified Soil Nitrogen (SN) and Manure and Sewage (M&amp;S) as the primary sources of nitrate in groundwater. The MixSIAR model results further indicated that SN and M&amp;S nitrogen contributed 30.66 % and 42.21 %, respectively, to groundwater nitrate concentrations. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of hydrochemical and MixSIAR methods in identifying and quantifying influencing factors of groundwater, with particular emphasis on the necessity of connecting these methods with the investigation of the industrial sector.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54616,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth","volume":"141 ","pages":"Article 104083"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144903700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrative strategies for urban flood resilience and risk: A meta-analysis of policy, infrastructural, and ecosystem-based interventions","authors":"Shitao Wang ,&nbsp;Xuehao Bi","doi":"10.1016/j.pce.2025.104077","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pce.2025.104077","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Urban flooding, intensified by climate change and rapid urbanization, demands robust and operationally effective resilience strategies. However, empirical evidence on the comparative effectiveness of such strategies remains limited. This study presents the first meta-analytic synthesis evaluating urban flood resilience interventions across institutional, infrastructural, and socio-ecological domains. By synthesizing data from 29 peer-reviewed studies (2000–2024), this study applies standardized effect sizes (Cohen's d) and meta-regression models to assess the effectiveness of different strategies. Results reveal a substantial overall effect (pooled d = 2.96, 95 % CI: [1.92, 3.99]) with high heterogeneity (I² = 93.8 %). Institutional mechanisms, such as policy coordination, regulatory frameworks, and risk governance, consistently show the strongest and most statistically significant impacts (d ≈ 2.96). Low Impact Development (LID) demonstrates limited, non-significant effects (d ≈ 0.08). The study introduces a novel hierarchical resilience framework spanning different dimensions and establishes an evidence-based typology of urban flood resilience strategies. These findings highlight the importance of integrated, multi-level governance and context-specific planning in enhancing urban flood resilience. The study findings provides critical insights for implementing resilience strategies in flood-prone urban areas, and support the formulation of adaptive and sustainable urban policies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54616,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth","volume":"141 ","pages":"Article 104077"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144908744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling innovative solutions to unlock underutilized groundwater and rainwater potential in Tanzania","authors":"Brown Gwambene","doi":"10.1016/j.pce.2025.104072","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pce.2025.104072","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Groundwater access, reliable rainfall, rainwater harvesting, and climate-smart technologies are vital for sustainable food production and enhancing water resilience. However, fragmented operations, limited knowledge, and insufficient cross-sectoral collaboration hinder the implementation of integrated solutions to improve water access and agricultural productivity. This study investigates the underutilized potential of groundwater and rainwater resources in supporting agricultural production in Tanzania's southern and northwest highlands, regions facing increasing water demands and climatic stress. Employing a mixed-methods approach, data were collected across four agriculturally productive districts through household surveys, key informant interviews, focus group discussions, field observations, climate data interpolation, WEF-Nexus index analysis, and an extensive literature review. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS 20 and Microsoft Excel, while qualitative data were processed through thematic and trend analysis. The study reveals that over 70 % of households rely on rainwater harvesting, although this is primarily done through rudimentary systems. Groundwater use is widespread, yet 62 % report declining yields due to overuse and poor management. The adoption of micro-irrigation remains limited, but it statistically improves productivity (p = 0.030). The findings highlight significant barriers to water resource utilization, including financial constraints, inadequate technology, siltation, declining groundwater levels, and weak governance structures. Climate variability and anthropogenic pressures further exacerbate these challenges, limiting the effectiveness of rainwater harvesting and groundwater management. Moreover, knowledge gaps and limited community capacity undermine the adoption of innovative and climate-smart water solutions. Despite these challenges, the study underscores the substantial potential of rainwater and groundwater to enhance irrigation systems, promote water security, and increase agricultural resilience. It recommends robust water management systems, infrastructure, capacity-building investments, policy reforms to incentivize technology adoption, and community-driven approaches to unlock the full potential of these resources. These measures are critical to achieving sustainable development goals and ensuring food and water security. Thus, unlocking the potential of these water sources requires integrated governance, investment in resilient infrastructure, and capacity-building among local communities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54616,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth","volume":"141 ","pages":"Article 104072"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145060445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fracture evolution from micropore changes to macro failure of coal samples with static-dynamic loads based on dislocation and energy theory","authors":"Yuchu Cai ,&nbsp;Shugang Li ,&nbsp;Xiangguo Kong ,&nbsp;Zhihao Rong ,&nbsp;Di He","doi":"10.1016/j.pce.2025.104068","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pce.2025.104068","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To investigate the evolution characteristics of pores and fractures in deep coal seams subjected to instantaneous disturbance, this study conducted dynamic experiments on the coupling effect of impact load and axial static load using the Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) system, and analyzed the dynamic mechanical properties and fracture morphology of coal samples. The pore evolution characteristics of coal samples were characterized via low-temperature nitrogen adsorption experiments, while the macroscopic fracture and microscopic damage mechanisms were revealed based on energy dissipation and dislocation theory. The results indicate that under a constant dynamic load, both the elastic modulus and dynamic strength of coal samples increase with the elevation of axial static load. The fracture degree of coal samples decreases as the static load increases, with continuous accumulation of internal elastic energy. When the static load increases from 0 MPa to 14 MPa, the specific surface area and volume of coal sample pores increase by 10.63 % and 15.56 % respectively, and the increment of mesopores is greater than that of micropores and transition pores. Based on dislocation theory, the process from micropore development induced by dislocation accumulation to macroscopic fracture is clarified, and the dissipated energy of coal samples shows an exponential growth trend with the increase of axial static load. Under the action of dynamic and static loads, both the energy utilization efficiency and pore volume of coal samples increase gradually, which to a certain extent promotes the enhancement of coal seam permeability. This study verifies the feasibility of improving the permeability of coalbed methane reservoirs under dynamic load conditions, and can provide practical guidance for deep coalbed methane extraction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54616,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth","volume":"141 ","pages":"Article 104068"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144926039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predicting filter cake thickness in drilling fluids using machine learning techniques","authors":"Minghui Ou ,&nbsp;Mohammed Al-Bahrani ,&nbsp;Raman Kumar ,&nbsp;Ashutosh Pattanaik ,&nbsp;Hrushikesh Sarangi ,&nbsp;Deepak Gupta ,&nbsp;V. Naga Bhushana Rao ,&nbsp;Mamurakhon Toshpulatova ,&nbsp;Vikasdeep Singh Mann ,&nbsp;Heyder Mhohamdi ,&nbsp;Usama S. Altimari ,&nbsp;Aseel Smerat ,&nbsp;Samim Sherzod","doi":"10.1016/j.pce.2025.104078","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pce.2025.104078","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Predicting filter cake thickness in drilling fluids is critical for improving drilling progressions and minimizing operational subjects such as pipe sticking and reduced permeability. This study investigates the performance of several machine learning models, including Decision Tree, Random Forest, AdaBoost, MLP-ANN, and Ensemble Learning, for accurately modeling filter cake thickness. A dataset of 354 experimental samples, derived from peer-reviewed studies, was employed to assess the relationships between input parameters such as nanoparticle type, nanoparticle concentration, salinity, temperature, and polymer characteristics. Model evaluation was performed using metrics such as Mean Squared Error (MSE), Coefficient of Determination (R²), and Average Absolute Relative Error Percentage (AARE%). Results indicate that the MLP-ANN model outperformed other algorithms, achieving an R² of 0.9269 and an MSE of 0.0741 during testing. Cross-validation was implemented to ensure robust model training and evaluation, reducing overfitting observed in models like Decision Tree and AdaBoost. Additionally, SHAP investigation recognized nanoparticle concentration and type as the most influential factors impacting filter cake thickness, revealing their negative correlation with the target variable. These discoveries highlight the potential of advanced machine learning procedures to enhance drilling fluid design by identifying key parameters and optimizing formulations to reduce filter cake thickness.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54616,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth","volume":"141 ","pages":"Article 104078"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144996830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Consolidation behavior and shear strength characteristics of polymer-paste tailings barrier","authors":"Chinaza C. Paul,&nbsp;Mamadou Fall","doi":"10.1016/j.pce.2025.104053","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pce.2025.104053","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Waste containment facilities, such as landfills and tailings storage facilities, rely on barrier (liner, cover) materials to prevent hazardous contaminant migration. Recently, polymer-enhanced paste tailings (PP) barriers, made from a compacted mixture of paste tailings and superabsorbent polymer (SAP), have emerged as a promising solution for sustainable waste containment due to their low permeability. However, although compacted PP shows promising hydraulic properties, its mechanical characteristics relevant to barrier functionality, such as consolidation behavior and shear characteristics, are not yet understood. No studies have assessed these mechanical characteristics. This study investigates the consolidation behavior and shear strength characteristics of polymer-paste tailings (PP) barriers incorporating superabsorbent polymers (SAPs). Compacted PP samples with different concentrations of SAP (0.0 %, 0.2 %, 0.5 %) were prepared, and the samples were subjected to consolidation and shear tests. Consolidation behavior was investigated using oedometer tests, monitoring settlement over time under different stress conditions. In addition, shear characteristics were assessed by direct shear tests to evaluate the material's resistance to shearing and deformation under different normal stresses. The results indicated that increasing SAP content accelerates the consolidation process. In contrast, the shear strength of the material increases with SAP content up to 0.2 %, after which it decreases when the SAP content reaches 0.5 %. This means that the shear strength of the compacted PP is strongly dependent on the amount of SAP concentration. Specifically, the cohesion increases with higher SAP content, whereas the friction angle decreases with increasing SAP content. These findings highlight the importance of balancing SAP content to achieve a stable and efficient barrier system. The findings position this PP material as an attractive option for barrier design, offering the benefits of minimizing waste management and lowering the expenses associated with tailings management at the earth's surface.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54616,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth","volume":"141 ","pages":"Article 104053"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144988873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimating UCS of South China sandstones using mineralogical and machine learning approaches","authors":"Jin Lu ,&nbsp;Xiaofan Liao ,&nbsp;Ahmad Rastegarnia ,&nbsp;Jafar Qajar","doi":"10.1016/j.pce.2025.104048","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pce.2025.104048","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Slope stability analysis, rock mass classification, and foundation modeling necessitate measuring rocks' uniaxial compressive strength (UCS). Direct measurement is costly and time-consuming, prompting researchers to seek indirect methods. This research aimed to predict the UCS of sandstone samples using the quartz ratio and index properties. Models—including Feed-Forward Artificial Neural Network (FANN), Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS), Support Vector Regression (SVR), K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), and Multivariate Linear Regression (MLR)—were tested with varying input quantities and evaluated using Taylor's diagram, error level, A20 index, agreement index, and Calculated Performance Index (CPI). Petrography classified the sandstones as arenite, litharenite, and feldspathic litharenite; based on the results, the latter showed higher UCS, and fracture modes shifted from axial to multiple types as strength increased. Modeling revealed that KNN and FANN performance varied with distance metrics and training algorithms. Increasing inputs improved KNN and MLR accuracy but reduced SVR, ANFIS, and FANN accuracy. Additionally, the MLR's sensitivity to changes in inputs was greater than that of other methods. Comparing modeling results showed that the SVR based on the radial basis function with, CPI of 1.98, mean absolute percentage error of 0.75, A20 index of 1.00, and agreement index of 1.00, displayed the highest performance in UCS prediction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54616,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth","volume":"141 ","pages":"Article 104048"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144865431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic improvement of sulfate durability in hybrid geopolymer mortars incorporating blast furnace slag, waste andesite powder, and Portland cement","authors":"Serhat Çelikten ,&nbsp;Bilal Baran ,&nbsp;Burak Işıkdağ","doi":"10.1016/j.pce.2025.104055","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pce.2025.104055","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This experimental study involved the production of a total of seven mortar mixtures, including two geopolymer mixtures—one composed solely of blast furnace slag (SL) and the other solely of waste andesite powder (WAP)—two hybrid mortar mixtures combining SL with Portland cement (PC) and WAP with PC, and three ternary mixtures incorporating SL, WAP, and PC. To minimize energy consumption, thermal curing was not applied to the mixtures. Flexural and compressive strength tests were conducted on specimens at 7, 28, and 90 days. The mortars were exposed separately to 5 % Na₂SO₄ and 5 % MgSO₄ solutions for periods of 90 and 180 days. The relative strengths were assessed based on the initial strengths of the mortars. Among the single-component mixtures, the SL-based geopolymers exhibited a compressive strength of approximately 23.2 MPa at 28 days, while the WAP-based geopolymers achieved a strength of only 13.2 MPa. In the T3 mixture, which utilized equal proportions of SL, WAP, and PC, a compressive strength of approximately 34 MPa was attained at 28 days. While the sulfate resistance of the WAP-based geopolymer mortars was found to be poor, excellent sulfate resistance was demonstrated in all hybrid mixtures. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses indicated the formation of additional crystal phases following sulfate exposure. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations revealed that sulfate exposure deteriorated the matrix of the WAP-based geopolymers, whereas the internal structures of the SL-based geopolymers and hybrid geopolymers exhibited no adverse effects. Furthermore, the demonstrated sulfate resistance of the hybrid mixtures indicates their viability for use in environments prone to sulfate attacks. The synergistic effects of combining materials in appropriate ratios effectively mitigate some of the drawbacks associated with their individual use, leading to improved performance and enhanced material properties. SL + WAP + PC ternary hybrid geopolymer mortars prove to be an effective strategy that improves environmental sustainability and economic efficiency by significantly reducing CO2 emissions, energy consumption and costs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54616,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth","volume":"141 ","pages":"Article 104055"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144878175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the impact of climate change on meteorological parameters in the Sakarya River Basin using advanced trend analysis methods","authors":"Ahmet Iyad Ceyhunlu ,&nbsp;Murat Cuma","doi":"10.1016/j.pce.2025.104061","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.pce.2025.104061","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing frequency of extreme weather events highlights the urgent need to raise public awareness about climate change indicators and the atmospheric changes driven by human activities and pollution. To better understand these developments, region-specific analyses of recorded climate data over time are essential. This study analyzes 30 years of climate data from the Sakarya River Basin, using measurements collected by meteorological stations operated by the Turkish General Directorate of Meteorology at various locations and altitudes across the basin. Seventeen stations were selected for analysis, focusing on daily average precipitation, temperature, and relative humidity three key indicators of regional climate behavior. Relationships among these variables were examined using Pearson correlation analysis, while trends were analyzed through Spearman's Rho, Sen's Slope, Mann-Kendall, and the Crossing Empirical Trend Analysis (CETA) method. The findings revealed that relative humidity showed a 37 % increase and a 22 % decrease, temperature increased by 36 % and decreased by 1 %, and precipitation increased and decreased equally by 20 %. These results point to growing irregularities in the basin's climate structure, with the rise in temperature and variability in humidity and precipitation indicating heightened risks of drought, floods, and other extreme weather events. By incorporating multiple complementary analytical techniques, this research presents a detailed evaluation of shifting climate patterns in the Sakarya River Basin and offers a strong foundation for future environmental planning and climate-resilient policy development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54616,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth","volume":"140 ","pages":"Article 104061"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144858087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}