Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology最新文献

{"title":"Climate change feedback on the future oceanic CO2 uptake","authors":"Richard J. Matebr, A. Hirst","doi":"10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I3.16472","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I3.16472","url":null,"abstract":"Output from a coupled atmosphere–ocean model forced by the IS92a greenhouse gas scenario was used to investigate the feedback between climate change and the oceanic uptake of CO 2 . To improve the climate simulation, we used Gent and co-workers eddy parameterization in the ocean and a prognostic equation for export production from the upper ocean. For the period of 1850 to 2100, the change in the oceanic uptake of CO 2 with climate was separated into 3 feedbacks. (i) Climate change warmed the sea-surface temperature which increased the partial pressure of CO 2 in the surface ocean and reduced the accumulated ocean uptake by 48 Gt C. (ii) Climate change reduced meridional overturning and convective mixing and increased density stratification in high latitudes which slowed the transport of anthropogenic CO 2 into the ocean interior and reduced the cumulative ocean CO 2 uptake by 41 Gt C. (iii) Climate change altered “natural” cycling of carbon in the ocean which increased the cumulative ocean CO 2 uptake by 33 Gt C. The change in natural carbon cycling with climate change was dominated by 2 opposing factors. First, the supply of nutrients to the upper ocean decreased which reduced the export of organic matter (by 15% by year 2100) and produced a net CO 2 flux out of the ocean. However, associated with the reduced nutrient supply was the reduction in the supply of dissolved inorganic carbon to the upper ocean, which produced net CO 2 flux into the ocean. For our model, the latter effect dominated. By the year 2100, the combinations of these 3 climate change feedbacks resulted in a decrease in the cumulative oceanic CO 2 uptake of 56 Gt C or 14% of the 402 Gt C of oceanic CO 2 uptake predicted by a run with no climate change. Our total reduction in oceanic CO 2 uptake with climate change for the 1850 to 2100 period was similar to the 58 Gt C reduction in oceanic CO 2 uptake predicted by Sarmiento and Le Quere. However, our consistency with this previous estimate is misleading. By including the Gent and co-workers eddy parameterization in the ocean, we reduced the positive feedback between climate change and the oceanic uptake of CO 2 from 169 to 89 Gt C (80 Gt C change). This reduction reflects a decrease in both sea surface warming and anthropogenic forcing feedbacks. By using a prognostic parameterization of export production, we reduced the negative feedback response of the natural carbon cycle to climate change from 111 to 33 Gt C (78 Gt C). These 2 large offsetting changes in the ocean response to climate change produced only a net change of 2 Gt C. This resulted in a net reduction in oceanic uptake of 2 Gt C from the previous study. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1999.t01-1-00012.x","PeriodicalId":54432,"journal":{"name":"Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology","volume":"68 1","pages":"722-733"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"1999-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89343111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Continuous measurements of CO and H2 deposition velocities onto an andisol: uptake control by soil moisture","authors":"S. Yonemura, S. Kawashima, H. Tsuruta","doi":"10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I3.16465","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I3.16465","url":null,"abstract":"Carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H 2 ) net deposition velocities from the atmosphere onto soil and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) effluxes to the atmosphere have been measured in an andisol field in Tsukuba, Japan by the open-flow chamber method. The deposition velocities of CO and H 2 were closely correlated ( R = 0.87), with a ratio of 1.55, which was attributed to the difference in molecular diffusivities. However, the deposition velocities did not exhibit a direct relationship with the CO 2 efflux. Deposition velocities of CO and H 2 ranged from 0.00 to 0.06 cm s −1 and from 0.00 to 0.10 cm s −1 , respectively, and were closely related to the level of the surface soil moisture (0–5 cm) and were higher in plowed plots than in compacted plots. CO deposition velocity was slightly lower in the daytime due to higher production rates affected by the soil temperature. These findings indicate that microbial CO and H 2 consumption was limited by transport resistance in the soil and that the in situ CO and H 2 uptake rates may be limited by a higher soil moisture level. CO and H 2 deposition was estimated to be restricted to the surface soil (possibly only the top 2–3 cm). CH 4 and CO 2 gas profiles were also related to the variation of the soil moisture level. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1999.t01-2-00009.x","PeriodicalId":54432,"journal":{"name":"Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology","volume":"86 10 1","pages":"688-700"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"1999-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87678284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A 3‐dimensional study of δ18O in atmospheric CO2: contribution of different land ecosystems","authors":"P. Peylin, P. Ciais, A. Denning, P. Tans, Joseph A. Berry, James W. C. White","doi":"10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I3.16452","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I3.16452","url":null,"abstract":"Land biospheric carbon exchange associated with respiration and photosynthesis exerts a major control on the oxygen isotope composition (δ 18 O) of atmospheric CO 2 especially with respect to the seasonal cycle. In particular, an important feature that requires our attention is the phase of the seasonal cycle of δ 18 O which lags CO 2 by one month in the Arctic. We have developed a global parameterization of the land biotic exchange of 180 in CO 2 , which has been prescribed in an atmospheric 3-D transport model in order to simulate the global atmospheric distribution of δ 18 O. Furthermore, we have separated in the model the specific contribution of different regions of the globe to the seasonal and latitudinal variation of δ 18 O. The model simulated values are compared in detail with atmospheric observations made at 22 different remote stations. The respective role of respiration vs. photosynthesis in determining the phase and amplitude of the δ 18 O seasonal cycle is also analysed. Based on a good agreement between our model simulation and the atmospheric observations, we observe that the large seasonal cycle of δ 18 O at high latitudes is mainly due to the respiratory fluxes of all extra-tropical ecosystems while for CO 2 the relative contributions of photosynthesis and respiration to the overall seasonal cycle are similar. Geographically, the CO 2 exchanges with the northern Siberian ecosystem dominate the δ 18 O seasonality at all remote stations of the northern hemisphere, reflecting the strongly continental climate of that region. OI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1999.t01-2-00006.x","PeriodicalId":54432,"journal":{"name":"Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology","volume":"115 1","pages":"642-667"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"1999-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78960051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is there a “continental shelf pump” for the absorption of atmospheric CO2?","authors":"S. Tsunogai, S. Watanabe, Tetsuro Sato","doi":"10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I3.16468","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I3.16468","url":null,"abstract":"Based on the results obtained in the East China Sea, we propose a new term, Continental Shelf Pump , as a mechanism for the absorption of atmospheric CO 2 . We investigated the carbonate system of the East China Sea along a single observation line traversing its central part on 5 cruises in various seasons. The directly observed fugacity of CO 2 dissolved in the surface water decreased with decreasing salinity and temperature as well as nutrient content. The relation has been expressed as a simple equation of these 3 parameters. Putting the observed data on the parameters in the various parts of the East China Sea in various months into this equation, we have obtained 55 ± 5 ppm as an annual mean fugacity deficit of CO 2 in the surface water of the East China Sea, which nearly equals the directly measured mean fugacity along the observation line. The net absorption flux estimated from the fugacity deficit has agreed with the amount of carbonate transported out of the East China Sea calculated for the distributions of total dissolved carbonate and alkalinity. The distributions of density and total dissolved carbonate reveal the cause of this large deficiency, described as follows. The shallower shelf zone is more cooled than the open sea when heat is lost from the surface. This cooling produces denser water, which together with photosynthetic activity, accelerates the absorption of CO 2 in the shelf zone. The absorbed CO 2 is transformed to organic carbon and regenerated especially at the shallow bottom. Isopycnal mixing (advection and diffusion) transports the denser coastal water, especially the bottom water enriched in dissolved and particulate carbon, into the subsurface layer of the open oceans. The transport continues in the layer below the pycnocline even in the warm season and maintains the low fugacity of CO 2 in the surface water of the shelf zone. This is the continental shelf pump. The pump would account for a net oceanic uptake of CO 2 of 1 GtC/ yr, if the world continental shelf zone would absorb the atmospheric CO 2 at the rate observed in the East China Sea. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1999.t01-2-00010.x","PeriodicalId":54432,"journal":{"name":"Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology","volume":"5 1","pages":"701-712"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"1999-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87231744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New early winter fCO2 data reveal continuous uptake of CO2 by the Weddell Sea","authors":"M. Stoll, H. Baar, M. Hoppema, E. Fahrbach","doi":"10.1034/J.1600-0889.1999.T01-2-00008.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1034/J.1600-0889.1999.T01-2-00008.X","url":null,"abstract":"The Antarctic Ocean has been thought to be unimportant for the uptake of CO 2 since upwelling of CO 2 -enriched deep waters would favour outgassing. Here we present the first direct f CO2 measurements obtained in early winter under the ice which, combined with estimated entrainment rates, show that the Weddell Sea, an area of intense upwelling manifested by the doming structure of the cyclonic gyre, has the capability to be almost continuously a sink for atmospheric CO 2 . A flux, effective after the ice cover disappears, is estimated to be – 0.74 + 0.7 mmol/m −2 d −1 . Combined with a flux estimate in late autumn (− 2.0 mmol/m 2 d −1 ) integrated over the area of the central Weddell Gyre, a carbon uptake of 0.24 × 10 13 gC y −1 (≈ 2.4 × 10 −3 GtC y −1 being ≈ 1‰ of global uptake) is computed, which is about a third of the strength of the biological pump of the Weddell Sea. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1999.t01-2-00008.x","PeriodicalId":54432,"journal":{"name":"Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology","volume":"53 1","pages":"679-687"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"1999-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88298412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Continuous measurements of atmospheric CO2 at Jubany station, Antarctica","authors":"L. Ciattaglia, T. Colombo, K. Masarie","doi":"10.1034/J.1600-0889.1999.T01-1-00011.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1034/J.1600-0889.1999.T01-1-00011.X","url":null,"abstract":"The first 4 years (1994 1997) of continuous atmospheric CO 2 measurements from Jubany station located on the Antarctic peninsula are presented. Details are given on the station environment, meteorological conditions, instrumentation, and data selection strategy. The average seasonal cycle and annual growth rate are characterized and compared with other independent Antarctic CO 2 measurement records. An analysis of diurnal behaviour and local meteorology and statistical variability in the measurements suggests that Jubany is a suitable site for making systematic observations of CO 2 that are representative of large well-mixed air masses.","PeriodicalId":54432,"journal":{"name":"Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology","volume":"3 1","pages":"713-721"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"1999-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88595209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Air–sea fluxes and transfer velocity of CO2 over the North Sea: results from ASGAMAGE","authors":"C. Jacobs, W. Kohsiek, W. Oost","doi":"10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I3.16447","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I3.16447","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents an analysis, performed at the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), of data obtained at a research platform 9 km off the Dutch coast within the framework of the air–sea gas exchange program ASGAMAGE†. The air–sea transfer velocity of CO 2 was determined directly, that is, by observing CO 2 fluxes and air–sea concentration differences simultaneously. CO 2 fluxes were determined by means of the eddy correlation technique. Special care was taken to avoid the effects water vapour on the CO 2 flux measurements. The air and water near the air–sea interface were treated as well-mixed with respect to CO 2 . The combination of flux and concentration data allowed the computation of the transfer velocity for CO 2 without recourse to other gases. Results for two observation periods, one with downward CO 2 fluxes (May) and one with upward CO 2 fluxes (October), are consistent. A relation with U N ,10 , the wind speed adjusted to a height of 10 m and neutral stratification, was determined for the pooled data from the two experimental phases. The relation found was: k 660 = 0.54U N,10 2 cm h −1 , with k 660 the CO 2 transfer velocity normalized to salt water (35‰) at a temperature of 20 °C, and U N ,10 in m s −1 . The 95% confidence interval of the coefficient extends from 0.46 to 0.63. No relations with other geophysical parameters could be found from the present data set. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1999.t01-2-00005.x","PeriodicalId":54432,"journal":{"name":"Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology","volume":"60 1","pages":"629-641"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"1999-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79481174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Air–sea CO2 flux variability in the equatorial Pacific Ocean near 100°W","authors":"J. Etcheto, J. Boutin, Y. Dandonneau, D. Bakker, R. Feely, R. Ling, P. Nightingale, R. Wanninkhof","doi":"10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I3.16474","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I3.16474","url":null,"abstract":"The interannual variability of the CO 2 partial pressure ( p CO 2oc ) in the surface layer of the east equatorial Pacific Ocean near 100°W is studied and compared with the sea surface temperature (SST) monitored from satellites. This variability is shown to be correlated with the SST anomaly rather than with the temperature itself. The p CO 2oc variability is related to the variability of the upwelling systems (the equatorial upwelling and the upwelling along the American coast), the main influence being from the coastal upwelling via the surface water advected from the east. A method is derived to interpolate the p CO 2oc measurements using the SST satellite measurements. By combining the result with the exchange coefficient ( K ) deduced from the wind speed provided by satellite borne instruments we deduce the air–sea CO 2 flux and for the 1st time we monitor continuously its temporal evolution. The variability of this flux is mainly due to the variability of K , with a clear seasonal variation. The flux obtained using the Liss and Merlivat (1986) relationship averaged from April 1985 to June 1997 in the region 97.5°−107.5°W 0–5°S is 1.67 mole m −2 yr −1 of CO 2 leaving the ocean with an estimated accuracy of 30%. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1999.t01-1-00013.x","PeriodicalId":54432,"journal":{"name":"Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology","volume":"46 1","pages":"734-747"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"1999-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89922157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Linking 13C‐based estimates of land and ocean sinks with predictions of carbon storage from CO2 fertilization of plant growth","authors":"J. Randerson, M. V. Thompson, C. Field","doi":"10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I3.16457","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I3.16457","url":null,"abstract":"The residence times of carbon in plants, litter, and soils are required for partitioning land and ocean sinks using measurements of atmospheric δ 13 C and also for estimating terrestrial carbon storage in response to net primary production (NPP) stimulation by elevated levels of atmospheric CO 2 . While  13 C-based calculations of the land sink decline with increasing estimates of terrestrial carbon residence times (through the fossil fuel-induced isotopic disequilibrium term in equations describing the global atmospheric budgets of  13 CO 2 and CO 2 ), estimates of land sinks based on CO 2 fertilization of plant growth are directly proportional to carbon residence times. Here we used a single model of terrestrial carbon turnover, the Carnegie–Ames–Stanford Approach (CASA) biogeochemical model, to simultaneously estimate 1984–1990 terrestrial carbon storage using both approaches. Our goal was to identify the fraction of the  13 CO 2 -based land sink attributable to CO 2 fertilization. Uptake from CO 2 fertilization was calculated using a  β factor of 0.46 to describe the response of NPP to increasing concentrations of atmospheric CO 2 from 1765 to 1990. Given commonly used parameters in the  13 C-based sink calculation and assuming a deforestation flux of 0.8 Pg C/y, CO 2 fertilization accounts for 54% of the missing terrestrial carbon sink from 1984 to 1990. CO 2 fertilization can account for all of the missing terrestrial sink only when the terrestrial mean residence time (MRT) and the land isodisequilibrium forcing are greater than many recent estimates. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1999.t01-2-00007.x","PeriodicalId":54432,"journal":{"name":"Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology","volume":"11 1","pages":"668-678"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"1999-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79017483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulation of the transport of Rn222 using on‐line and off‐line global models at different horizontal resolutions: a detailed comparison with measurements,","authors":"F. Dentener, J. Feichter, A. Jeuken","doi":"10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I3.16440","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I3.16440","url":null,"abstract":"The short-lived radionuclide Rn 222 is emitted at a fairly constant rate from the continents and is a good surrogate for studying the transport of “air pollution” from polluted continental areas to clean, remote regions. The large concentration gradients of 2–3 orders of magnitude which exist between the continents and the remote atmosphere present a major challenge to the modelling of horizontal and vertical atmospheric transport. We use the global off-line tracer transport model TM3 at 3 different resolutions. Input to the model consists of meteorological data for the year 1993 obtained from the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). The same meteorological data is used to constrain the climate model ECHAM4-T42-L19. Using these meteorological data, Rn 222 simulations are used to evaluate and document model performance and associated uncertainties. High time-resolution measurements made at 2 continental stations, 2 stations under continental influence and 4 remote sites, and aircraft measurements obtained during the NARE aircraft campaign are used for a detailed comparison. Although in specific regions there are inter-model differences of up to a factor of 2 in the calculated boundary layer concentrations, these differences are not translated into a better performance of either model for the stations used for comparison. We generally obtain high correlations of model results and measurements; these range from  r = 0.6–0.8 for the continental and coastal stations and 0.5–0.6 for the remote sites. Calculated mean concentrations and corresponding standard deviations generally agree favourably with observations, lending credibility to the usefulness of our models for evaluating transport of air pollutants from continental sources to remote regions. The main cause of model deviations is probably related to uncertainties in the meteorological input data set provided by the ECMWF model and to a lesser extent by our knowledge of the spatial distribution of Rn 222 emissions and uncertainties involving sub-grid scale parameterization of vertical transport, e.g., diffusion and convection. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1999.t01-2-00001.x","PeriodicalId":54432,"journal":{"name":"Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology","volume":"60 1","pages":"573-602"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"1999-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84885075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}