Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology最新文献

{"title":"Soil carbon storage in plantation forests and pastures: land-use change implications","authors":"N. Scott, K. Tate, J. Ford-Robertson, D. Giltrap, C. T. Smith","doi":"10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I2.16301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I2.16301","url":null,"abstract":"Afforestation may lead to an accumulation of carbon (C) in vegetation, but little is known about changes in soil C storage with establishment of plantation forests. Plantation forest carbon budget models often omit mineral soil C changes from stand-level C budget calculations, while including forest floor C accumulation, or predict continuous soil C increases over several rotations. We used national soil C databases to quantify differences in soil C content between pasture and exotic pine forest plantations dominated by P. radiata (D. Don), and paired site studies to quantify changes in soil C with conversion of pasture to plantation forest in New Zealand. Overall, mineral soil C to 0.10 m was 20–40% lower under pine for all soil types (p < 0.01) except soils with high clay activity (HCA), where there was no difference. Similar trends were observed in the 0.1–0.3 m layer. Moreover, mineral soil C to 0.1 m was 17–40% lower under pine than pasture in side-by-side comparisons. The only non-significant difference occurred at a site located on a HCA soil ( p = 0.08). When averaged across the site studies and the national databases, the difference in soil C between pasture and pine was about 16 t C ha −1 on non-HCA soils. This is similar to forest floor C averaged across our individual sites (about 20 t C ha −1 ). The decrease in mineral soil C could result in about a 15% reduction in the average C sequestration potential (112 t C ha −1 ) when pasture is converted to exotic plantation forest on non-HCA soils. The relative importance of this change in mineral soil C will likely vary depending on the productivity potential of a site and harvest impacts on the forest floor C pool. Our results emphasize that changes in soil C should be included in any calculations of C sequestration attributed to plantation forestry. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1999.00015.x","PeriodicalId":54432,"journal":{"name":"Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology","volume":"85 1","pages":"326-335"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"1999-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77459421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The sensitivity of terrestrial carbon storage to historical climate variability and atmospheric CO2 in the United States","authors":"H. Tian, J. Melillo, D. Kicklighter, A. McGuire, John V. K. Helfrich","doi":"10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I2.16318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I2.16318","url":null,"abstract":"We use the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (TEM, Version 4.1) and the land cover data set of the international geosphere–biosphere program to investigate how increasing atmospheric CO 2 concentration and climate variability during 1900–1994 affect the carbon storage of terrestrial ecosystems in the conterminous USA, and how carbon storage has been affected by land-use change. The estimates of TEM indicate that over the past 95 years a combination of increasing atmospheric CO 2 with historical temperature and precipitation variability causes a 4.2% (4.3 Pg C) decrease in total carbon storage of potential vegetation in the conterminous US, with vegetation carbon decreasing by 7.2% (3.2 Pg C) and soil organic carbon decreasing by 1.9% (1.1 Pg C). Several dry periods including the 1930s and 1950s are responsible for the loss of carbon storage. Our factorial experiments indicate that precipitation variability alone decreases total carbon storage by 9.5%. Temperature variability alone does not significantly affect carbon storage. The effect of CO 2 fertilization alone increases total carbon storage by 4.4%. The effects of increasing atmospheric CO 2 and climate variability are not additive. Interactions among CO 2 , temperature and precipitation increase total carbon storage by 1.1%. Our study also shows substantial year-to-year variations in net carbon exchange between the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystems due to climate variability. Since the 1960s, we estimate these terrestrial ecosystems have acted primarily as a sink of atmospheric CO 2 as a result of wetter weather and higher atmospheric CO 2 concentrations. For the 1980s, we estimate the natural terrestrial ecosystems, excluding cropland and urban areas, of the conterminous US have accumulated 78.2 Tg C yr −1 because of the combined effect of increasing atmospheric CO 2 and climate variability. For the conterminous US, we estimate that the conversion of natural ecosystems to cropland and urban areas has caused a 18.2% (17.7 Pg C) reduction in total carbon storage from that estimated for potential vegetation. The carbon sink capacity of natural terrestrial ecosystems in the conterminous US is about 69% of that estimated for potential vegetation. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1999.00021.x","PeriodicalId":54432,"journal":{"name":"Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology","volume":"32 1","pages":"414-452"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"1999-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86759467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reconstructing the recent carbon cycle from atmospheric CO2, δ13C and O2/N2 observations*","authors":"P. Rayner, I. Enting, R. Francey, R. Langenfelds","doi":"10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I2.16273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I2.16273","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents an attempt to recover the space–time structure of fluxes of CO 2 to the atmosphere over the period 1980–1995 from atmospheric concentration and isotopic composition measurements. The technique used is Bayesian synthesis inversion in which sources are aggregated into large regions and their strengths adjusted to match observed concentrations. The sources are constrained by prior estimates based on a priori knowledge. The input data are atmospheric CO 2 concentration measurements from the NOAA/CMDL network, 13 CO 2 composition and O2/N2 ratios measured at Cape Grim, Tasmania by CSIRO Atmospheric Research. The primary findings are a relatively large long-term mean ocean uptake of CO 2 , and seasonal fluxes over land with similar integrated magnitude, but smaller peak amplitude, compared with those derived by Fung and co-workers. Predicted interannual variability is smaller than reported in previous studies. The largest contributor is the oceanic tropics where fluxes vary on the time scale of the southern oscillation. There is evidence of longer time-scale variation in land uptake. Increases in ocean uptake and northern land uptake in the early 1990s are consistent with a response to the Mt. Pinatubo eruption. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1999.t01-1-00008.x","PeriodicalId":54432,"journal":{"name":"Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology","volume":"2 1","pages":"213-232"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"1999-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73304166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbon cycle research after Kyoto","authors":"P. Tans, D. Wallace","doi":"10.1034/J.1600-0889.1999.00031.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1034/J.1600-0889.1999.00031.X","url":null,"abstract":"Recent progress in research of the global carbon cycle is reviewed and research needs for the immediate future are discussed, in light of the challenge posed to society to come to grips with the problem of man-made climate change. The carbon cycle in the oceans and on the land is reviewed, and how the atmosphere functions to couple them together. Major uncertainties still exist for any projection of the future atmospheric burden of carbon dioxide resulting from postulated emission scenarios of CO2. We present some ideas on how future policies designed to limit emissions or to sequester carbon can possibly be supported by scientific evidence of their effectiveness.","PeriodicalId":54432,"journal":{"name":"Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology","volume":"46 1","pages":"562-571"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"1999-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78589045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Net effect of forest harvest on CO2 emissions to the atmosphere: a sensitivity analysis on the influence of time","authors":"B. Schlamadinger, G. Marland","doi":"10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I2.16289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I2.16289","url":null,"abstract":"Forests can be harvested and regrown on a sustainable basis while harvested material is used to either store carbon in long-lived wood products or to displace carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel combustion. To frame the question whether this implies that harvesting forests is an effective strategy for mitigating the increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, we use a carbon accounting model to ask how long it takes to return to the original carbon balance after a forest stand is clear-cut harvested for biofuels and other forest products. Although the numerical solution depends on a great variety of site-specific model input parameters, it is clear that the system will not return to its original carbon balance for a very long time (perhaps centuries) unless forest products are produced and used efficiently. Especially when the cycle of producing forest products involves initial harvest of a forest stand with a large standing stock of biomass, there is likely to be a long-standing debit in terms of net carbon emissions to the atmosphere. On the other hand, if forest harvest is produced and used with high efficiency and the rate of regrowth is high, potential carbon benefits can be very high over time and it is possible that there is never a carbon debit with respect to forest protection, even immediately following harvest. Any intent to use forest harvesting to help mitigate the buildup of carbon dioxide in the earth's atmosphere should be able to demonstrate that the forest regrowth and product use can compensate for the loss of carbon from the forest as a result of the initial harvest.","PeriodicalId":54432,"journal":{"name":"Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology","volume":"43 1","pages":"314-325"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"1999-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77910740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial and temporal variation in the carbon and oxygen stable isotope ratio of respired CO2 in a boreal forest ecosystem","authors":"L. Flanagan, D. S. Kubien, J. Ehleringer","doi":"10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I2.16306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I2.16306","url":null,"abstract":"We measured the stable isotope ratio of respired carbon dioxide at two spatial scales in a black spruce forest in northern Canada: CO 2 released from the forest floor and CO 2 released from the entire ecosystem at night. Despite wide variation in the δ 13 C values of organic matter among above-ground plant species, and along a continuum from moss through to the mineral soil, the carbon isotope ratio of respired CO 2 was quite similar to the δ 13 C value for the dominant black spruce foliage. The CO 2 released from the forest floor during the fall was slightly enriched in 13 O compared to CO 2 respired by the entire ecosystem, perhaps because soil respiration contributes a larger percentage to total ecosystem respiration later in the year as the soil warms. Short-term changes in the oxygen isotope ratio of precipitation and variation in enrichment of 18 O during evaporation and transpiration had significant effects on the δ 18 O value of respired CO 2 . Changes in the oxygen isotope ratio of water in moss tissue can have a large effect on total ecosystem respired CO 2 both because a large surface area is covered by moss tissue in this ecosystem and because the equilibration between CO 2 diffusing through the moss and water in moss tissue is very rapid. During the summer we observed that the δ 18 O value of CO 2 respired from the forest floor was relatively depleted in 18 O compared to CO 2 respired from the entire ecosystem. This was because water in black spruce foliage had higher δ 18 O values than moss and soil water, even at night when transpiration had stopped. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1999.00018.x","PeriodicalId":54432,"journal":{"name":"Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology","volume":"9 1","pages":"367-384"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"1999-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84310353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"KEYNOTE PERSPECTIVE. Can a strong atmospheric CO2 rectifier effect be reconciled with a","authors":"A. Denning, Taro Takahashi, P. Friedlingstein","doi":"10.1034/J.1600-0889.1999.T01-1-00010.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1034/J.1600-0889.1999.T01-1-00010.X","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54432,"journal":{"name":"Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"1999-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84885828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbon cycle studies based on the distribution of O2 in air","authors":"M. Bender, M. Battle","doi":"10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I2.16268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I2.16268","url":null,"abstract":"(1999). Carbon cycle studies based on the distribution of O2 in air. Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology: Vol. 51, No. 2, pp. 165-169.","PeriodicalId":54432,"journal":{"name":"Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology","volume":"68 1","pages":"165-169"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"1999-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75723696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"KEYNOTE PERSPECTIVE. The interannual variability of the global carbon cycle","authors":"P. Rayner, R. Law","doi":"10.1034/J.1600-0889.1999.T01-1-00007.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1034/J.1600-0889.1999.T01-1-00007.X","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54432,"journal":{"name":"Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology","volume":"46 1","pages":"210-212"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"1999-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88323994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"KEYNOTE PERSPECTIVE. Anthropogenic CO2 uptake in a warming ocean","authors":"J. Sarmiento, T. M. Hughes","doi":"10.1034/J.1600-0889.1999.00030.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1034/J.1600-0889.1999.00030.X","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54432,"journal":{"name":"Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology","volume":"42 1","pages":"560-561"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"1999-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88482690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}