Traffic Injury Prevention最新文献

{"title":"Investigating temporal trends in risk factors related to injury severity of crashes with pedestrians in urban areas.","authors":"Mateus Nogueira Silva, Marcos José Timbó Lima Gomes, Flávio José Craveiro Cunto","doi":"10.1080/15389588.2025.2450786","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2025.2450786","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The implementation of road safety policy in urban areas can potentially change the severity profile of crashes, as well as how risk factors influence crash severity. In this sense, this study aims to empirically evaluate possible changes in the severity profile of crashes with pedestrians and in the influence of risk factors for pedestrian injuries after the efforts of the Decade of Action for Road Safety in the city of Fortaleza, Brazil.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was done using data from crashes with pedestrians between 2009 and 2019; divided into three periods. Two categorical modeling analyses were performed using the mixed logit modeling approach, including sociodemographic, environmental, vehicle, road type, and traffic control device factors. In the first analysis, a single model was estimated, and time (period) was included as an explanatory variable; in the second one, models were estimated for each period.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>According to temporal analysis, a reduction was evident in the severity profile of crashes with pedestrians over the decade of action. In general, the safety interventions seemed to have little or no impact on pedestrian gender, young pedestrians (up to 15 years old), crashes at night, crashes during weekends and crossings near traffic lights. Regarding crashes on arterial roads, the results suggest an increase in the marginal effects for fatal crashes after the decade of action, while other variables, such as heavy vehicles and expressways, showed positive marginal effects in all periods, indicating that the direction of their effect did not change. This is a potential indication that the overall safety impact of policies during the decade were not effective for these types of crashes. It was possible to identify considerable reduction in the marginal effects for older pedestrians (60+) for both severe and fatal crashes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Although it is not possible to claim that this change comes from specific actions or controlled factors, the results presented here indicate an improvement in road safety for these users, in line with the goals of the Safe Systems Approach and the Decade of Action for Road Safety to reduce severe and fatal traffic injuries.</p>","PeriodicalId":54422,"journal":{"name":"Traffic Injury Prevention","volume":" ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143123970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A behavioral inoculation method to improve critical takeover performance of novice drivers in conditionally automated driving.","authors":"Chen Chai, Shixuan Weng, Rui Feng, Jixiang Wang, Yiik Diew Wong, Yanbo Wang","doi":"10.1080/15389588.2025.2451699","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2025.2451699","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The unsafe behaviors and great stress during the critical takeover process cause safety issues in conditionally automated driving. To compensate for the limitations of existing performance improvement methods, the current study aims to reduce unsafe behaviors during the critical takeover process by correcting driver cognitions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study proposed a behavioral inoculation approach against unsafe takeover behaviors. This intervention motivated drivers to refute the incorrect cognition and then form safe behaviors. Two rounds of experiments were conducted. The first round, with 40 participants, was to analyze the unsafe takeover behaviors and select the drivers to intervene. The selected 27 participants were grouped to receive behavioral inoculation, direct instruction, and no training in the second round. The driving tests were conducted in the simulator before, immediately after, and five weeks after the intervention, to evaluate the effect.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results indicated that driver steering but not braking was the critical unsafe takeover behavior. Behavioral inoculation and direct instruction on unsafe behaviors reduced unsafe steering behaviors and improved brake reaction time. The proposed behavioral inoculation could also relieve stress and minimize individual differences.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study first proposed a behavioral inoculation method, modified from psychological inoculation, to improve takeover safety. The behavioral inoculation emphasizes practical takeover behaviors and presents the consequence of unsafe behaviors visually to correct wrong cognition of takeover behaviors. These modifications would enhance the inoculation effect of real-time decision-making in dynamic takeover scenarios, providing an effective method to improve takeover performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":54422,"journal":{"name":"Traffic Injury Prevention","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143124041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating and modeling crash risk for interactions between motorized and non-motorized in intersection center areas.","authors":"Zhangcun Yan, Nicolas Saunier, Lishengsa Yue, Jian Sun","doi":"10.1080/15389588.2024.2446979","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15389588.2024.2446979","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Motorized vehicles (MV) and non-motorized vehicles (NMV) are mixed in the intersection center area (ICA). This mixing leads to complicated interactions between vehicles, which seriously affects traffic safety, especially at mixed intersections of high density. To deep understanding of the interaction course between motorized and non-motorized vehicles in ICAs.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Two intersections with a high density of interaction behavior between motorized and non-motorized vehicles were investigated through high-resolution traffic video. Firstly, to extract high-precision trajectories from roadside video, we proposed a new trajectory extraction framework that integrates Yolov7, Deepsort, and the trajectory reconstruction algorithm, which integrated the social force model and particle filtering (SFPF) proposed in our previous research. Second, 183 complete interaction events between motorized and non-motorized vehicles were extracted based on the surrogate safety indicator TTC, and latent variables affecting the course of interaction behavior between motorized and non-motorized vehicles were defined based on turning direction, kinetic state, surrounding environment, signal light, vehicle action behavior, and types of NMV. Third, an ordered logit model was built to study the interactions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Analyzing the significance of the model showed that the following variables have a significant effect on the severity of the conflict (<i>p</i> < 0.<b>05</b> or lower): the turning directions of the two vehicles, their speeds, steering behaviors, the distance between the conflict point and the vehicle, and the surrounding environment. The vehicles entering the ICA 10 s before the end of the signal phase have a higher probability of having a serious crash event while making the interaction.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The study contributes to developing active safety control and driver assistance strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":54422,"journal":{"name":"Traffic Injury Prevention","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143124042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trunk impact conditions in real PTW accidents based on multibody numerical reconstructions.","authors":"Selim Cheaibi, Maxime Llari, Thibaut Deville, Wei Wei, Oscar Cherta-Ballester, Valentin Honoré, Catherine Masson, Thierry Serre","doi":"10.1080/15389588.2025.2452326","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2025.2452326","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>In Europe, Powered Two-Wheelers (PTW) riders are involved in 15% of all traffic fatalities and the most serious injuries are sustained on the trunk and the head. The aim of this work is to study motorcyclist impact conditions through the reconstruction of 8 real accidents leading to AIS3+ trunk injuries.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Based on multi-body simulations, key parameters such as impact speed, body impact angles and impacted obstacles are deeply analyzed to determine their influence on injury severity.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Oblique and lateral impacts tend to increase the risk of rib fractures. Trunk impacts against vehicles show predominant normal speed components (25-40 km/h), while impacts with the ground have higher tangential speeds (40-50 km/h). Two main impact configurations for the trunk are proposed to reproduce impact conditions during PTW accidents causing AIS3+ trunk injuries.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study allows a better understanding of trunk injury mechanisms in PTW accidents and can be used to improve protective device design.</p>","PeriodicalId":54422,"journal":{"name":"Traffic Injury Prevention","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143123977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A study on the optimal safety speed and warning sign distance for highways in windy and sandy environments based on driving behavior.","authors":"Fang Wang, WeiJia Duan, Hao Yang, Tao He, ShiXiao Liu, SiPing Huang","doi":"10.1080/15389588.2024.2443548","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2024.2443548","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aims to address the issue of driving safety on highways in the desert region of Northwest China during extreme weather conditions such as sandstorms, with the goal of reducing driver risk. It explores driver behavior under extreme conditions of sandstorms and sand accumulation, proposing safety speed recommendations and warning models for different environments to calculate the optimal warning distance in windy and sandy conditions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Natural driving simulation experiments were conducted in windy and sandy environments, collecting driving behavior data from 45 drivers under varying visibility and road conditions with or without sand accumulation. This data were utilized to determine safe speeds before and after deceleration, as well as before and after lane changes. Warning models were established for both sandstorm and sand accumulation conditions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Driving stages in sandy environments were classified into normal driving, deceleration and low-speed stable driving phases. In sandstorm-sand accumulation environments, the stages included driving, lane changing and low-speed stable driving after lane changes. The recommended post-deceleration speeds for visibility levels of 2000, 500, 300, 150, 100 and 50 m were 120 km/h, 90 km/h, 70 km/h, 60 km/h, 50 km/h and 40 km/h, respectively. The recommended speeds after lane changes in sand-accumulated areas were 90 km/h, 80 km/h, 60 km/h, 60 km/h, 50 km/h and 40 km/h. The optimal warning distance for highways in windy and sandy environments was calculated to be 1100 m.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The recommended safe speeds under different visibility conditions in sandstorms and sand accumulation environments are important references for future regulations. The suggested warning distance for highway signs is 1100 m, which can effectively ensure driving safety and reduce accident risks.</p>","PeriodicalId":54422,"journal":{"name":"Traffic Injury Prevention","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143069763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of trajectory transection rate on four-lane divided rural highway curves.","authors":"Vinay Kumar Sharma, Gourab Sil","doi":"10.1080/15389588.2025.2450710","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2025.2450710","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The study aims to develop continuous trajectory profiles along curves with minimal error. It also focuses on formulating a percentage trajectory transection rate model as a function of geometric parameters (e.g., radius and curve length) for through and passing maneuvers on four-lane divided highways. Additionally, the study sought to identify the critical maneuver between through and passing on horizontal curves of four-lane divided highways.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 15 horizontal curve sites on a four-lane divided rural highway in plain terrain were selected. An instrumented vehicle, equipped with a GPS data logger and cameras, was used for data collection. Naturalistic driving data from 34 drivers' trips across the curves were collected for analysis, ensuring free-flow conditions. This dataset was used to develop continuous trajectory profiles, with GPS positioning errors minimized by calibrating the profiles at the Point of Curvature (PC) and Point of Tangency (PT) using the vanishing point method. Moreover, multiple linear regression technique was used to develop the mean percentage trajectory transection rate models i.e., for through (<i>PTTR_{μC_T}</i>) and passing (<i>PTTR_{μC_P}</i>) maneuvers.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The trajectory profiles were effectively developed using the vanishing point method, which restricts the mean absolute error to 16 cm. The developed models revealed that curve length significantly influences PTTR in through maneuvers, while deflection angle, approach tangent length and curve length are the most critical factors in passing maneuvers. Notably, curve length emerged as a common predictor for both maneuvers. Additionally, a 15% higher trajectory transection rate was observed in passing maneuvers.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Combining geometric features such as curve length, deflection angle, and approach tangent length provides a more comprehensive understanding of drivers' trajectory behavior, especially during passing maneuvers. The developed models can serve as a supplemental tool in geometric design to minimize lateral deviations and trajectory transitions across horizontal curves on four-lane divided highways. Passing maneuvers are riskier than through maneuvers, often involving lane changes and unpredictable paths. This highlights the need for roadway departure safety measures such as raised pavement markings, centerline rumble strips, and passing restrictions at specific curves.</p>","PeriodicalId":54422,"journal":{"name":"Traffic Injury Prevention","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143069765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The development and validation of a Japanese hazard perception task.","authors":"Tsutomu Sasaki, Kyohei Yamada, Hatsune Obuchi, Tomoaki Yamada","doi":"10.1080/15389588.2024.2449255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2024.2449255","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study aimed to validate the hazard perception task developed for Japanese drivers with brain damage.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 36 professional driving instructors, 67 older adult drivers, 39 young drivers, and 72 patients with brain damage participated in the study. A video-based hazard perception task measured the hazard perception skills of each group. Participants were instructed to touch the screen as soon as they identified a hazard. Outcome measures included the number of hazards identified and response latency. Comparisons were made between groups for each hazard type: environmental prediction hazard (EPH) and behavioral prediction hazard (BPH).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Patients with brain damage demonstrated fewer hazard detections and longer response latencies than driving instructors and older adult drivers, regardless of the hazard type. The hazard perception skills of patients with brain damage were comparable to those of young drivers across both hazard types. Driving instructors exhibited the highest number of hazard detections and the fastest response latencies among all groups, with differences being more pronounced for EPH than for BPH.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Thus, the validity of the hazard perception task developed for Japanese drivers with brain damage was confirmed. Future research should examine the predictive validity of the developed task, particularly its relationship with crash rates in individuals with brain damage.</p>","PeriodicalId":54422,"journal":{"name":"Traffic Injury Prevention","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143069766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RAVE checklist: Recommendations for overcoming challenges in retrospective safety studies of automated driving systems.","authors":"John M Scanlon, Eric R Teoh, David G Kidd, Kristofer D Kusano, Jonas Bärgman, Geoffrey Chi-Johnston, Luigi Di Lillo, Francesca M Favarò, Carol A Flannagan, Henrik Liers, Bonnie Lin, Magdalena Lindman, Shane McLaughlin, Miguel A Perez, Trent Victor","doi":"10.1080/15389588.2024.2435620","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2024.2435620","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The public, regulators, and domain experts alike seek to understand the effect of deployed SAE level 4 automated driving system (ADS) technologies on safety. The recent expansion of ADS technology deployments is paving the way for early stage safety impact evaluations, whereby the observational data from both an ADS and a representative benchmark fleet are compared to quantify safety performance.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In January 2024; a working group of experts across academia, insurance, and industry came together in Washington, DC to discuss the current and future challenges in performing such evaluations. A subset of this working group then met, virtually, on multiple occasions to produce this paper.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This paper presents the RAVE (Retrospective Automated Vehicle Evaluation) checklist, a set of fifteen recommendations for performing and evaluating retrospective ADS performance comparisons. The recommendations are centered around the concepts of (1) quality and validity, (2) transparency, and (3) interpretation.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Over time, it is anticipated there will be a large and varied body of work evaluating the observed performance of these ADS fleets. Establishing and promoting good scientific practices benefits the work of stakeholders, many of whom may not be subject matter experts. This working group's intentions are to: i) strengthen individual research studies and ii) make the at-large community more informed on how to evaluate this collective body of work.</p>","PeriodicalId":54422,"journal":{"name":"Traffic Injury Prevention","volume":" ","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143016607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Classifying crash causation patterns in 2-vehicle collisions between autonomous and conventional vehicles.","authors":"Jie Wang, Yibo Chen, Shun Li, Zhibo Gao, Jian Xiang","doi":"10.1080/15389588.2024.2439962","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2024.2439962","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aims to investigate the causes of 2-vehicle collisions involving an autonomous vehicle (AV) and a conventional vehicle (CV). Prior research has primarily focused on the causes of crashes from the perspective of AVs, often neglecting the interactions with CVs.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>To address this limitation, the study proposes a classification framework for crash causation patterns in 2-vehicle collisions involving an AV and a CV, considering their interactions. The framework categorizes the crash causation patterns into 5 distinct types: (1) failure of the AV system, (2) failure of takeover control, (3) driver error after takeover, (4) CV failure to adapt to unforeseen changes in AV behaviors, and (5) other factors related to the CV. Utilizing the AV crash data set proposed by Zheng et al., this study extracted 450 two-vehicle collisions involving AVs and CVs for our analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our analysis reveals that the majority of 2-vehicle collisions are triggered by CVs, specifically identified in patterns 4 and 5. Pattern 4 is the primary crash causation factor, accounting for 55% of total collisions. The leading contributing factor to pattern 4 is the improper response of CVs to AVs stopping. There are notable variations in crash injury severity, collision type, and environmental conditions across different causation patterns. Crashes stemming from human drivers' errors (patterns 3, 4, and 5) are more likely to result in moderate to severe injuries. Specifically, pattern 4 notably exhibits the highest likelihood of causing rear-end collisions, whereas patterns 1 and 5 are more prone to causing side collisions. Additionally, crashes associated with pattern 4 are more frequently observed in locations with traffic controls or obstacles.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Based on our findings, we propose several recommendations for manufacturers to enhance AV safety performance. These include minimizing planning errors in autonomous driving algorithms, improving communication abilities between AVs and other road users for smoother interactions and better anticipation of actions, and providing specialized driver training for navigating mixed environments with both AVs and CVs.</p>","PeriodicalId":54422,"journal":{"name":"Traffic Injury Prevention","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142973355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of drivers' visual search patterns and cognitive load during driving in curved tunnels.","authors":"Lei Han, Zhigang Du, Shoushuo Wang","doi":"10.1080/15389588.2024.2441879","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2024.2441879","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The objective of this study was to assess drivers' visual search patterns and cognitive load during driving in curved tunnels. Specifically, we aimed to investigate how different curved tunnel geometries (tunnel radii, turning directions) and zones (entrance, middle, exit) influence drivers' saccadic eye movements. This understanding can inform the development of safer tunnel designs and driving guidelines.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 30 licensed Chinese drivers participated in the study. Eye movement data were collected using the eye tracker while participants drove through four experimental curved tunnels. Each tunnel differed in radius, turning direction, and zone. Eye movement parameters, including saccade duration, frequency, amplitude, and velocity, were analyzed to evaluate drivers' visual search patterns and cognitive load.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results revealed significant differences in drivers' saccadic eye movements across different tunnel conditions. As the tunnel radius decreased, drivers exhibited shorter saccade durations, increased saccade frequencies, decreased saccade amplitudes, and reduced saccade velocities, indicating increased cognitive load and more frequent visual updates. The turning direction also influenced saccadic behavior, with drivers demonstrating shorter saccade durations and higher frequencies when turning left compared to turning right. Furthermore, significant variations were observed across tunnel zones, with drivers showing the shortest saccade durations and highest frequencies in the entrance zone, while the mean saccade amplitude and velocity were largest in the exit zone.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study provides valuable insights into how drivers adapt their visual search strategies and cognitive processes in response to varying curved tunnel conditions. The findings highlight the importance of considering tunnel geometry, turning direction, and tunnel zones in designing safer tunnel infrastructures and driving guidelines. Specifically, the results suggest that drivers experience increased cognitive load in narrower tunnels and during left turns, necessitating a more dynamic and frequent visual search strategy.</p>","PeriodicalId":54422,"journal":{"name":"Traffic Injury Prevention","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142973354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}