Wilson Journal Of Ornithology最新文献

{"title":"Tree Swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) do not avoid nest cavities containing the odors of house mice (Mus musculus)","authors":"M. Stanback, Maxwell F. Rollfinke","doi":"10.1676/22-00045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1676/22-00045","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Nest predation is a driving force in nest site selection and reproductive success across open-cup and cavity-nesting birds. However, we are just beginning to understand how perceived predation risk might affect nest site selection, particularly in cavity-nesting species. Because passerines have been shown to have a keener sense of smell than has traditionally been attributed to them, we tested whether Tree Swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) avoid nest cavities containing the odors of a potential nest predator, the house mouse (Mus musculus). Although Tree Swallows have historically suffered nest predation from deer mice (Peromyscus sp.), we hypothesized that these birds would equate these rodent odors. In the 2021 breeding season, we presented Tree Swallows with a choice of 2 nest boxes, 1 containing clean (unused) mouse cage bedding and the other containing bedding soiled with house mouse urine and feces. We concealed the bedding in both treatments under cardboard disks to eliminate visual cues and force Tree Swallows to rely on their olfactory abilities. We hypothesized that Tree Swallows would prefer to use odor-free boxes. Because Tree Swallows are constrained in their nest site choice, we did not assume that they would entirely avoid boxes with urine. Our analysis of the first box chosen from 46 box pairs in which Tree Swallows occupied both boxes found that nest boxes containing mouse odors were chosen first at the same frequency as boxes containing clean odor-free mouse bedding. However, we did find that the swallows showed a preference for wooden boxes. RESUMEN (Spanish) La depredación de nidos es una fuerza evolutiva en la selección de sitios de anidación y de éxito reproductivo en aves de anidación en copa abierta y en cavidades. Sin embargo, apenas estamos empezando a comprender como los riesgos percibidos de depredación afectan a la selección del sitio de anidación, particularmente en especies que anidan en cavidades. Como las aves paserinas han mostrado tener un sentido del olfato más agudo de lo que se les atribuía tradicionalmente, analizamos si las golondrinas Tachycineta bicolor evitaban las cavidades que contienen olores de uno de sus depredadores potenciales, el ratón doméstico (Mus musculus). A pesar de que las golondrinas Tachycineta bicolor han sido depredadas históricamente por ratones Peromyscus sp., planteamos la hipótesis que las golondrinas Tachycineta bicolor reaccionarían de manera similar a los olores de este otro roedor. En la temporada reproductiva del 2021, le ofrecimos a las golondrinas Tachycineta bicolor la opción de elegir entre 2 cajas-nido, la primera con lecho de jaula de ratón limpio (sin usar) y otra cuyo lecho de jaula había sido ensuciado por heces y orina de ratón casero. Ocultamos ambos tratamientos de lechos de jaula bajo discos de cartón para eliminar pistas visuales y obligar a las aves a usar sus habilidades olfatorias. Nuestra hipótesis nula fue que las golondrinas iban a preferir las cajas ","PeriodicalId":54404,"journal":{"name":"Wilson Journal Of Ornithology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44156025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diurnal time–activity budget and habitat use of Whooping Cranes (Grus americana) in the reintroduced Louisiana nonmigratory population","authors":"P. Vasseur, S. King, M. Kaller","doi":"10.1676/22-00039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1676/22-00039","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Time–activity budget studies provide valuable insights for better understanding animal behavior relative to spatial and temporal habitat use. We examined a reintroduced, nonmigratory Whooping Crane (Grus americana) population to determine how time–activity budgets change relative to crane age, sex, habitat type, and season. Our study area encompassed natural marshes and working wetlands primarily in southwestern Louisiana. From June 2012 to January 2016, we conducted continuous focal sampling on individuals (n = 27) from the first 4 captive-reared cohorts released in the state. We classified age groups as juveniles, subadults, and adults, and identified 5 main habitat types utilized by cranes in Louisiana: crawfish ponds, rice fields, agricultural levees/farm roads, fallow fields, and natural wetlands. On average, cranes spent approximately 53% of their diurnal time–activity budget foraging. Maintenance/rest (28%), vigilance (12%), locomotion (6%), and other/unknown (2%) behaviors accounted for the remainder of the time observed. Foraging most frequently occurred in fallow fields and crawfish ponds where cranes likely encountered greater invertebrate biomass and density. Cranes tended to spend less time foraging and more time on maintenance as they aged, which could indicate age-dependent differences based on experience on the landscape. Vigilance levels were not significantly affected by age, but males tended to be more vigilant than females. As this young population continues to mature, additional study of breeding pairs and family groups may elucidate other behavioral differences in response to the dynamic habitat conditions in the region. RESUMEN (Spanish) Los estudios de presupuesto de actividades - tiempo dan un punto de visto valioso para entender el comportamiento animal con respecto al uso espacial y temporal del hábitat. Examinamos una población reintroducida no migratoria de grulla Grus americana para determinar cómo cambia el presupuesto actividad- tiempo según la edad y sexo de la grulla, el tipo de hábitat y la estación. Nuestro estudio comprende pantanos naturales y humedales activos principalmente en el sudoeste de Louisiana. De junio del 2012 a enero del 2016, hicimos un muestreo focal continuo de individuos (n=27) de las 4 primeras cohortes criadas en cautiverio liberadas en el estado. Clasificamos los individuos por edad, como juveniles, subadultos y adultos, e identificamos 5 tipos principales de hábitat que usaban las grullas en Louisiana: estanques de langostinos, campos de arroz, diques agrícolas/caminos agrícolas, campos de cultivo en descanso y humedales naturales. En promedio, las grullas gastaron 53% de su presupuesto diario de actividades-tiempo forrajeando. El resto del tiempo observado se repartía entre comportamientos de mantenimiento/descanso (28%), vigilancia (12%), locomoción (6%) y otra/desconocido (2%). El forrajeo más frecuente se observaba en campos de cultivo en descanso y en estanques de langostino","PeriodicalId":54404,"journal":{"name":"Wilson Journal Of Ornithology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46573804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preformative molt extent of Cardellina warblers increases with breeding latitude and migration distance","authors":"Rafael Rueda-Hernández, Santi Guallar, P. Pyle","doi":"10.1676/22-00048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1676/22-00048","url":null,"abstract":"––The New World warbler genus Cardellina consists of 3 long-distance migrants breeding in boreal and montane forests (Canada [ C. canadensis ], Wilson’s [ C. pusilla ], and Red-faced [ C. rubrifrons ] warblers) and 2 sedentary species living in montane forests of northern Central America (Red [ C. rubra ] and Pink-headed [ C. versicolor ] warblers). We quantified wing-feather molt extent and frequency of wing-feather replacement of the preformative molt for all 5 species, then used these data to test whether the preformative molt extent is influenced by breeding latitude and migration distance. Our dataset consisted of molt cards from a published dataset and 2 online photographic libraries. Due to the small number of sampled species, we applied a 3-way approach: (1) comparison of molt extent among species using a post hoc pair-wise t - test; (2) comparison of molt extent between migratory and sedentary species using phylogenetic ANOVA; (3) PGLS regression of molt extent on breeding latitude and on migration distance. Contrary to our prediction, sedentary species had significantly lower molt extents, and a linear, although not significant, increase with breeding latitude and migration distance. We propose that loss of migratory behavior allowed Red and Pink-headed warblers to allocate resources to the synthesis of more energy-costly pigments. Received 26 April 2022. Accepted","PeriodicalId":54404,"journal":{"name":"Wilson Journal Of Ornithology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43254054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ornithological Literature","authors":"Bruce M. Beehler","doi":"10.1676/23-00001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1676/23-00001","url":null,"abstract":"The Wilson Journal of Ornithology recognizes the importance of the current ornithological literature to our science. This is why we publish a book reviews sectionto let colleagues know of the publication of important works in ornithology. We are looking for reviewers willing to write for this section of the WJO. If you are interested in signing up to receive review assignments, or if you are eager to write a review of a particular book that has excited your imagination, please let the Book Review Editor know by email. We cannot have a Reviews section without your participation! Also, WJO is looking for a future Book Review editor, who will train with Bruce Beehler for 12 months and then take over, assuming the role is found suitable and of interest. Please contact Bruce Beehler, Book Review Editor, email: brucembeehler@gmail.com.","PeriodicalId":54404,"journal":{"name":"Wilson Journal Of Ornithology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135648863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mitochondrial DNA phylogeography of the Bushtit (Psaltriparus minimus)","authors":"R. Zink, G. Spellman, Ricardo Canales-Del-Castillo, Kevin L. Epperly, J. Klicka","doi":"10.1676/22-00013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1676/22-00013","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT We sequenced the mitochondrial ND2 gene for 290 Bushtits (Psaltriparus minimus) sampled from northern Washington to Guatemala. Phylogenetic analysis sorted specimens into 2 main lineages residing either west (coastal) or east (inland) of the Sierra Nevada and Cascades. These lineages are separated by 3.5% sequence divergence and correspond with the distributions of 2 long-recognized phenotype groupings (brown-capped and plumbeous, respectively). Three additional monophyletic geographically structured lineages were identified. Birds from southmost Baja California (Sierra de la Laguna) segregate from other coastal samples whereas the inland lineage includes additional lineages occurring in southeastern Mexico (Morelos, Puebla, Guerrero, and Oaxaca) plus Guatemala, and southwestern Mexico (Michoacán). Examination of museum specimens revealed that a black-eared phenotype occurs sporadically in the interior lineage in southern U.S. and northern Mexico, increasing in frequency to the south, corresponding roughly with these southern Mexican mtDNA lineages. Degree of sequence divergence between the 2 main lineages suggests a relatively early divergence, and ample time for 2-way introgression to occur. However, only 1 of our sampling localities (Lake Co., Oregon; n = 4) was mixed for coastal (n = 1) and interior (n = 3) lineages suggesting the possibility of reproductive isolation between the 2 main lineages. RESUMEN (Spanish) Secuenciamos el gen mitocondrial ND2 de 290 mitos colectados desde el norte de Washington hasta Guatemala. Los análisis filogenéticos clasificaron a los especímenes en 2 linajes principales que residían ya sea en al oeste (costero) o al este (interior) de la Sierra Nevada y Cascades. Estos linajes se separan por una divergencia de secuencias de 3.5% y corresponden a distribuciones de 2 agrupamientos fenotípicos reconocidos desde hace mucho tiempo (respectivamente capucha marrón y plomizo). Se reconocieron tres linajes adicionales monofiléticos estructurados geográficamente. Aves de la parte más sureña de Baja California (Sierra de la Laguna) se segregan de otras muestras costeras mientras que linajes del interior incluyen otros linajes que se encuentran en el sudeste mexicano (Morelos, Puebla, Guerrero y Oaxaca), sumado a Guatemala y al sudoeste mexicano (Michoacán). La examinación de especímenes de museo reveló que un fenotipo de oreja negra se encuentra esporádicamente en el linaje interior en el sudeste de Estados Unidos y norte de México, que aumenta su frecuencia hacia el sur y corresponde en general con linajes mtADN del sudeste mexicano. El grado de divergencia de secuencias entre los 2 linajes principales sugiere una divergencia relativamente temprana y un tiempo grande para que ocurriera una introgresión de 2 vías. Sin embargo, solo una de las localidades de muestreo (Lake Co., Oregon, n = 4) presentaba una mezcla de linajes costero (n = 1) e interior (n = 3), sugiriendo la posibilidad de aislamiento reproductivo e","PeriodicalId":54404,"journal":{"name":"Wilson Journal Of Ornithology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48950458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The birds and the bees: Western Kingbirds (Tyrannus verticalis) prefer drone honeybees","authors":"J. Schmidt, S. Klotz","doi":"10.1676/22-00082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1676/22-00082","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT We observed a pair of Western Kingbirds (Tyrannus verticalis) take advantage of opportunities to forage on a honeybee (Apis mellifera) colony. They perched on a site that afforded them good visual access to the flight pattern of worker and male (drone) bees entering and leaving the colony and attentively watched the bee flights. When a male bee was spotted, they quickly flew off their perch, grabbed the bee, returned to the perch, and swallowed the intact bee headfirst. They did not strike the bee or its abdomen against the substrate before swallowing. Analysis of regurgitated pellets collected under the perch site revealed head capsules of 149 drone bees and none of worker bees. This pair of Western Kingbirds was capable of distinguishing between stinging, distasteful worker honeybees and chose palatable, undefended drones in flight. RESUMEN (Spanish) Observamos cómo una pareja de tiranos Tyrannus verticalis aprovechaba las oportunidades de forrajeo en una colonia de abeja melífera (Apis mellifera). Las aves se percharon en un sitio que les brindaba buen acceso visual al patrón de vuelo de las abejas obreras y machos (zánganos) que entraban y salían de la colonia y observaban atentamente los vuelos de las abejas. Cuando alguno avistaba un macho, abandonaba rápidamente su percha volando, sujetaba la abeja, volvía a su percha y tragaba la abeja intacta de cabeza. No golpeaban la abeja ni su abdomen contra el substrato antes de tragársela. Análisis de egagrópilas regurgitadas colectadas debajo del sitio de percha mostraron cápsulas cefálicas de 149 zánganos de abejas y ninguna de abejas obreras. Esta pareja de tiranos Tyrannus verticalis era capaz de distinguir en vuelo las obreras, que picaban y que no tenían sabor, de los zánganos, apetecibles e indefensos, para elegir estos últimos. Palabras clave: Apis mellifera, depredación, desagradable, insectos de aguijón.","PeriodicalId":54404,"journal":{"name":"Wilson Journal Of Ornithology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48080726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spectra of feather samples are impacted by the substrate color against which they are measured","authors":"Joanna K. Hubbard, Zachary W. D. Williard","doi":"10.1676/22-00056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1676/22-00056","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Many studies of animal and plumage coloration use spectrometry to obtain objective measurements of colorful traits. Objective measurements of plumage color are particularly important as the avian visual system is distinct from our own and subjective color assessment by researchers can miss important color variation or signals. As spectrometry has become one of the preferred methods of color measurement, appropriate methodologies and reporting standards have refined and improved the technique as well as increased our ability to make comparisons across studies. Here, we investigate another important methodological decision by examining how the background color against which feather samples are measured impacts the reflectance spectra and color descriptors commonly extracted from those spectra. We used feather samples collected from Eastern Bluebirds (Sialia sialis) and Barn Swallows (Hirundo rustica erythrogaster) to determine how black and white backgrounds influence color measurements. We measured the same feather sample in the same arrangement against a white index card and a piece of black cardstock and found that measurements taken against a white background tended to yield higher reflectance curves, which also resulted in significant differences in some color descriptors. Lightly colored, wispy, and small feathers seem to be particularly susceptible to background color effects. Thus, researchers using spectrometry to measure colorful traits should carefully consider the background against which they are taking measurements as white backgrounds tend to increase reflectance and certain feather colors or morphology (light and wispy) may be particularly susceptible to spectral contamination. RESUMEN (Spanish) Muchos estudios sobre coloración animal y del plumaje utilizan la espectrometría para obtener medidas objetivas de rasgos de color. Las medidas objetivas del color del plumaje son particularmente importantes debido a que el sistema visual de las aves es distinto del nuestro y la evaluación subjetiva del color por parte de los investigadores puede omitir algunas variaciones importantes del color o en señales de color. A medida que la espectrometría se ha convertido en uno de los métodos preferidos para medir el color, las metodologías apropiadas y los estándares para reportarlo se han ido refinando y mejorando su técnica, además de incrementar nuestra capacidad para realizar comparaciones entre estudios. En este trabajo investigamos otra decisión metodológica importante a la hora de examinar cómo el color del fondo contra el que se miden las muestras de afecta el espectro de reflectancia y a los descriptores de color comúnmente extraídos de dichos espectros. Usamos muestras de plumaje recolectadas de azulejos (Sialia sialis) y golondrinas (Hirundo rustica erythrogaster) para determinar cómo un fondo blanco y uno negro influyen en las medidas de color. Medimos la misma muestra de plumas en la misma disposición contra una tarjeta de ca","PeriodicalId":54404,"journal":{"name":"Wilson Journal Of Ornithology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46949198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The standing dead: Importance of snags for cavity-nesting birds in tropical periurban forests","authors":"Rafael Rueda-Hernández, A. Ruiz-Sánchez, I. MacGregor‐Fors, Katherine Renton","doi":"10.1676/22-00055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1676/22-00055","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Forested periurban areas represent a major asset for conservation as these sites could potentially mitigate the effects of landscape modification. Nevertheless, these forests face unsupervised management, affecting availability of resources such as tree cavities used by cavity-nesting vertebrates. We evaluated the ecological importance of snags for cavity-nesting birds in 3 periurban cloud forest remnants with different management regimes, degree of protection, and size in Veracruz, Mexico. We compared snag and cavity availability, traits, and density of primary and secondary cavity-nesting birds in 3 forested sites with different sizes and degree of disturbance. We found no snags and low cavity density in the smaller fragments, as well as lower species richness and density of cavity-nesting birds. Most suitable cavities were excavated by woodpeckers in snags, and were located in the largest forest remnant, where we also recorded the highest abundance of snags, excavators, and the highest richness of secondary cavity-nesters. Our results suggest a synergy of snag availability, primary excavators, and richness of secondary cavity-nesters in cloud forest fragments. Furthermore, simple actions, such as snag removal and/or firewood extraction, which are common activities in small forest fragments, can alter the composition of cavity-nesting assemblages with uncertain further ecological impacts. RESUMEN (Spanish) Las áreas boscosas periurbanas representan un activo importante para la conservación, ya que estos sitios podrían mitigar los efectos de la modificación del paisaje. Sin embargo, estos bosques se enfrentan a un manejo sin supervisión que afecta la disponibilidad de recursos como las cavidades utilizadas por los vertebrados que anidan en ellas. Evaluamos la importancia ecológica de los árboles muertos en pie para las aves que anidan en cavidades en 3 remanentes periurbanos de bosque de niebla con diferentes tipos de manejo, grado de protección y tamaño en Veracruz, México. Comparamos la disponibilidad y las características de las cavidades y árboles muertos en pie, además de la densidad de las aves anidadoras primarias y secundarias de cavidades en 3 sitios con diferentes tamaños y grado de perturbación. No encontramos árboles muertos en pie y hubo menor densidad de cavidades en los fragmentos más pequeños, además de menor riqueza y densidad de aves que anidan en cavidades. Las cavidades más adecuadas fueron excavadas por pájaros carpinteros en árboles muertos, y se encontraban en el sitio más grande, donde también registramos la mayor abundancia de árboles muertos, aves excavadoras y la mayor riqueza de anidadores secundarios de cavidad. Nuestros resultados sugieren una sinergia de disponibilidad de árboles muertos en pie, excavadores primarios y riqueza de anidadores secundarios de cavidad en fragmentos de bosque de niebla. Además, acciones simples, como la eliminación de árboles muertos y/o la extracción de leña, actividades comune","PeriodicalId":54404,"journal":{"name":"Wilson Journal Of Ornithology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44121865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ornithological Literature","authors":"James Lee Peters","doi":"10.1676/23-00004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1676/23-00004","url":null,"abstract":"Apart from the small Old World family Eurylaimidae (the broadbills), of which 8 genera and 14 species are recognized, the seventh volume of Peters’ monumental check-list of the birds of the world, the publication of which has now been taken over by the Museum of Comparative Zoizilogy, is devoted entirely to neotropical families of the superfamily Furnarioidea, including the wood-hewers (Dendrocolaptidae), ovenbirds (Furnariidae), ant-thrushes (Formicariidae): ant-pipits (Conopophagidae) and tapaculos (Rhinocryptidae). No species in this group has been recorded from North America north of Mexico. Since these New World families were monographed by the late eminent ornithologist Dr. C. E. Hellmayr less than 30 years ago, a comparison of the two works is pertinent. Important changes include the elimination of subfamilies, a decrease in the number of species (527 vs. 540), and a great increase in the number of recognized forms (1581 vs. 1163). Several genera have been removed from the Formicariidae, Melanopareia being placed in the Rhinocryptidae, while Psilorhampkz~s, in addition to Ranzphocaenus anti Microbates, are referred to the Sylviidae. Of the genera we note that “Dendroplex ” is merged with Xiphorhynchus, “Dendrophylax” with Leptasthenura, “Drioctistes” with Phacellodomus, “Microxenops” with Xenops, “Apocryplornis” with Grallaricula. Six genera (Oclzetorl~ynclzus, Spartonoica, Hellmayrea, Gyalophylas, Roraimia, and Simoxenojx) are added to the Furnariidae, two (Xenovnis and iMyrmop/cyZax) to the Formicariidae. This reviewer is impressed not only with the standard of accuracy and attention to details characteristic of Peters’ work, but also with his conservative taxonomic treatment in contrast with the works of certain other authors.-James Bond.","PeriodicalId":54404,"journal":{"name":"Wilson Journal Of Ornithology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48312438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Population change and nest tree longevity of a small-island population of Red-breasted Sapsuckers (Sphyrapicus ruber) breeding in old-growth temperate rainforest","authors":"A. J. Gaston, Neil G. Pilgrim, K. Moore, Joanna L. Smith","doi":"10.1676/22-00006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1676/22-00006","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT We recorded the population size and nest tree use of Red-breasted Sapsuckers (Sphyrapicus ruber) breeding in coastal, old-growth, temperate rainforest on East Limestone Island, Haida Gwaii, British Columbia, over 31 years (1990–2020). The populations density on the 48 ha island ranged from 10 to 46 occupied nests/km2, with numbers increasing and then decreasing from 1991 to 2005, followed by a gradual increase between 2006 and 2020. The population size was unaffected by a major windthrow event in 2010 that destroyed about a third of the preferred forest type. Nor did breeding birds avoid the remaining trees left within the blowdown area, suggesting that the retention of isolated dead trees within small forest openings may provide useful breeding sites for sapsuckers. Individual trees were used up to 10 times and continued to be selected for up to 21 years after first use, with use being more prolonged for Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) than for western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla). Maximum span of use probably exceeds 23 years. There was a significant tendency for trees to be used in consecutive years. Modeling the availability of trees used at least once suggested that in all years there were ample suitable trees available, and hence that the population was not constrained by lack of suitable nest sites. RÉSUMÉ (French) Nous avons enregistré la taille de la population et l'utilisation des arbres de nidification des Pics à Poitrine Rousse (Sphyrapicus ruber) qui nichent dans la forêt pluviale tempérée côtière et ancienne de l'île East Limestone, à Haïda Gwaii, en Colombie-Britannique. La densité des populations sur cette île de 48 ha variait de 10 à 46 nids occupés/km2, avec une augmentation puis une diminution des effectifs de 1991 à 2005, suivie d'une augmentation progressive entre 2006 et 2020. La taille de la population n'a pas été affectée à la suite d'un chablis majeur qui, en 2010, a détruit environ un tiers du type de forêt préféré par l'espèce. Les oiseaux nicheurs ont continué à utiliser les arbres restants dans la zone de chablis, ce qui suggère que la rétention d'arbres morts isolés dans de petites ouvertures forestières peut fournir des sites de reproduction utiles pour les pics. Certains de ces arbres ont été utilisés jusqu'à 10 reprises et ont continué à être sélectionnés jusqu'à 21 ans après leur première utilisation, l'utilisation étant plus prolongée pour l'épicéa de Sitka (Picea sitchensis) que pour la pruche de l'ouest (Tsuga heterophylla). La durée maximale d'utilisation dépasse probablement 23 ans. Il y avait une tendance significative chez ces arbres à être utilisés au cours d'années consécutives. La modélisation de la disponibilité des arbres utilisés au moins une fois suggère qu' il y avait chaque année suffisamment d'arbres adéquats disponibles, et donc que la population n'était pas limitée par le manque de sites de nidification appropriés.","PeriodicalId":54404,"journal":{"name":"Wilson Journal Of Ornithology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45809131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}