Zeitschrift fur Medizinische Physik最新文献

{"title":"The ESA Active Dosimeter (EAD) system onboard the International Space Station (ISS)","authors":"Ulrich Straube ,&nbsp;Thomas Berger ,&nbsp;Matthias Dieckmann","doi":"10.1016/j.zemedi.2023.03.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.zemedi.2023.03.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Ionizing radiation in general and mixed fields of space radiation in particular pose a risk of serious harm to human health. The risk of such adverse effects increases with the duration of the mission, and for all missions outside the protective properties of the Earth’s magnetic field and atmosphere. Accordingly, radiation protection is of central importance for all human spaceflight, which is recognized by all international space agencies. To date various systems, analyze and determine the exposure to ionizing radiation within the environment and to the crew onboard the International Space Station (ISS). In addition to this operational monitoring, experiments and technology demonstrations are carried out. This to further enhance systems capabilities, to prepare for exploratory missions, to the Deep Space Gateway and/or to enable for human presence at other celestial bodies. Subsequently the European Space Agency (ESA) decided early to support the development of an active personal dosimeter. Under the auspices of the European Space Research and Technology Center (ESTEC) together with the European Astronaut Center's (EAC) Medical Operations and Space Medicine (HRE-OM) team, a European industrial consortium was formed to develop, build, and test this system. To complete the ESA Active Dosimeter (EAD) Technology Demonstration in space, EAD components were delivered to ISS with the ESA’s space missions ‘iriss’ and ‘proxima’ in 2015 and 2016. This marked Phase 1 (2015) and 2 (2016–2017) of the EAD Technology Demonstration to which focus is given in this publication. All EAD systems and their functionalities, the different radiation detector, their properties, and calibrations procedures are described. Emphasis is first on the “iriss” mission of September 2015, that provided a complete set of data for an entire space mission from launch to landing, for the first time. Data obtained during Phase 2 in 2016–2017 are discussed thereafter. Measurements with the active radiation detectors of the EAD system provided data of the absorbed dose, dose equivalent, quality factor as well as the various dose contributions during the crossings of the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA) and/or resulting from galactic cosmic radiation (GCR). Results of the in-flight cross-calibrations among the internal sensors of the EAD systems are discussed and alternative usage of the EAD Mobile Units as area monitors at various different locations inside the ISS is described.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54397,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift fur Medizinische Physik","volume":"34 1","pages":"Pages 111-139"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0939388923000387/pdfft?md5=ef09aeea57095d3cbb83b301a7bcb7a2&pid=1-s2.0-S0939388923000387-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9516756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monte Carlo model for ion mobility and diffusion for characteristic electric fields in nanodosimetry","authors":"Irina Kempf ,&nbsp;Uwe Schneider","doi":"10.1016/j.zemedi.2022.12.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.zemedi.2022.12.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The quantification of the effects of space radiation for manned spaceflight can be approximated by nanodosimetric measurements. For the development of nanodosimetric detectors, a Monte Carlo model for ion mobility and diffusion for characteristic electric fields is presented.</p><p>This model can be used to describe the interactions of ions in their parent gas based solely on commonly known input parameters, such as the ionization potential, kinetic diameter, molar mass, and polarizability of the gas. A model for approximating the resonant charge exchange cross section has been proposed, requiring only the ionization energy and mass of the parent gas as input parameters. The method proposed in this work was tested against experimental drift velocity data for a wide range of gases (helium, neon, nitrogen, argon, krypton, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, oxygen, propane). The transverse diffusion coefficients were compared to experimental values for helium, nitrogen, neon, argon, and propane gas.</p><p>With the Monte Carlo code and resonant charge exchange cross section approximation model presented in this work, it is now possible to calculate an estimate of the drift velocities, transverse diffusion, and thus the ion mobility of ions in their parent gas. This is essential for further nanodosimetric detector development, as those parameters are often not well known for the gas mixtures used in nanodosimetry.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54397,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift fur Medizinische Physik","volume":"34 1","pages":"Pages 140-152"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0939388922001398/pdfft?md5=da9a5e516b9b172c1f85166490be2157&pid=1-s2.0-S0939388922001398-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10757881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Back to the future: Spaceflight – Radiation and new horizons","authors":"Ulrich Straube,&nbsp;Matthias Maurer","doi":"10.1016/j.zemedi.2024.01.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.zemedi.2024.01.003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54397,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift fur Medizinische Physik","volume":"34 1","pages":"Pages 1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0939388924000035/pdfft?md5=2731ac532c9fb6f6b71c85abfad52665&pid=1-s2.0-S0939388924000035-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139543950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"System of radiological protection: Towards a consistent framework on Earth and in space","authors":"Werner Rühm,&nbsp;Nobuhiko Ban,&nbsp;Jing Chen,&nbsp;Chunsheng Li,&nbsp;Mikhail Dobynde,&nbsp;Marco Durante,&nbsp;Samy El-Jaby,&nbsp;Tatsuto Komiyama,&nbsp;Kotaro Ozasa,&nbsp;Tatsuhiko Sato,&nbsp;Edward J Semones,&nbsp;Mark Shavers,&nbsp;Vyacheslav Shurshakov,&nbsp;Ulrich Straube,&nbsp;Leena Tomi,&nbsp;Alexander Ulanowski,&nbsp;Ludovic Vaillant,&nbsp;Zhenhua Xu,&nbsp;Constantinos Zervides,&nbsp;Guangming Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.zemedi.2024.01.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.zemedi.2024.01.004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54397,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift fur Medizinische Physik","volume":"34 1","pages":"Pages 4-13"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0939388924000047/pdfft?md5=93e6563edd0a99b0f35e11f600e1771c&pid=1-s2.0-S0939388924000047-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139543953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Moon, Mars and Minds: Evaluating Parkinson’s disease mortality among U.S. radiation workers and veterans in the million person study of low-dose effects","authors":"Lawrence T. Dauer ,&nbsp;Linda Walsh ,&nbsp;Michael T. Mumma ,&nbsp;Sarah S. Cohen ,&nbsp;Ashley P. Golden ,&nbsp;Sara C. Howard ,&nbsp;Grace E. Roemer ,&nbsp;John D. Boice Jr","doi":"10.1016/j.zemedi.2023.07.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.zemedi.2023.07.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Radiation is one of the most important stressors related to missions in space beyond Earth’s orbit. Epidemiologic studies of exposed workers have reported elevated rates of Parkinson’s disease. The importance of cognitive dysfunction related to low-dose rate radiation in humans is not defined. A meta-analysis was conducted of six cohorts in the Million Person Study (MPS) of low-dose health effects to learn whether there is consistent evidence that Parkinson’s disease is associated with radiation dose to brain.</p></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><p>The MPS evaluates all causes of death among U.S. radiation workers and veterans, including Parkinson’s disease. Systematic and consistent methods are applied to study all categories of workers including medical radiation workers, industrial radiographers, nuclear power plant workers, atomic veterans, and Manhattan Projects workers at the Los Alamos National Laboratory and at Rocky Flats. Consistent methods for all cohorts are used to estimate organ-specific doses and to obtain vital status and cause of death.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The meta-analysis include 6 cohorts within the MPS, consisting of 517,608 workers and 17,219,001 person-years of observation. The mean dose to brain ranged from 6.9 to 47.6 mGy and the maximum dose from 0.76 to 2.7 Gy. Five of the 6 cohorts revealed positive associations with Parkinson’s disease. The overall summary estimate from the meta-analysis was statistically significant based on 1573 deaths due to Parkinson’s disease. The summary excess relative risk at 100 mGy was 0.17 (95% CI: 0.05; 0.29).</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Parkinson’s disease was positively associated with radiation in the MPS cohorts indicating the need for careful evaluation as to causality in other studies, delineation of possible mechanisms, and assessing possible implications for space travel as well as radiation protection guidance for terrestrial workers.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54397,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift fur Medizinische Physik","volume":"34 1","pages":"Pages 100-110"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0939388923000843/pdfft?md5=55de90c157fa0c23b32bb59c61d5b42c&pid=1-s2.0-S0939388923000843-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9988165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial Board + Consulting Editorial Board","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/S0939-3889(24)00010-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0939-3889(24)00010-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54397,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift fur Medizinische Physik","volume":"34 1","pages":"Page iii"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0939388924000102/pdfft?md5=e0ecf1ae9419dfa32d47b77a07bf2bb6&pid=1-s2.0-S0939388924000102-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139986910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Space agency-specific standards for crew dose and risk assessment of ionising radiation exposures for the International Space Station","authors":"Mark Shavers ,&nbsp;Edward Semones ,&nbsp;Leena Tomi ,&nbsp;Jing Chen ,&nbsp;Ulrich Straube ,&nbsp;Tatsuto Komiyama ,&nbsp;Vyacheslav Shurshakov ,&nbsp;Chunsheng Li ,&nbsp;Werner Rühm","doi":"10.1016/j.zemedi.2023.06.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.zemedi.2023.06.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Partner Agencies of the International Space Station (ISS) maintain separate career exposure limits and shared Flight Rules that control the ionising radiation exposures that crewmembers can experience due to ambient environments throughout their space missions. In low Earth orbit as well as further out in space, energetic ions referred to as galactic cosmic radiation (GCR) easily penetrate spacecraft and spacecraft contents and consequently are always present at low dose rates. Protons and electrons that are trapped in the Earth’s geomagnetic field are encountered intermittently, and a rare energetic solar particle event (SPE) may expose crew to (mostly) energetic protons. Space radiation protection goals are to optimize radiation exposures to maintain deleterious late effects at known and acceptable levels and to prevent any early effects that might compromise crew health and mission success. The conventional radiation protection metric <em>effective dose</em> provides a basic framework for limiting exposures associated with human spaceflight and can be communicated to all stakeholders. Additional metrics and uncertainty analyses are required to understand more completely and to convey nuanced information about potential impacts to an individual astronaut or to a space mission. Missions to remote destinations well beyond low Earth orbit (BLEO) are upcoming and bestow additional challenges that shape design and radiation protection needs. NASA has recently adopted a more permissive career exposure limit based upon effective dose and new restrictions on mission exposures imposed by nuclear technologies. This manuscript reviews the exposure limits that apply to the ISS crewmembers. This work was performed in collaboration with the advisory and guidance efforts of International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) Task Group 115 and will be summarized in an upcoming ICRP Report.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54397,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift fur Medizinische Physik","volume":"34 1","pages":"Pages 14-30"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S093938892300082X/pdfft?md5=dec577eed0f7d7f58dec908ed022eeef&pid=1-s2.0-S093938892300082X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9885508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"European astronaut radiation related cancer risk assessment using dosimetric calculations of organ dose equivalents","authors":"Linda Walsh ,&nbsp;Luana Hafner ,&nbsp;Thomas Berger ,&nbsp;Daniel Matthiä ,&nbsp;Uwe Schneider ,&nbsp;Ulrich Straube","doi":"10.1016/j.zemedi.2023.10.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.zemedi.2023.10.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>An illustrative sample mission of a Mars swing-by mission lasting one calendar year was chosen to highlight the application of European risk assessment software to cancer (all solid cancer plus leukaemia) risks from radiation exposures in space quantified with organ dose equivalent rates from model calculations based on the quantity Radiation Attributed Decrease of Survival (RADS). The relevant dose equivalent to the colon for radiation exposures from this Mars swing-by mission were found to vary between 198 and 482 mSv. These doses depend on sex and the two other factors investigated here of: solar activity phase (maximum or minimum); and the choice of space radiation quality factor used in the calculations of dose equivalent. Such doses received at typical astronaut ages around 40 years old will result in: the probability of surviving until retirement age (65 years) being reduced by a range from 0.38% (95%CI: 0.29; 0.49) to 1.29% (95%CI: 1.06; 1.56); and the probability of surviving cancer free until retirement age being reduced by a range from 0.78% (95%CI: 0.59; 0.99) to 2.63% (95%CI: 2.16; 3.18). As expected from the features of the models applied to quantify the general dosimetric and radiation epidemiology parameters, the cancer incidence risks in terms of surviving cancer free, are higher than the cancer mortality risks in terms of surviving, the risks for females are higher than for males, and the risks at solar minimum are higher than at solar maximum.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54397,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift fur Medizinische Physik","volume":"34 1","pages":"Pages 92-99"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0939388923001198/pdfft?md5=f5d1b79a1e969f259ce4038b52a8588d&pid=1-s2.0-S0939388923001198-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71490857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of dose and risk estimates between ISS Partner Agencies for a 30-day lunar mission","authors":"Mark R. Shavers ,&nbsp;Edward J. Semones ,&nbsp;Vyacheslav Shurshakov ,&nbsp;Mikhail Dobynde ,&nbsp;Tatsuhiko Sato ,&nbsp;Tatsuto Komiyama ,&nbsp;Leena Tomi ,&nbsp;Jing Chen ,&nbsp;Samy El-Jaby ,&nbsp;Ulrich Straube ,&nbsp;Chunsheng Li ,&nbsp;Werner Rühm","doi":"10.1016/j.zemedi.2023.10.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.zemedi.2023.10.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The International Partner Agencies of the International Space Station (ISS) present a comparison of the ionizing radiation absorbed dose and risk quantities used to characterize example missions in lunar space. This effort builds on previous collaborative work that characterizes radiation environments in space to support radiation protection for human spaceflight on ISS in low-Earth orbit (LEO) and exploration missions beyond (BLEO). A “shielded” ubiquitous galactic cosmic radiation (GCR) environment combined with––and separate from––the transient challenge of a solar particle event (SPE) was modelled for a simulated 30-day mission period. Simple geometries of relatively thin and uniform shields were chosen to represent the space vehicle and other available shielding, and male or female phantoms were used to represent the body’s self-shielding. Absorbed dose in organs and tissues and the effective dose were calculated for males and females. Risk parameters for cancer and other outcomes are presented for selected organs. The results of this intracomparison between ISS Partner Agencies itself provide insights to the level of agreement with which space agencies can perform organ dosimetry and calculate effective dose. This work was performed in collaboration with the advisory and guidance efforts of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) Task Group 115 and will be presented in an ICRP Report</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54397,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift fur Medizinische Physik","volume":"34 1","pages":"Pages 31-43"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0939388923001216/pdfft?md5=31f7430d986940c92142e5bd471f10e0&pid=1-s2.0-S0939388923001216-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138465298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Time-integrated radiation risk metrics and interpopulation variability of survival","authors":"Alexander Ulanowski ,&nbsp;Nobuhiko Ban ,&nbsp;Kotaro Ozasa ,&nbsp;Werner Rühm ,&nbsp;Edward Semones ,&nbsp;Mark Shavers ,&nbsp;Ludovic Vaillant","doi":"10.1016/j.zemedi.2023.08.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.zemedi.2023.08.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Task Group 115 of the International Commission on Radiological Protection is focusing on mission-related exposures to space radiation and concomitant health risks for space crew members including, among others, risk of cancer development. Uncertainties in cumulative radiation risk estimates come from the stochastic nature of the considered health outcome (i.e., cancer), uncertainties of statistical inference and model parameters, unknown secular trends used for projections of population statistics and unknown variability of survival properties between individuals or population groups. The variability of survival is usually ignored when dealing with large groups, which can be assumed well represented by the statistical data for the contemporary general population, either in a specific country or world averaged. Space crew members differ in many aspects from individuals represented by the general population, including, for example, their lifestyle and health status, nutrition, medical care, training and education. The individuality of response to radiation and lifespan is explored in this modelling study. Task Group 115 is currently evaluating applicability and robustness of various risk metrics for quantification of radiation-attributed risks of cancer for space crew members. This paper demonstrates the impact of interpopulation variability of survival curves on values and uncertainty of the estimates of the time-integrated radiation risk of cancer.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54397,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift fur Medizinische Physik","volume":"34 1","pages":"Pages 64-82"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0939388923000910/pdfft?md5=957caec7a052d20a9597624238b43d94&pid=1-s2.0-S0939388923000910-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10161194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}