Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans最新文献

{"title":"Particle Interceptor Trap Deployments Demonstrate Enhanced Export Driven by Frontal Dynamics in the Chukchi Sea","authors":"James A. Lauer,&nbsp;Gert L. van Dijken,&nbsp;Matthew M. Mills,&nbsp;Robert S. Pickart,&nbsp;Lexi Arlen,&nbsp;Stephanie M. Lim,&nbsp;Ethan Li,&nbsp;Courtney M. Payne,&nbsp;Claudette Proctor,&nbsp;Grace Zhong,&nbsp;Manu Prakash,&nbsp;Christine Michel,&nbsp;Kevin R. Arrigo","doi":"10.1029/2025JC023507","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JC023507","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Under-ice phytoplankton blooms in the Chukchi Sea are among the densest observed globally, and, together with sea ice microalgal and open water phytoplankton blooms, make the region one of the most productive in the Arctic Ocean. To better understand the factors influencing export of organic material captured by these blooms, free-drifting and ice-tethered particle interceptor trap arrays were deployed in the northeastern Chukchi Sea during the Tale of Three Systems cruise in June-July 2023. Export fluxes of chlorophyll <i>a</i> (Chl <i>a</i>), particulate organic carbon (POC), and particulate nitrogen (PN) were measured alongside taxonomic composition of collected material, hydrographic data, and sediment data. A dense under-ice phytoplankton bloom was observed in the northern portion of the study area, and the ice edge was predominantly set by a persistent zonal water mass front throughout the sampling period. Outside the front, Chl <i>a</i> and POC fluxes were closely related to water column biomass, with the highest export fluxes observed beneath consolidated sea ice. In contrast, within the front, subduction driven by baroclinic instability dramatically enhanced export. South of the front, open water areas exhibited low biomass and rates of export, likely due to nutrient depletion by an earlier phytoplankton bloom. These findings demonstrate that the physical subduction of dense phytoplankton blooms can result in extremely high particle export fluxes on the shallow Chukchi Sea shelf.</p>","PeriodicalId":54340,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans","volume":"131 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149205973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sea-Level Change in Hong Kong From Tide Gauges, GNSS, and Satellite Altimetry","authors":"Dongju Peng,&nbsp;Jianli Chen,&nbsp;Lancelot Leclercq,&nbsp;Jiajia Yuan,&nbsp;Anny Cazenave,&nbsp;Ching-Chi Lam","doi":"10.1029/2026JC024325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026JC024325","url":null,"abstract":"<p>As a densely populated, highly urbanized coastal city, Hong Kong is particularly vulnerable to sea-level rise, which amplifies flood risk and threatens coastal infrastructure, economies, and ecosystems. We combine observations from tide gauges, conventional gridded satellite altimetry, coastal-retracked altimetry, and Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) to characterize sea-level variability, estimate satellite-era trends, and evaluate local relative sea-level trends and the contribution of vertical land motion (VLM). Seasonal variability is dominated by annual cycle, with reduced amplitudes and a phase lead at the Tsim Bei Tsui (TBT) tide gauge near the Pearl River Estuary. Interannual variations are coherent across stations; the leading mode is anticorrelated with the Niño-4 index (<span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>r</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $r$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> = −0.52), with maximum anticorrelation when sea level lags Niño-4 by approximately 3 months (<span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>r</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $r$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> = −0.58). Despite this coherence, linear relative sea-level trends derived from tide-gauge records differ substantially (3.47 ± 0.30 mm/yr to −0.14 ± 0.25 mm/yr for 1999 – 2024), indicating strong site dependence from local processes. In contrast, geocentric sea-level rise from gridded altimetry near Hong Kong (within 100 km) is relatively uniform, with an area-mean trend of 3.18 ± 0.17 mm/yr. GNSS at the Quarry Bay (QUB) tide-gauge site reveals pronounced non-linear VLM and a large VLM residual when offshore gridded altimetry is used as the geocentric reference for altimetry–tide-gauge-derived VLM. These findings highlight that robust attribution and projection of sea-level change in Hong Kong require improved nearshore altimetry, sustained co-located geodetic control, and datum stability assessment at tide-gauge sites.</p>","PeriodicalId":54340,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans","volume":"131 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2026JC024325","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149146608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anatomy of Interannual to Decadal Sea Level Changes in the GECCO3 Ocean Synthesis","authors":"D. Stammer,&nbsp;A. Köhl,&nbsp;R. M. Ponte","doi":"10.1029/2026JC024340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026JC024340","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The GECCO3 synthesis is used to infer a dynamically consistent decomposition of sea level changes (variability and trends) on interannual to decadal time scales. Over most parts of the global ocean equatorward of 60° latitude, sea level variability and trends can be explained almost completely by the upper ocean (above 2,000 m) steric component alone. On decadal and longer time scales, we find strong but negative relations between the deep steric component (below 2,000 m) and the manometric changes. Such a relation, albeit weaker, can also be identified on annual to decadal timescales in the MPI-ESM climate model. Sea level variability over all shallow shelf regions (water depth &lt;500 m) and some fraction of the Southern Ocean appear to be dominated by manometric changes. Enhanced but short spatial scale manometric contributions exist also in boundary current regions, such as the North Atlantic or the Antarctic Circumpolar Current region. Our findings suggest that without a full depth steric sea level information available, observed sea level change on decadal and longer time scales might best be explained by just using the steric estimate available from the top 2,000 m depth as provided by Argo. Adding additionally information from the GRACE bottom pressure fields without knowing the deep steric changes will likely degrade the decomposition of sea level in many regions of the world ocean. We encountered large differences between the GECCO3 reanalysis manometric component and what the GRACE project provides, suggesting remaining uncertainties to exist in the GRACE ocean products and/or GECCO3 fields.</p>","PeriodicalId":54340,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans","volume":"131 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2026JC024340","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149206058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterizing the Distribution of Nepheloid Layers and Their Response to Hydrodynamics in the NE Rockall Trough, NE Atlantic Ocean","authors":"Ling Wang,&nbsp;Florian Lüskow,&nbsp;Tilmann Schwenk,&nbsp;Alice Lefebvre,&nbsp;Morten Iversen,&nbsp;Meng Liu,&nbsp;Andrew Wheeler,&nbsp;Nikolas Römer-Stange,&nbsp;Bingbing Wei,&nbsp;Elda Miramontes","doi":"10.1029/2025JC023293","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JC023293","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Suspended and slow-sinking particles, especially those concentrated within nepheloid layers, can act as pivotal mediators of oceanic carbon transport and benthic-pelagic coupling. However, identifying nepheloid layers and distinguishing their composition (i.e., inorganic particles, phytoplankton, zooplankton, and fish) using only acoustic systems remains challenging due to limited multidisciplinary observations. Here, multi-frequency acoustic data, multisensory biogeochemical observations, and optical cameras are integrated to identify suspended and sinking particles, plankton, and fish off NW Ireland, Rockall Trough (NE Atlantic Ocean). Observed nepheloid layers exhibited high values in turbidity, particle abundance, buoyancy frequency, and synthetic seismograms, which are clearly distinct from plankton and fish shoals, as validated by direct camera observations. They mainly developed at 200–800 m depths and extended at least 40 km across the continental slope. Maximum thickness and echo intensity occurred on the upper slope, where internal waves break, and <i>M</i>₂ internal tide generation rates are high. Internal waves can cause particle resuspension, inducing nepheloid layers. Internal waves laterally transported particles and lifted them to the upper water column. During the neap-to-spring tidal transition, intensified tides enhanced bottom currents and turbulent mixing, vertically diffusing and thickening the nepheloid layers. A cyclonic mesoscale eddy transported particles from the slope to the deeper ocean, thereby further expanding nepheloid layers laterally. This study characterizes the spatiotemporal variability of nepheloid layers, explores their hydrodynamic responses in the NE Rockall Trough, and highlights their role as efficient particle transport highways.</p>","PeriodicalId":54340,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans","volume":"131 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025JC023293","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149206054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monsoonal Wind-Driven Ocean Dynamics Drive Seasonal Sea Surface Temperature Variability in the Indonesian Seas","authors":"Sougata Basak,&nbsp;Maxim Nikurashin,&nbsp;Beatriz Peña-Molino,&nbsp;Bernadette M. Sloyan,&nbsp;Helen Phillips","doi":"10.1029/2026JC024434","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026JC024434","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The governing mechanisms of sea surface temperature (SST) variability in the Indonesian seas, which exerts a significant influence on atmospheric convection and Indo-Pacific climate, are investigated using observations and high-resolution regional ocean model simulations. Observations show that SST variability is dominated by the seasonal band, accounting for approximately 68% of the total variance, with 45% and 23% corresponding to the annual and semi-annual components, respectively. Temperature variability extends to the thermocline depth and exhibits a distinct spatial pattern, characterized by the amplification of SST variability along the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF). Analysis of the model temperature variance budget indicates that this variability is largely driven by oceanic processes. Monsoon-driven Ekman upwelling and downwelling act across and displace the shallow thermocline in this region, generating temperature anomalies at the thermocline depth. These anomalies are subsequently transmitted to the surface by the surface-intensified mixing, which exchanges heat between the mixed layer and the ocean interior. At the surface, temperature anomalies are advected by the ITF, leading to the downstream amplification of the SST variability along its pathway, consistent with the observations. These results suggest that local and remote oceanic processes controlling the thermocline depth can modulate seasonal SST variability in the region, thus having potential implications for atmospheric convection and climate in the Indo-Pacific and globally.</p>","PeriodicalId":54340,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans","volume":"131 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2026JC024434","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149047901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantifying the Energy Input Into the Ocean Due To Tropical Cyclones in the North Atlantic From 1994 to 2015","authors":"B. Finlay,&nbsp;E. A. Ritchie,&nbsp;J. S. Tyo,&nbsp;C. Stark","doi":"10.1029/2025JC023914","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JC023914","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this study, composites of 207 tropical cyclones (TCs) between 1994 and 2015 are used to examine their impact on the surface and subsurface ocean temperature structure in the North Atlantic Ocean using the Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) reanalysis data set. Formation of the cold wake and warm subsurface anomalies vary depending on TC intensity, translation speed and ocean stratification. Overall we find a net annual energy addition of 0.03 <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>±</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $mathit{pm }$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> 0.02 PW due to North Atlantic TCs alone to the ocean. Contrary to previous studies, the temperature changes are evident up to, and beyond 150 days after the TC passage, with energy remaining both below the thermocline and in the mixed layer.</p>","PeriodicalId":54340,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans","volume":"131 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025JC023914","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149206112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Future Reduction of North Pacific Subtropical Mode Water: Its Impacts on Physical and Biogeochemical Conditions in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre","authors":"S. Sugimoto","doi":"10.1029/2026JC024776","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026JC024776","url":null,"abstract":"<p>North Pacific Subtropical Mode Water (STMW) is one of the largest ventilated water masses in the world's oceans, with a thickness of a few hundred meters, occupying a broad region over the North Pacific subtropical gyre. Formed in the deep winter mixed layer south of the Kuroshio Extension, STMW transports heat, oxygen, and dissolved carbon into the subsurface ocean and plays an important role in regulating physical and biogeochemical conditions. Compiling historical observations since 1965, we show that STMW thickness has already decreased by approximately 14%. Using high-resolution future ocean projections, we further show that this decline will continue throughout the 21st century as winter mixed layers in the STMW formation region become progressively shallower; STMW thickness decreases by approximately 46% under RCP8.5% and 16% under RCP2.6 by the end of the century, accompanied by substantial reductions in STMW subduction. Despite enhanced oceanic CO₂ uptake, the amount of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) transported into the subsurface ocean decreases because reduced STMW subduction outweighs the increase in DIC concentrations. STMW warms by approximately 2.7°C under RCP8.5 and 1.2°C under RCP2.6, roughly twice the warming elsewhere in the North Pacific, contributing to a substantial decline in subsurface dissolved oxygen through reduced oxygen solubility. The associated subsurface warming reduces subsurface density, suppresses the strengthening of upper-ocean stratification, and thereby mitigates the increase in seasonal sea surface temperature variability. These results suggest that future changes in STMW will substantially alter physical and biogeochemical conditions over the North Pacific subtropical gyre.</p>","PeriodicalId":54340,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans","volume":"131 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2026JC024776","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148994430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial Variability in Phytoplankton Response to Projected Increases in Iron and Temperature in the Ross Sea","authors":"A. Cristi,&nbsp;A. Gutiérrez-Rodríguez,&nbsp;S. Deppeler,&nbsp;M. Druce,&nbsp;N. G. Barr,&nbsp;C. S. Law","doi":"10.1029/2026JC024364","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026JC024364","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Ross Sea supports massive phytoplankton blooms and exhibits the highest marine primary productivity rates due to seasonal relief of iron and light limitations. Although Earth System Models project regional increases in temperature and iron supply, there is uncertainty regarding the response of different phytoplankton communities. To assess this, minicosm experiments of 7–8 days duration were conducted in the Ross Sea during austral summer 2021 on natural phytoplankton communities at three locations across a gradient of trophic conditions from off-shelf low-productivity waters to bloom conditions on the shelf. Four experimental treatments simulated different scenarios based on model projections: (a) control/in situ conditions, (b) elevated temperature (+2°C), (c) +2°C and low-Fe addition (0.25 nmol L⁻¹), and (d) +2°C and high-Fe addition (0.5 nmol L⁻¹), with the response of phytoplankton biomass (Chlorophyll-a, particulate organic carbon, particulate organic nitrogen, and bSi), elemental stoichiometry (POC:PON, POC:Chla, and POC:bSi), and 18S rRNA gene-based taxonomic composition determined. +2°C produced no significant response in any parameter at any location; however, iron + temperature increased Chlorophyll-<i>a</i> three-times more strongly on the continental shelf than off-shelf, driven by increases in nano- and microphytoplankton. Changes in taxonomic community composition were observed in specific phytoplankton strains in iron + temperature treatments, with the diatoms <i>Fragilariopsis</i> sp. <i>and Pseudo-nitzschia</i> sp. the most responsive taxa on the continental shelf, and low-abundance diatoms responding in the off-shelf. Species-level taxonomic analysis revealed regional variability in phytoplankton community response to projected increases in iron and temperature which, together with variable biomass increases, has implications for the future trophic state and biogeochemical cycling in the Ross Sea region.</p>","PeriodicalId":54340,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans","volume":"131 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2026JC024364","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148994320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acoustic Detection of Underwater Air Bubbles Generated by Breaking Waves in an Antarctic Polynya","authors":"Masato Ito,&nbsp;Takeshi Tamura,&nbsp;Daisuke Hirano,&nbsp;Kay I. Ohshima,&nbsp;Yoshiyuki Nakano,&nbsp;Shigeru Aoki","doi":"10.1029/2026JC024820","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026JC024820","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Southern Ocean is a significant sink for anthropogenic CO₂ in the atmosphere. The pelagic regions north of sea ice areas primarily absorb atmospheric CO₂ via biological productivity and air-sea gas exchange. The latter is enhanced by the bubbles generated by breaking waves. In coastal regions, ice-free open water areas, typically known as polynyas, appear during summer. Although such polynyas potentially act as CO₂ sinks, similar to the pelagic regions, in situ observations of underwater bubbles have been hampered by logistical challenges. This study examines the generation of bubbles in a coastal region using underwater acoustic data from the mooring observation conducted in the Cape Darnley polynya in the eastern Southern Ocean. The polynya was maintained over 3 months in summer. During windy periods when the average wind speed was 13.9 ± 3.8 m/s, the acoustic backscatter strength was enhanced by underwater bubbles. The penetration depth of the bubbles was 10 m on average, with a maximum of 36 m. Underwater turbulence associated with strong winds drew the bubbles downward from the surface, and the penetration depth was correlated with the wind speed. Assuming that the backscatter from the underwater bubbles indicates wave breaking and subsequent bubble generation at the surface, the bubble-mediated term accounts for 30–40 percents of the total CO₂ transfer velocity. These results demonstrate the contribution of bubble-mediated gas transfer to the air-sea gas exchange in Antarctic coastal polynyas.</p>","PeriodicalId":54340,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans","volume":"131 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2026JC024820","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149205966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First High-Resolution Observations of Coexisting Dissipative Oscillations and Kelvin–Helmholtz Billows in Internal Solitary Waves","authors":"Hongli Liu,&nbsp;Xiaodong Huang,&nbsp;Xiaojiang Zhang,&nbsp;Siwei Huang,&nbsp;Yunchao Yang,&nbsp;Zhiwei Zhang,&nbsp;Wei Zhao,&nbsp;Jiwei Tian","doi":"10.1029/2026JC024316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026JC024316","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Shoaling internal solitary waves (ISWs) can rapidly transfer substantial energy to turbulence, yet the small-scale processes governing this transition are rarely observed directly. This study presents high-resolution shipboard-mooring measurements on the continental slope of the South China Sea. Numerous oscillations were observed at the trailing edge of the ISWs, with amplitudes up to 15 m, wavelengths up to 150 m, and depth-varying frequencies approaching the local buoyancy frequency. These oscillations are generated by enhanced dissipation during ISW shoaling, consistent with dynamics described by the KdV–Burgers equation. Distinct Kelvin–Helmholtz (KH) billows were resolved at both the trough and trailing edge of the ISWs. KH billows at the trough produce temperature inversions of 1°C, whereas those at the trailing edge are more energetic, with horizontal and vertical scales of up to 140 and 20 m, respectively, temperature inversions of up to 3°C, and turbulent kinetic energy dissipation and mixing rates reaching <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msup>\u0000 <mn>10</mn>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>−</mo>\u0000 <mn>2.5</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </msup>\u0000 <mspace></mspace>\u0000 <mi>W</mi>\u0000 <msup>\u0000 <mtext>kg</mtext>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>−</mo>\u0000 <mn>1</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </msup>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${10}^{-2.5},mathrm{W}{text{kg}}^{-1}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> and <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msup>\u0000 <mn>10</mn>\u0000 <mn>0.5</mn>\u0000 </msup>\u0000 <mspace></mspace>\u0000 <msup>\u0000 <mi>m</mi>\u0000 <mn>2</mn>\u0000 </msup>\u0000 <mspace></mspace>\u0000 <msup>\u0000 <mi>s</mi>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>−</mo>\u0000 <mn>1</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </msup>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${10}^{0.5},{mathrm{m}}^{2},{mathrm{s}}^{-1}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>, respectively. Dissipative oscillations at the ISW trailing edge trigger shear instability through water-layer compression, a new mechanism coexisting with the classical ISW-core shear instability. These results reveal a dual-instability framework within shoaling ISWs, clarify the role of dissipative oscillations in promoting turbulence and mixing, and provide observational constraints for improving parameterizations of wave-driven mixing in the ocean.</p>","PeriodicalId":54340,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans","volume":"131 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148994017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}