Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans最新文献

{"title":"Enhanced Sea Surface Cooling and Suppressed Storm Intensification During Slow-Moving Track-Turning Stage of Tropical Cyclones","authors":"Shoude Guan,&nbsp;Ping Liu,&nbsp;Yihan Zhang,&nbsp;I.-I. Lin,&nbsp;Lei Zhou,&nbsp;Qingxuan Yang,&nbsp;Wei Zhao,&nbsp;Jiwei Tian","doi":"10.1029/2024JC022234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JC022234","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Tropical cyclones (TCs) often undergo track turning when moving over the ocean. However, the influence of track turning on TC-ocean interactions remains little explored. This study systematically investigates sea surface temperature (SST) cooling and TC intensification during TC track-turning stages in global TC-active basins during 1998–2022. Globally, turning TCs induce stronger SST cooling than straight-moving TCs (e.g., −1.53°C vs. −1.08°C for categories 1–2), expand cooling area by 40%–110%, and greatly reduce cooling asymmetry for left-turning (right-turning) TCs in the Northern (Southern) Hemisphere. The translation speed of turning TCs is 1.5 m s⁻¹ slower compared to straight-moving TCs. Numerical experiments demonstrate that the enhanced cooling is attributed to the combined effect of track turning and accompanying slow translation speed. The enhanced cooling effectively suppresses storm intensification of turning TCs. The intensification rate for straight-moving versus turning TCs is 2.98 versus 0.06 m s⁻¹ per 24 hr for categories 1–2. As turning angle increases, cooling magnitude increases and intensification rate decreases. The probability of rapid intensification for turning TCs is about one-third lower than that for straight-moving TCs. Consequently, TCs with smaller turning angles are more likely to develop into intense TCs. Operational forecast models underforecast turning angles of turning TCs and thus overforecast TC intensity with forecast errors increasing with turning angle. This study demonstrates that TC track-turning stages play a crucial role in modulating TC intensification via an oceanic pathway, highlighting that improving track turning forecast will contribute to enhancing TC intensity forecast accuracy.</p>","PeriodicalId":54340,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans","volume":"130 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143248510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seasonal Wind Stress Direction Influences Source and Properties of Inflow to the Salish Sea and Columbia River Estuary","authors":"Elizabeth Brasseale,&nbsp;Parker MacCready","doi":"10.1029/2024JC022024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JC022024","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Estuaries in the northern California current system (NCCS) experience seasonally reversing wind stress, which is expected to impact the origin and properties of inflowing ocean water. Wind stress has been shown to affect the source of estuarine inflow by driving alongshelf currents. However, the effects of vertical transport by wind-driven Ekman dynamics and other shelf and slope currents on inflow are yet to be explored. Variations in inflow to two NCCS estuarine systems, the Salish Sea and the Columbia River estuary, were studied using particle tracking in a hydrodynamic model. Particles were released in a grid extending two degrees of latitude north and south of each estuary every two weeks of 2017 and tracked for sixty days. Inflow was identified as particles that crossed the estuary mouths. Wind stress was compared with initial horizontal and vertical positions and physical properties of shelf inflow particles. Inflow to the Salish Sea came from Vancouver Island and Washington slope water upwelled through canyons during upwelling-favorable wind stress, and from Washington slope water or Columbia River plume water during downwelling-favorable wind stress. Inflow to the Columbia River estuary came from Washington shelf bottom water during upwelling-favorable wind stress and Oregon shelf surface water during downwelling-favorable wind stress. For both estuaries, upwelling-favorable wind stress direction was significantly correlated with a denser and deeper shelf inflow source north of the estuary mouth. These results may help predict the source and properties of inflow to estuaries in other regions with known wind or shelf current patterns.</p>","PeriodicalId":54340,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans","volume":"130 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JC022024","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143248509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Feedbacks Between Fjord Circulation, Mélange Melt, and the Subglacial Discharge Plume at Kangerlussuaq Glacier, East Greenland","authors":"M. Wood,&nbsp;I. Fenty,&nbsp;A. Khazendar,&nbsp;J. K. Willis","doi":"10.1029/2024JC021639","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JC021639","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In recent decades, the Greenland ice sheet has been losing ice and contributing substantially to global sea level rise. Approximately half of this recent loss is due to glacier acceleration, increasing the calving of icebergs into the ocean. This process has been linked with increased ocean heat content on the continental shelf, yet the pathways delivering this heat into Greenland's fjords and its interactions with fjord-scale processes modulating glacier ice loss are still unclear. In this study, we use a series of numerical ocean model configurations to examine feedbacks between ocean circulation, subglacial discharge, submarine glacier melt, and ice mélange in Kangerlussuaq Fjord—a major fjord system where Greenland's third-largest glacier terminates. We find that subglacial discharge is a major control on ocean properties, increasing the up-fjord advection of deep warm water more than 10-fold over fjords without discharge and modulating ocean temperature on the continental shelf near the fjord mouth. Further, discharge-driven upwelling increases ice mélange melt 3-fold, revealing that subglacial discharge is an important control on mélange melt, particularly in the summer when submarine glacier melt and subsequent glacier retreat is highest. These results suggest that subglacial plume activity contributes to the strong correlation between mélange thickness and retreat noted in previous studies and may contribute to extensive future retreat at Kangerlussuaq Glacier.</p>","PeriodicalId":54340,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans","volume":"130 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JC021639","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143248529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ocean Chlorophyll Feedback in a Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Model for the Mediterranean and Black Seas","authors":"John Karagiorgos,&nbsp;Vassilios Vervatis,&nbsp;Sarantis Sofianos","doi":"10.1029/2024JC021985","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JC021985","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Ocean water clarity, influenced by marine chlorophyll concentration, significantly alters the distribution of shortwave radiation in the water column. This work aims to assess the effects of varying chlorophyll on the upper-ocean physical properties and their subsequent impact on the atmosphere, using a coupled ocean-atmosphere regional model for the Mediterranean and Black Seas. We performed 11-year (2011–2021) twin-simulation experiments based on different chlorophyll concentrations to estimate the penetration of solar radiation in the ocean. The first simulation used a monthly climatology field of chlorophyll concentrations derived from satellite observations, while in the second experiment, the chlorophyll concentration was kept constant at 0.05 <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>m</mi>\u0000 <mi>g</mi>\u0000 <mspace></mspace>\u0000 <msup>\u0000 <mi>m</mi>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>−</mo>\u0000 <mn>3</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </msup>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $mathrm{m}mathrm{g} {mathrm{m}}^{-3}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>, representing clear water conditions. Results show that radiative heating driven by chlorophyll amplifies the seasonal cycle of temperature in the upper layers, leading to increased surface warming in summer and surface cooling in winter. Also, higher surface chlorophyll contributes to cooling in subsurface layers throughout the year due to its shading effect. The temperature response to chlorophyll variations is controlled by the mixed layer depth and a balance between (a) direct near-surface radiative heating due to the chlorophyll absorption and (b) indirect cooling resulting from vertical turbulent mixing processes with subsurface waters. The atmosphere moderates the seasonal sea surface temperature (SST) response caused by chlorophyll differential heating primarily through changes in latent heat flux. Ultimately, our simulations suggest that increased surface chlorophyll concentrations enhance the Mediterranean overturning circulation, highlighting the necessity of incorporating realistic optical forcing into regional climate modeling studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":54340,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans","volume":"130 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JC021985","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143111167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tight Temperature-Salinity Relationship in Central Water Revealed by Argo Data","authors":"Victor Zhurbas,&nbsp;Konstantin Lebedev,&nbsp;Natalia Kuzmina","doi":"10.1029/2024JC021555","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JC021555","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Using temperature and salinity profiles from the Argo repository, distributions of water volume on temperature-salinity plane (so-called volumetric T-S diagrams or TSV plots) are compiled for the upper 2,000-m layer of the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans. The study is focused on Central Waters (CWs) that originate at the surface in the Subtropical Convergence and occupy the permanent thermocline within subtropical gyres. The South and North Atlantic, South Indian, and western North Pacific CWs (SACW, NACW, SICW, and WNPCW, respectively) are shaped as steep-sided ridges or narrow strips of elevated volume on the T-S plane (tight T-S relationship). In contrast, the western South Pacific, eastern South Pacific, and eastern North Pacific CWs (WSPCW, ESPCW, and ENPCW, respectively) do not have a tight T-S relationship and appear as still elongated but relatively wide poorly structured low elevations on TSV plots. Central Waters with tight T-S relationship are bordered from the poleward side by strong eastward baroclinic currents. The tight T-S relationship is found only in a denser part of CWs that outcrops within the strong eastward baroclinic currents and at higher latitudes. We hypothesize that enhanced isopycnal stirring and further diapycnal mixing of thermohaline irregularities in the strong meandering eddy-producing eastward currents substantially contribute to tightening the T-S relationship in CWs. By searching for same T-S characteristics in the main thermocline and at the surface, it was confirmed that CWs originate at the surface in the Subtropical Convergence in early spring and late winter.</p>","PeriodicalId":54340,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans","volume":"130 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143111166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Scheme of Sea Surface Upward Longwave Radiation With Sea Spray Layer Effect","authors":"Xueyi Jing,&nbsp;Lanning Wang,&nbsp;Qizhong Wu,&nbsp;Huaqiong Cheng","doi":"10.1029/2024JC021721","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JC021721","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Estimation of sea surface upward longwave radiation (SULR) are generally dependent on sea surface temperature (SST), in accordance with the Stefan-Boltzmann law. The consensus is that the inaccuracy in estimating SST contributes to bias in the estimation. This study proposes the incorporation of the spray layer in estimating upward longwave radiation, as when the sea surface is covered by the spray layer, it becomes the primary source of longwave radiation emitted to the atmosphere. Analysis of ERA5 data suggests that the bias in sea SULR is associated with the temperature of the sea spray layer and the whitecap coverage. Incorporating the spray layer in the estimation of sea SULR results in a decrease of the overestimation in ERA5 by over 15%. The revised scheme, implemented in CESM2.1.3, led to an average percentage bias improvement around 16%. The percentage bias improvement in localized areas of the southeastern Pacific and the southeastern Indian Oceans reaches up to 40%. The regions where bias has been effectively reduced are mainly found within latitudes of 30°, and the negative bias in the Southern Ocean is increased. This study offers a novel insight into the errors in estimating sea SULR.</p>","PeriodicalId":54340,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans","volume":"130 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JC021721","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143121467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Observations of Mode-One Nonlinear Internal Waves (NLIW) of Opposite Polarity in Changing Background Conditions","authors":"A. Moncuquet,&nbsp;N. L. Jones,&nbsp;A. P. Zulberti,&nbsp;L. Bordois,&nbsp;F. Dufois,&nbsp;P. Lazure","doi":"10.1029/2024JC021021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JC021021","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The transformation of internal waves on continental shelves is important to mass transfer, nutrient replenishment, and heat transfer. Yet, the transfer of energy from larger to smaller scale or between nonlinear internal waves (NLIW) themselves remains poorly understood. We present 1 month of through water column observations of temperature and currents on the southeast continental shelf of the Bay of Biscay, a region where internal wave dynamics have never been described. Over the shallower part of the shelf, a relatively strong baroclinic dynamic exists, with the mode-1 internal tide and NLIW generating currents more than three times the barotropic tide. The nature of these features varied greatly over the subtidal timescales, which we correlate to wind-driven currents and the associated modulation of background stratification. In addition to the well-documented processes of internal tide steepening and NLIW polarity reversal, we present novel observations of colocated elevation and depression (termed opposite polarity) NLIW. While this colocation has been previously studied theoretically, it has not been described with in situ observations to date. In agreement with theory, we observed these waves when the wind-driven dynamics resulted in double pycnocline stratification. We found that the collocated waves of depression and elevation propagate independently on the upper and lower pycnocline, respectively. We use direct estimates of wave speed to infer the potential for interaction between waves of opposite polarity and discuss the potential relevance for other regions worldwide where double pycnocline background conditions are observed.</p>","PeriodicalId":54340,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans","volume":"130 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JC021021","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143120995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mooring Observation and Numerical Simulation of the Oblique Wave-Wave Interactions in the Andaman Sea","authors":"Yunchao Yang,&nbsp;Xiaodong Huang,&nbsp;Siwei Huang,&nbsp;Wei Zhao,&nbsp;Jingsong Guo,&nbsp;Chalermrat Sangmanee,&nbsp;Chun Zhou,&nbsp;Jiwei Tian","doi":"10.1029/2024JC021968","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JC021968","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Internal solitary waves (ISWs) typically exhibit a strong tendency to preserve their waveforms and amplitudes upon collision, but this preservation breaks down when two ISWs obliquely interact. Although oblique wave-wave interactions have been frequently observed in the oceans worldwide and studied extensively through theoretical research and satellite imagery, the fundamental underwater dynamics and spatiotemporal evolution of these interactions remain poorly understood. This study presents a detailed investigation of oblique ISW interactions in the southern Andaman Sea, integrating long-term in situ mooring data with high-resolution 3D numerical simulations. The observations show that when two ISW packets interact obliquely, they merge into a new, chaotic waveform with significant disruption to the horizontal velocity field. The resulting merged ISW is asymmetric, narrow, and steep, exhibiting a particular velocity structure with enhanced current shears. It is worth noting that the amplitude (energy) of the merged ISW is approximately 25% (79%) larger than the combined amplitude of the two incident ISWs, highlighting the strong nonlinearity that has been long proposed by previous theoretical studies. Theoretical analyses suggest that the observed interaction is strong and non-phase-conserving, and the resulting merged ISW is a part of an evolving Mach stem. Additionally, model simulations indicate that ISWs originating from three distinct source regions interact in multiple ways, each producing unique variations in crest patterns and wave intensity, which is far more complex than earlier theoretical predictions. This study underscores the critical role of oblique wave-wave interactions in altering the 3D characteristics of ISWs, including both their underwater dynamics and along-crest variability.</p>","PeriodicalId":54340,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans","volume":"130 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143121246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Asymmetric Change in Circulation and Nitrate Transports in the Bay of Bengal","authors":"J. E. Jardine,&nbsp;J. Holt,&nbsp;S. L. Wakelin,&nbsp;A. Katavouta,&nbsp;D. Partridge","doi":"10.1029/2024JC021670","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JC021670","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Bay of Bengal is a dynamic region that experiences intense freshwater runoff, extreme meteorological events, and seasonally reversing surface currents. The region is particularly susceptible to anthropogenic climate change, driven in part by large air-sea fluxes, persistent freshwater stratification, and low overturning rates. Predicting how this system is likely to change in the future is paramount for planning effective adaption and mitigation strategies. Using a relocatable, coupled physics-ecosystem regional coastal ocean model (NEMO-ERSEM), we investigate potential future changes in surface circulation and coastal nitrate pathways around the coast of the Bay of Bengal from 1980 to 2060, using a “business-as-usual” climate change scenario. We find that future surface currents are reduced in the northern Bay of Bengal(summer) and strengthened in the southern Bay of Bengal (fall). Coastal nitrate transports mirror this asymmetric change and decrease by as much as 14% in the northern Bay of Bengal, perpetuating a positive feedback loop whereby the northern Bay of Bengal becomes progressively fresher and more nutrient-rich, strengthening surface stratification and increasing the risk of toxic algal blooms and eutrophication events. Conversely, in the southern Bay of Bengal, coastal nitrate transports increase by 52% that promotes localized diatom blooms despite reduced regional river runoff. This work highlights the need for more rigorous scenario testing in the region and presents new challenges for mitigating the impact of anthropogenic climate change across South Asia.</p>","PeriodicalId":54340,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans","volume":"130 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JC021670","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143120650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Loop Current West of the Luzon Strait Triggered by Kuroshio Cut-Off Events East of Taiwan Island","authors":"Yu-Hao Tseng,&nbsp;Chung-Ru Ho,&nbsp;Quanan Zheng,&nbsp;Zhe-Wen Zheng","doi":"10.1029/2024JC021572","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JC021572","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study aimed to examine the variations in vorticity in the northern South China Sea (NSCS) resulting from the cut-off of the Kuroshio main path east of Taiwan Island. Absolute dynamic topography and satellite altimeter eddy tracking data from 1993 to 2021 were employed to analyze the momentum ratio of the Kuroshio and mesoscale eddies concerning Kuroshio cut-off events through their interaction. The results revealed 12 events where mesoscale cyclonic eddies east of Taiwan Island cut off the Kuroshio main path, resulting in intensified loop currents in the Luzon Strait and increased negative vorticity in the NSCS. Six of these events occurred between 1998 and 2013, coinciding with the negative Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) regime. During this period, negative vorticity triggered by Kuroshio cut-off events rose by 79% in the NSCS, compared to 34% during the positive PDO regime. The Kuroshio interacted with mesoscale cyclonic eddies east of Taiwan for 28 days during the negative PDO regime and 41 days during the positive PDO regime. The Kuroshio velocity strengthened east of Luzon Island but weakened east of Taiwan Island during the negative PDO regime, elucidating the observed disparity. The average duration between the occurrence of mesoscale cyclonic eddy impinging on the Kuroshio east of Taiwan Island and the peak negative vorticity observed in the NSCS was approximately 28 days. This was comparable to data obtained using field measurements.</p>","PeriodicalId":54340,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans","volume":"130 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JC021572","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143120696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}