Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans最新文献

{"title":"Heterogeneous Mixing Processes Observed in the Dotson Ice Shelf Outflow, Antarctica","authors":"Tiago S. Dotto,&nbsp;Peter M. F. Sheehan,&nbsp;Yixi Zheng,&nbsp;Rob A. Hall,&nbsp;Gillian M. Damerell,&nbsp;Karen J. Heywood","doi":"10.1029/2024JC022051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JC022051","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We present the first observations of ocean turbulent mixing rate in front of the Dotson Ice Shelf, where meltwater-enriched water leaves the cavity. The observations showed elevated turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rates (<span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>ε</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $varepsilon $</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>; ∼10⁻⁷ W kg⁻¹) and turbulent diapycnal diffusivities (<span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>κ</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $kappa $</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>; ∼10⁻² m² s⁻¹) near the seabed and in middepth layers, which are three orders of magnitude above background values away from the outflow. Elevated diapycnal fluxes of heat and salt were observed in regions of high mixing, moving vertically on average O ∼ 10 W m⁻² and O ∼ 10⁻⁶ kg m⁻² s⁻¹, respectively, toward shallow depths. At middepth layers, the overturning instabilities are characterized by shear-driven symmetric and centrifugal instabilities. Our observations provide an understanding of mixing in front of fast-melting ice shelves and are key to developing better parameterizations and representations of mixing in climate models.</p>","PeriodicalId":54340,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans","volume":"130 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JC022051","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144074552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interdisciplinary Applications for Identifying and Quantifying Modern Storm Washover Deposits on Pea Island, North Carolina, USA","authors":"Shara L. Gremillion,&nbsp;Davin J. Wallace,&nbsp;Eve R. Eisemann","doi":"10.1029/2024JC021695","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JC021695","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Hurricanes and nor'easters annually threaten or impact the North Carolina (NC) Outer Banks, generating significant destruction to infrastructure, habitat, and life, while costing taxpayers thousands to billions of dollars. The geologic record (i.e., washover deposits) of these storms can be used to better understand past frequency and magnitudes, and aid in resource cost estimations for post-storm recoveries and clean-ups. Therefore, understanding washover rates and their influences on barrier island evolution is of critical importance. To identify and map recent storm washover deposition on Pea Island (PI), NC, for the period of 2003–2019, meteorological records, aerial photographs, lidar digital elevation models, ground penetrating radar (GPR) data, and sediment from trenches and cores were collected and analyzed. Hurricanes Isabel (2003), Irene (2011), and Sandy (2012), and three nor'easters (2006, 2009, and 2018) impacted PI during the study period, yielding washover deposits to the backbarrier. To quantify the storms' washover sedimentology and annual sand deposition rates, radiocarbon ages, washover thicknesses, and volumes were utilized on three distinct PI washover fans. These six storms yielded ∼9 × 10⁴ m³ of total washover in the study areas combined, with Isabel contributing 38.4%, Sandy contributing 35.8%, and the remaining storms contributing 25.8%. The washover deposition rate was at least ∼5.6 × 10³ m³/yr for the study period, an increase of 40% over the previous period of 1996–1999 at two comparative sites. This research highlights PI's vulnerability to repeated future storm impacts and provides stakeholders with quantifiable data with which to allocate future post-storm resources.</p>","PeriodicalId":54340,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans","volume":"130 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143949821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seasonal Salinification of the US Northeast Continental Shelf Cold Pool Driven by Imbalance Between Cross-Shelf Fluxes and Vertical Mixing","authors":"Lukas L. Taenzer,&nbsp;Ke Chen,&nbsp;Albert J. Plueddemann,&nbsp;Glen G. Gawarkiewicz","doi":"10.1029/2024JC021270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JC021270","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The US Northeast continental shelf “cold pool” comprises winter-cooled Shelf Water that is trapped below the warm surface layer during the stratified season. The regional ecosystem relies on the preservation of winter temperatures within the cold pool throughout the year. Here, we present first evidence of a significant increase in the cold pool's salt content on the US Northeast continental shelf throughout the stratified season, suggesting that shelfbreak exchange contributes strongly to the seasonal erosion of the cold pool. Cold pool salinification rates of <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mn>0.18</mn>\u0000 <mspace></mspace>\u0000 <mtext>PSU/month</mtext>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $0.18,text{PSU/month}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> remain steady throughout the stratified season, leading to salinity differences of over <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mn>1</mn>\u0000 <mspace></mspace>\u0000 <mtext>PSU</mtext>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $1,text{PSU}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> between April and October. A cold-pool salinity budget reveals that the observed salinification is caused by an imbalance between cross-shelf salt fluxes, which deposit salt into the cold pool at all times of year, and the strong seasonal cycle of vertical mixing. During the stratified season, vertical mixing is inhibited and no longer counteracts the cross-shelf flux, leading to net salinification of the cold pool over the summer. Along-shelf freshwater advection from upstream is only present in the fall and contributes some additional freshening to shut down the salinification trend. Seasonal variability in the position of the US Northeast shelfbreak front is too small and out of phase to contribute to the salinity increase. The strong relationship between the seasonal cycle of cold pool modification and seasonal stratification points toward the importance of the timing of spring re- and fall de-stratification on near-bottom continental shelf temperature and salinity.</p>","PeriodicalId":54340,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans","volume":"130 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JC021270","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143949825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dissolved Oxygen Isotopes Unravel Mixing and Respiration Impacts on Coastal Oxygen Depletion Dynamics in the Changjiang Estuary","authors":"Jun Zhou,&nbsp;Huanting Hu,&nbsp;Zhuoyi Zhu,&nbsp;Qianqian Wang,&nbsp;Boda Li,&nbsp;Shugui Hou","doi":"10.1029/2024JC021474","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JC021474","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Understanding the complex processes leading to marine oxygen depletion is challenging. The nonlinear relationship between dissolved oxygen (DO) isotopic composition (δ¹⁸O) and its concentration makes δ¹⁸O a unique tracer for studying O₂ cycling in oxygen depletion zones (ODZs). Based on the DO δ¹⁸O compositions from four cruises conducted from summer 2020 to spring 2021 in the Changjiang Estuary, we identified a dynamic northern oxygen depletion zone (NODZ) with seasonally varying DO δ¹⁸O values, and a relatively stable southern oxygen depletion zone (SODZ). To quantify the contributions of low-O₂ water mixing and respiration to oxygen depletion, we conducted Monte-Carlo mixing experiments involving high-salinity and low-oxygen water (HSLO) and mixed layer water (MLW). We found that HSLO mixing contributed to 59%–100% of oxygen deficit (OD) (O₂ concentration deficit between bottom water and MLW) in ODZs during summer, with SODZ exhibiting an HSLO mixing contribution of more than 78%. Respiration contributed to the remaining OD, with water column respiration consuming approximately 2.5 times more oxygen than sediment oxygen consumption. In the NODZ, oxygen depletion was further enhanced by water column stratification, respiration, and seafloor topography. Overall, the influx of HSLO was a key trigger for oxygen depletion in the Changjiang Estuary. The spatial and temporal variations of the two ODZs were closely linked to the intrusion and retreat of HSLO from summer to autumn. Our findings highlight the importance of utilizing DO δ¹⁸O to differentiate and quantify biological and physical processes in coastal ODZs.</p>","PeriodicalId":54340,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans","volume":"130 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143949824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the Importance of Riverine Organic Matter for the Amazon Plume: A Modeling Study","authors":"M. Gévaudan,&nbsp;J. Jouanno,&nbsp;O. Aumont,&nbsp;J. Boutin","doi":"10.1029/2024JC021527","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JC021527","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Amazon River is an important freshwater and nutrient source for the tropical Atlantic Ocean, sustaining large phytoplankton blooms that extend hundreds of kilometers from the river mouth. However, the main drivers of the productivity in the Amazon plume are still poorly understood. To address this question, a regional coupled ocean-biogeochemical configuration of the tropical Atlantic at 1/4° is used, as well as remote sensing observations of sea surface salinity and ocean color, which allow an improved model treatment of the organic matter of riverine origin. Results reveal that the offshore extension of the productive plume is mainly driven by the large fluxes of terrestrial dissolved organic matter (TDOM) supplied by the Amazon River. Two mechanisms by which TDOM influences plume extension have been identified. First, the colored fraction limits the light available for phytoplankton growth, thereby delaying nutrient consumption. Second, TDOM supplied by rivers has low lability and is therefore slowly remineralized, providing nutrients throughout the plume until far offshore. The inclusion of these two effects (shading and specific remineralization of TDOM) in the model allows for a better representation of Amazon plume productivity and offshore extension, something that is generally lacking in regional or global biogeochemical models.</p>","PeriodicalId":54340,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans","volume":"130 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143949822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interannual Variability of the Summer Surface Salinity in the Southern South China Sea Driven by the Summer Monsoon","authors":"Ximing Wu,&nbsp;Fengchao Yao,&nbsp;Dongxiao Wang","doi":"10.1029/2025JC022399","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JC022399","url":null,"abstract":"<p>During summer, the southern South China Sea (SCS) is continuously freshened by the propagation of an anticyclonic gyre driven by monsoon, which transports low-salinity water from the Gulf of Thailand and Karimata Strait. This study examines the propagation, structure, and dynamics of summer SCS surface salinity and its response to the monsoon variability. Analysis using Global Ocean Physics Reanalysis product and salinity budget indicates that advection from the Gulf of Thailand serves as the primary source of low-salinity water, whereas transport from the Karimata Strait plays a secondary role. The summer surface salinity in the SCS experiences significant interannual changes driven by the summer monsoon associated with the El Niño-Southern Oscillation. Strong summer monsoons during the developing phase of El Niño reduce salinity in the interior region of the southern SCS (SSCS) but create high-salinity regions off the Vietnamese coast (∼11–15˚N); the former is caused by the increased influx of low-salinity water into the interior region of the SSCS along an anticyclonic pathway, whereas the latter results from a combined effect of enhanced Ekman suction and reduced horizontal advection. In contrast, weak summer monsoons during the decaying phase of El Niño disrupt the low-salinity anticyclonic pathway, increasing salinity in the interior region of the SSCS and forming a low-salinity tongue along the Vietnamese coast.</p>","PeriodicalId":54340,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans","volume":"130 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143949901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seasonal Climatology of the Leeuwin Current-Capes Current System Off Southwest Australia From Long-Term Moored Observations","authors":"Ming Feng,&nbsp;Toan Bui,&nbsp;Jessica A. Benthuysen","doi":"10.1029/2025JC022662","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JC022662","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this study, we have analyzed 13+ years of moored observations of ocean current, temperature, and salinity on the Rottnest Shelf off southwest Australia, to describe the characteristics of the Leeuwin Current, the Capes Current, and associated seasonal variability. The observations capture the Leeuwin Current component anchored on the continental shelf and slope, which extends to ∼300 m, being stronger in the austral winter (peak in June) and weaker in summer (December/January), with an estimated annual mean, poleward volume transport of ∼1.8 Sv (10⁶ m³s⁻¹). The estimated mean transport is 2.4 Sv when adjusted with a data assimilating model. The variations of the Leeuwin Current are closely associated with thermocline depth variability at the shelf break, with seasonal maximum subsurface temperatures leading the annual peak of the Leeuwin Current by 1–2 months. The 500 m mooring on the continental slope captures the Leeuwin Undercurrent in the 300–400 m depth range. The offshore volume flux in this depth range, likely linked to the offshore bottom Ekman flows on the shelf, is rather weak at this latitude. The Capes Current flows northward, mostly confined in the middle shelf (20–50 m), with a mean equatorward transport of 0.07 Sv from November to March, forced by strong southerly winds. The cross-shelf flows associated with the Capes Current are weak on the middle shelf and appear strong off Rottnest Island on the edge between the outer and the middle shelf, where active upwelling tends to occur in the summer months.</p>","PeriodicalId":54340,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans","volume":"130 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025JC022662","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143944542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impacts of Climate Modes on Interannual Mesoscale Eddy Variability in the Southeastern Tropical Indian Ocean","authors":"Yifei Zhou,&nbsp;Wei Duan,&nbsp;Xuhua Cheng,&nbsp;Chengcheng Yang,&nbsp;JiaJia Chen","doi":"10.1029/2025JC022470","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JC022470","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Mesoscale eddies in the southeastern tropical Indian Ocean (SETIO) are important for regional circulation, heat transport, and ecological process. The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) are known to modulate these eddies, yet their effects to the interannual variability (IV) of eddy dynamics remain inadequately understood. Significant IV in SETIO eddies is primarily driven by baroclinic processes, with barotropic influences being secondary. Composite analyses show enhanced eddy activity during pure La Niña and positive IOD years, and reduced activity during pure El Niño and negative IOD years. In the case of concurrent ENSO-IOD events, these climate modes exert counteracting effects, with the IOD dominating eddy variability during ENSO developing years, and the ENSO exerting greater influence during its decay phase. Dynamically, ENSO impacts SETIO eddy dynamics mainly by changes in the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF), whereas the IOD's influence is related to wind-driven upwelling and partially attributable to ITF changes. Numerical experiments show that the IV of SETIO eddies is primarily wind-driven, with winds over the equatorial Pacific, equatorial Indian, and SETIO all significantly contributing to the variability, though the former have a stronger influence. Additionally, oceanic channel effects from equatorial Pacific and Indian winds are stronger than the influence of pure atmospheric processes. These findings offer new insights into the complex impacts of climate modes on oceanic dynamics, improving the predictability of SETIO eddy on interannual timescales and providing essential support for ecosystem and fisheries management decision-making.</p>","PeriodicalId":54340,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans","volume":"130 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143939562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Eastern Gulf of Maine Salinity Index for Monitoring Winter Scotian Shelf Inflow and Its Relation to Coastal and Interior Pathways","authors":"Semyon A. Grodsky,&nbsp;Doug Vandemark,&nbsp;Julia C. Levin","doi":"10.1029/2024JC021891","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JC021891","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Gulf of Maine (GoM) hosts a variety of fish and sea mammals, beaches, and active commercial fishery. Understanding, monitoring, and predicting the status of and future changes in its food web and water quality are key goals of an ocean observing system that utilizes in situ buoys, gliders, shipboard surveys, satellite remote sensing, and numerical modeling. This study defines and explores the utility of a new Gulf-specific water mass exchange predictor designed to capture changes in winter inflow of fresh and cold waters from the upstream Scotian Shelf using soil moisture active passive satellite sea surface salinity (SSS) in the eastern GoM. A data assimilative ocean circulation model is used to characterize and assess results. GoM food web dynamics and water quality both depend on lower trophic productivity associated with Gulf-wide phytoplankton and zooplankton communities, and these are fundamentally controlled by water temperature and inorganic nutrients that often change due to varied exchange with the adjoining offshore North Atlantic and upstream Nova Scotian Shelf Water (SSW) that flows around southwestern Nova Scotia. Once in the Gulf, most of the SSW inflow to the eastern GoM is advected along southwestern Nova Scotia. This eastern GoM area (termed eGoM) is a useful gauge area where SSS reflects variations in SSW inflow. Results indicate that the SMAP-derived winter eGoM salinity index can help explain interannual variability in GoM conditions during the ensuing spring to summer, the seasons influenced by several advective pathways, as discussed in the study.</p>","PeriodicalId":54340,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans","volume":"130 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JC021891","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143939004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Rain-Adjusted Satellite Sea Surface Salinity on ENSO Predictions From the GMAO S2S Forecast System","authors":"Eric Hackert,&nbsp;S. Akella,&nbsp;V. Ruiz-Xomchuk,&nbsp;K. Nakada,&nbsp;M. Jacob,&nbsp;K. Drushka,&nbsp;Li Ren,&nbsp;A. Molod","doi":"10.1029/2024JC021773","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JC021773","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Previous research has shown that assimilating satellite sea surface salinity (SSS) has improved initialization of coupled El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) forecasts. However, most of these assimilation techniques have either removed the freshwater bias by correcting to monthly mean fields of subsurface observations or ignored it altogether. In this paper, we explore the impact of accounting for the satellite SSS fresh bias by first estimating, then removing the near-surface salinity gradient from the satellite SSS using the Rain Impact Model (RIM [Santos-Garcia et al., 2014, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014jc010137]). This diffusivity model is calculated using collocated satellite rainfall and SSS estimates. Two ocean reanalyses are produced, one assimilating RIM data, which removes the fresh bias at the surface (SSS_RIM), and the other experiment retains this bias (CONTROL). Both reanalyses additionally assimilate all conventional ocean observations. Comparison of SSS_RIM versus CONTROL shows that the thermocline is deeper for the SSS_RIM, allowing this reanalysis to store more heat. Removing the fresh bias destabilizes the water column for the SSS_RIM experiment, allowing enhanced mixing, and more heat storage. ENSO forecasts initiated from April reanalyses from 2015 to 2021 are consistently warmer for SSS_RIM than for the CONTROL. For all but one instance (2017), these SSS_RIM forecasts are closer to observations than the CONTROL. These results argue that operational coupled forecast centers should reevaluate bias-correcting the satellite SSS using monthly gridded fields of in situ salinity, but rather they should utilize observed rainfall to estimate coincident near surface salinity gradients.</p>","PeriodicalId":54340,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans","volume":"130 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143930421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}