Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans最新文献

{"title":"10-Year Changes in Oceanic Mesoscale Eddies in Northeast Asia Using the Coupling of GOCI and Satellite Altimetry Data","authors":"He Cui,&nbsp;Jianyu Chen,&nbsp;Delu Pan,&nbsp;Xiaoyi Jiang,&nbsp;Yu Fu","doi":"10.1029/2025JC022741","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JC022741","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study addresses the limitations of traditional polar-orbiting satellite data in terms of insufficient spatiotemporal sampling by leveraging the unique advantages of the Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI) in terms of high spatiotemporal resolution. Coupled with Archiving Validation and Interpretation of Satellite Oceanography eddy trajectory data, we established an eddy-chlorophyll (CHL) data set (2011–2021) for Northeast Asian (NEA) seas. Through composite analysis and standardized lifetime tracking, this study systematically reveals the spatial distribution characteristics of CHL within mesoscale eddies and their evolution throughout the eddy lifetime. The results show that anticyclonic (cyclonic) Eddies A(C)Es weaken (enhance) the internal CHL concentration distribution. During the normalized lifetime, the correlation between the radius and rotational speed increases with increasing parameter values. The relative oscillation amplitude (ROA) was introduced to overcome regional background differences. The results show that the ROA of the anticyclonic eddies (AEs) (3.36) is significantly greater than that of the cyclonic eddies (CEs) (1.01). Regional decomposition indicates that this signal is driven primarily by AEs in the oligotrophic Northwest Pacific (NWP) subtropical gyre region, whereas the Sea of Japan (JS) mainly modulates the CHL variation in CEs. The anomalous CHL enhancement in NWP AEs may be jointly driven by winter mixing and phytoplankton photoacclimation mechanisms. These findings demonstrate the unique value of geostationary ocean color observations for understanding mesoscale eddy biophysics and their strong regional dependence.</p>","PeriodicalId":54340,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans","volume":"131 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149145730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Generation and Propagation of Internal Solitary Waves in Background Shear Currents: Incorporating the Free-Surface Effect","authors":"Zhuoyue Li,&nbsp;Haibao Hu,&nbsp;Chen Chen,&nbsp;Zhan Wang,&nbsp;Zhongliang Xie,&nbsp;Peng Du","doi":"10.1029/2025JC023658","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JC023658","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Internal solitary waves (ISWs) are ubiquitous in the ocean and play an important role in ocean mixing and energy transport. While the generation and evolution of ISWs have been extensively studied using two-layer models, the combined effects of a free surface, multilayer stratification, and background shear currents remain insufficiently understood. This study develops a three-layer stratified ocean model that explicitly incorporates free-surface effects to investigate the generation and propagation of ISWs induced by an initial density disturbance, both with and without background shear currents. Both depression-type and elevation-type ISWs are examined to represent typical oceanic conditions and to enable a systematic comparison of their dynamics. Background shear currents introduce a pronounced directional asymmetry in ISW dynamics: ISWs propagating in positive vorticity currents are broader and slower, whereas those propagating in negative vorticity currents are narrower and faster. Compared with the two-layer system, the presence of a pycnocline in the three-layer configuration leads to more complex current-wave interactions, particularly for ISWs propagating in negative vorticity currents, resulting in enhanced variability in wave profiles. Notably, although depression-type and elevation-type ISWs exhibit similar internal dynamics, their free surface responses differ substantially; under strong background shear, elevation-type ISWs propagating in negative vorticity currents may even undergo a reversal of surface polarity. These findings highlight the critical role of background vorticity and multilayer stratification in shaping ISW dynamics and surface signatures, providing new insights for the interpretation and modeling of ISWs in realistic oceanic environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":54340,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans","volume":"131 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149145754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On A Novel Estimation Method of Stickiness Parameter of Suspended Particles From Tank Experiments","authors":"Keisuke Nishino,&nbsp;Yutaka Yoshikawa","doi":"10.1029/2025JC023408","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JC023408","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Stickiness is a key factor in characterizing coagulation dynamics (aggregation or flocculation). Previous studies have developed methods for estimating constant stickiness parameters. These methods estimate the stickiness parameter based on the reduction rate of the number of particles observed in a simple stirred tank. However, their applicability is limited to dense particles with monodisperse (or sufficiently narrow) particle size distributions (PSDs). In this study, we developed a novel estimation method that poses fewer assumptions on fractal structures and PSD shapes through theoretical analysis of the coagulation equation and numerical experiments that imitated tank experiments. First, we demonstrated that the reduction rate depends on the fractal dimension and the polydispersity of suspended particles, and both effects can be quantitatively integrated into a single correction factor. Second, we developed a novel estimation method for the stickiness parameter by incorporating the correction factor. This novel method is applicable to polydisperse particles with a single fractal dimension. We tested the consistency and the performance of our method using two polydisperse PSDs. Coagulation experiments were numerically conducted here to evaluate the performance of the proposed estimation method using a validated particle model. Our results show that the correction factor reduces the estimation error of the stickiness parameter from hundreds of percent (obtained by previous methods) to a few percent. Using the averaged correction factor evaluated from multiple PSD measurements during tank experiments, the estimation accuracy improved further to less than 1%.</p>","PeriodicalId":54340,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans","volume":"131 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025JC023408","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149068418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reassessing the Role of the Antarctic Slope Current in Poleward Ocean Heat Transport","authors":"Wilton Aguiar,&nbsp;Taimoor Sohail,&nbsp;Adele K. Morrison,&nbsp;Ellie Q. Y. Ong,&nbsp;Fabio Boeira Dias,&nbsp;Wilma G. C. Huneke,&nbsp;Paul Spence,&nbsp;Matthew H. England","doi":"10.1029/2025JC023934","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JC023934","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Antarctic Slope Current (ASC) is often considered a barrier to the poleward transport of Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW), yet its vast extent has hindered circumpolar analysis of this relationship. Here, we use a high-resolution global ocean-sea ice model that resolves the slope current to assess the link between variability in the ASC and poleward CDW heat transport, circumpolarly and across varying timescales. We find that the ASC velocity and CDW heat transport have weak correlations, with an average <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msup>\u0000 <mi>r</mi>\u0000 <mn>2</mn>\u0000 </msup>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${r}^{2}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>=</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${=}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> 0.3, over the continental slope. In fact, less than 25% of the continental slope has a correlation of <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msup>\u0000 <mi>r</mi>\u0000 <mn>2</mn>\u0000 </msup>\u0000 <mo>&gt;</mo>\u0000 <mn>0.5</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${r}^{2} &gt; 0.5$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> over either seasonal or interannual timescales. Isolated regions of strong covariability occur where the isopycnal depth at the shelf break varies substantially in time. Overall, our results suggest that circumpolarly, the ASC is weakly associated with poleward CDW heat transport, cautioning against the general assumption of a consistent dynamical link between the two around Antarctica.</p>","PeriodicalId":54340,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans","volume":"131 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025JC023934","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149068419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mode-2 Nonlinear Internal Wave Generation and Propagation on an Energetic Continental Shelf","authors":"Yankun Gong,&nbsp;Matthew D. Rayson,&nbsp;Nicole L. Jones,&nbsp;Gregory N. Ivey","doi":"10.1029/2026JC024701","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026JC024701","url":null,"abstract":"<p>While mode-2 nonlinear internal waves (NLIWs) can play an important role in mixing and transporting material, their generation and evolution remain less well-understood than their mode-1 counterparts. Field observations from a mooring in 330 m water on the Australian North West Shelf revealed the frequent occurrence of mode-2 NLIWs, with leading wave amplitudes of 23 <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>±</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $pm $</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> 8 m, followed by a train of trailing waves, and a propagation direction of 54° <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>±</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $pm $</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> 12° SE (i.e., inshore). While these mode-2 NLIWs typically occurred every 12–12.4 hr, they were not directly linked to the local tidal forcing. Furthermore, the amplitude of the leading waves increased when the background stratification shifted from a 2-layer to a 3-layer regime (a structure influenced by the passage of TC <i>Veronica</i>). We used a non-hydrostatic (NH) ocean model to understand the mode-2 generation and propagation process and its link to the background density stratification and forcing. We first ran a series of 2-dimensional (2D) NH model runs, driven by both remote internal tides (RIT) with a low-frequency phase modulation and local barotropic forcing. The 2D modeling demonstrated that non-phase-locked mode-1 remotely-generated internal tides (RITs) scattered energy to high mode beams at the shelf break. The shoreward-propagating internal wave beams then interacted resonantly with the double-pycnocline (3-layer) stratification to ultimately generate mode-2 NLIWs in shallower water at depths of around 500 m. Using knowledge from these 2D simulations, we then ran a 3D NH model with phase-modulated RITs and local barotropic forcing, and the model results were in good agreement with the observations. The crest length of the mode-2 NLIWs was ∼5 km and the crest width was less than 1 km in the shelf waters, as determined by the correlation length scales calculated from the numerical model results.</p>","PeriodicalId":54340,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans","volume":"131 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149068417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relative Roles of Surface Fluxes and Strait of Hormuz Exchanges to the Arabian Gulf Salinity Evolution","authors":"Panagiotis Vasou,&nbsp;George Krokos,&nbsp;Sarantis Sofianos,&nbsp;William E. Johns,&nbsp;Sabique Langodan,&nbsp;Ibrahim Hoteit","doi":"10.1029/2025JC022801","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JC022801","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study investigates the interannual salinity variability in the Arabian Gulf and its relationship with surface freshwater fluxes and lateral water exchanges through the Strait of Hormuz (SoH). Using a 29-year high-resolution MIT general circulation model simulation (1993–2021), we quantify basin-mean salinity changes and their driving mechanisms through a salt and water mass budget framework. The modeled basin-mean salinity is approximately 0.2 psu lower on average during 1993–1999 than during 2001–2021, indicating an earlier-to-later mean-state contrast within the simulation, superimposed on pronounced interannual variability. Linear regression over 1993–2021 gives a fitted increase of 0.09 ± 0.03 psu per decade, but this slope primarily summarizes the contrast between the earlier and later modeled states rather than indicating persistent linear salinification, and its exact value remains sensitive to conditions during the early simulation years. The cumulative modeled salinity increase reflects the combined effect of persistent net surface freshwater loss (evaporation minus precipitation minus river runoff; <i>E</i> − <i>P</i> − <i>R</i>) and compensating water mass exchanges through the SoH. Precipitation variability drives much of the year-to-year variations in <i>E</i> − <i>P</i> − <i>R</i> and associated salinity anomalies, while the higher post-2000 mean state of <i>E</i> − <i>P</i> − <i>R</i> reflects contributions from both increased evaporation and reduced precipitation. Annual salinity fluctuations are primarily governed by variability in SoH salt fluxes, while long-term changes in these fluxes are driven mainly by changes in transport strength (exchanged volume) rather than by changes in the salinity of exchanged waters.</p>","PeriodicalId":54340,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans","volume":"131 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149068334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contrasting Regulation of Upper-Ocean Temperature and Salinity Responses to Tropical Cyclones by the Barrier Layer","authors":"Yuan Cao,&nbsp;Xidong Wang,&nbsp;Yixuan Li,&nbsp;Chenjie Li,&nbsp;Jian Chen","doi":"10.1029/2026JC024569","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026JC024569","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study investigates the role of the pre-storm barrier layer (BL) in modulating the upper-ocean response to tropical cyclones (TCs) from a global perspective. By synthesizing multi-sensor satellite observations and in situ Argo profiles from 2003 to 2022, we show that the barrier layer thickness (BLT) exerts contrasting effects on the upper-ocean temperature and salinity anomalies. For temperature, a thick BL acts as an effective thermal insulator that significantly weakens surface cooling and accelerates thermal recovery by restricting the deepening of the mixed layer and limiting entrainment of colder thermocline water. In contrast, surface salinification is amplified in regions with thick BLs. This enhancement arises from the strong vertical salinity gradient associated with thick BLs, where a fresh surface lens overlies a sharp and shallow halocline, allowing saltier subsurface water to be efficiently entrained into the mixed layer during TC passage. Subsurface composites from Argo floats further corroborate this mechanism, showing that thick BLs weaken the vertical thermal response while generating a pronounced salinity response, characterized by enhanced surface salinification and subsurface freshening. These findings underscore the BL as a critical regulator of vertical exchange during TC forcing, leading to a relatively warm and salty wake in freshwater-influenced basins. Consequently, accurately representing this dual modulation is essential for coupled models to capture realistic upper-ocean responses and associated air–sea fluxes.</p>","PeriodicalId":54340,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans","volume":"131 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149068333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Baffin Bay Freshwater Content Seasonal Variability and Budget: A Modeling Approach","authors":"L. H. Oliveira da Silva,&nbsp;J. M. Marson,&nbsp;P. G. Myers","doi":"10.1029/2026JC024307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026JC024307","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Baffin Bay plays a significant role as an exporter of freshwater from the Arctic to the North Atlantic. However, we still do not completely understand how this freshwater is stored and transformed within the bay before it exits. Here, we use a six-member ensemble built using the Nucleus for European Modelling of the Ocean (NEMO)—at 1/4° horizontal spatial resolution—to investigate the annual variability of the freshwater content (FWC) in Baffin Bay. We have quantified Baffin Bay's seasonal FWC budget (with salinity reference of 33.1) and found that the net freshwater flux is positive (into the bay) from May to September and negative (out of the bay) during the other months of the year, mainly led by the flux from sea ice production and melting. The net freshwater flux from all sources and sinks considered in this study is positive, indicating accumulation of 592.7 (±39.8) km³ along a climatological year. We have also applied a Common Empirical Orthogonal Function (CEOF) analysis to Baffin Bay's FWC, which revealed that the first mode of variability (81.4%) is likely related to sea ice melting in central Baffin Bay and to land runoff along the coastal areas. The second mode represents around 11.9% of the FWC total variance, is driven by ocean surface stress and is connected to a seasonal cross-shelf recirculation system along Baffin Island shelf break.</p>","PeriodicalId":54340,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans","volume":"131 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2026JC024307","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149068332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impacts of Precipitation on Upper-Ocean Responses: A COAWST Modeling Study","authors":"Fu Liu,&nbsp;Han Zhang,&nbsp;Renhao Wu","doi":"10.1029/2025JC023257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JC023257","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study investigates how precipitation-induced freshwater flux affects the upper-ocean structure during Typhoon Mangkhut (2018) using an atmosphere-ocean coupled model (COAWST). It was found that accounting for precipitation forcing can modulate the simulated intensity of tropical cyclones (TCs). At a buoy near the TC center, freshwater input from precipitation induces a warmer (+0.3°C), fresher (−0.2 psu) and shallower mixed layer. Spatially, analysis found a heterogeneous sea surface temperature (SST) responses but homogeneous freshening sea surface salinity responses. Quantitatively, precipitation enhances inner-core (within 125 km) SST cooling by 0.006°C (1.75%) while suppressing outer-region (within 250 km) cooling by 0.014°C (6.3%). This signal reversal marks a regime shift from shear-dominated mixing inside the radius of maximum winds to stratification-dominated suppression farther outward. Although precipitation-driven stratification and current shear are strongly positive correlated (<i>r</i> = 0.81 ∼ 0.91) in both the inner-core and outer regions, neither variables correlates strongly with SST anomalies (<i>r</i> &lt; 0.3). This indicates that freshwater flux alters ocean thermal structure via competing mechanisms between stabilizing the mixed layer while enhancing turbulence mixing. These results underscore the necessity of incorporating precipitation effects in coupled TC models, particularly for improved representation of subsurface processes and their potential impact on TC intensity.</p>","PeriodicalId":54340,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans","volume":"131 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149068189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Model Resolution on Antarctic Bottom Water Representation in Coupled Climate Models","authors":"Qi Shu,&nbsp;Qiang Wang,&nbsp;Zhaomin Wang,&nbsp;Yongqiang Yu,&nbsp;Jiping Liu,&nbsp;Caili Liu,&nbsp;Bo An,&nbsp;Zhenya Song,&nbsp;Fangli Qiao","doi":"10.1029/2025JC023640","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JC023640","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) formation plays a crucial role in the climate system by driving the lower branch of the global overturning circulation, redistributing heat and salt, storing anthropogenic carbon dioxide, and delivering oxygen to the deep ocean. However, the representation of AABW formation in most climate models remains inadequate, since coarse spatial resolution fails to capture the intense ocean-ice-atmospheric interactions in a few small areas around the Antarctic continental shelf. This study evaluates the impact of model resolution on AABW simulations, using three climate models from the High Resolution Model Intercomparison Project (HighResMIP). By comparing the climatological mean state and projected changes of AABW in both low- and high-resolution simulations, we find that climate models with approximately 4 km resolution better capture AABW formation and export processes along the Antarctic continental shelf than their lower-resolution counterparts. High-resolution climate models also project more pronounced future AABW changes than low-resolution models. However, spurious AABW formation through open-ocean deep convection becomes more prevalent in two of the three high-resolution models, and thus the overall property biases in these models remain comparable to those in the low-resolution models. Our results advance the understanding of how climate model resolution affects climate simulations and offer insights into the progress and challenges in representing AABW in climate models.</p>","PeriodicalId":54340,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans","volume":"131 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025JC023640","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149068133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}