Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans最新文献

{"title":"Characterization of Tidal Inlet Exchange Flows Using Satellite Imagery","authors":"Soo Bum Bae,&nbsp;Kuang-An Chang,&nbsp;Kristen M. Thyng,&nbsp;Scott A. Socolofsky","doi":"10.1029/2024JC021793","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JC021793","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We present a satellite-based classification scheme for the main characteristics of large-scale starting jets interacting with coastal currents at Galveston Bay inlet, Texas, using satellite imagery from Sentinel-2 and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). The Sentinel-2 satellite image analysis identifies two types of tidal starting-jet vortex structures: a shallow single or dipole vortex. The type of starting-jet vortex that forms depends on the propagation path of the tidal jet, given by the angle between the jet and inlet axis, and the tidal dynamics, summarized by an inlet Strouhal number. We show a correlation between these metrics that predicts when the dynamics of vortex formation is dominantly governed by the offshore currents, causing a single-vortex, or the ebbing fluid flow, forming a vortex dipole. By comparing the deflection angle of the tidal jets with local wind observations, we deduce that along-shore currents are the dominant mechanism responsible for the jet deflection and vortex types. Validation of the classification scheme using MODIS satellite images reported up to 94% agreement between the classification scheme and the observed flow type. Comparison of the Sentinel-2 satellite images with empirical equations from laboratory experiments showed good agreement for vortex spin-up time and the diameter of the vortex core.</p>","PeriodicalId":54340,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans","volume":"130 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JC021793","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143930420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Limits of Ocean Forcing on the Exchange Flow of the Salish Sea","authors":"R. Sanchez,&nbsp;S. N. Giddings,&nbsp;E. Lemagie","doi":"10.1029/2025JC022384","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JC022384","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The dynamics of ocean-estuary exchange depend on a variety of local and remote ocean forcing mechanisms where local mechanisms include those directly forcing the estuary such as tides, river discharge, and local wind stress; remote forcing includes forcing from the ocean such as coastal wind stress and coastal stratification variability. We use a numerical model to investigate the limits of oceanic influence, such as wind-driven upwelling, on the Salish Sea exchange flow and salt transport. We find that along-shelf winds substantially modulate flow throughout the Strait of Juan de Fuca until flow reaches sill-influenced constrictions. At these constrictions the exchange flow variability becomes sensitive to local tidal and river forcing. The salt exchange variability is tidally dominated at Admiralty Inlet and upwelling has little impact on seasonal salt exchange variability. While within Haro Strait, the salt exchange variability is driven by a mix of coastal upwelling and local forcing including river discharge. There, the transition from oceanic to local control of salt exchange occurs over a longer distance and is primarily identifiable in the increasing variability of bulk outflowing salinity values. The differences between the two locations highlight how ocean variability interacts with both tidal pumping and gravitational circulation. We also distinguish between transient ocean forcing which can modify fjord properties near the mouth of the strait and seasonal ocean forcing which primarily affects along-strait pressure gradients. The results have implications for understanding the transport variability of biogeochemical variables that are influenced by both along-shelf winds and local sources.</p>","PeriodicalId":54340,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans","volume":"130 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025JC022384","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143930419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Internal Tidal Beams and Their Scattering in Nonuniform Stratification—Observations at a Continental Slope in the Northwest Bay of Bengal","authors":"Jithendra Raju Nadimpalli,&nbsp;Lijin Jayan,&nbsp;Sai Saandeep Sampatirao,&nbsp;N. Suresh Kumar,&nbsp;V. P. Thangaprakash,&nbsp;B. Praveen Kumar,&nbsp;Manikandan Mathur","doi":"10.1029/2024JC021632","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JC021632","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Satellite altimetry and numerical ocean modeling have revealed significant internal tide activity within the northwest Bay of Bengal, likely originating from the continental shelf break region nearby. This study presents vertical profile measurements of conductivity, temperature, and depth (CTD); currents; and turbulence microstructure along a 20-km transect at this continental shelf slope region. Performed during the postmonsoon period, when the region experiences weak winds and is abundant with freshwater, a 4-day observational campaign was designed to study internal tides in an upper ocean with a shallow mixed layer and multiple strongly stratified layers beneath. CTD measurements reveal the presence of a dominant pycnocline at around 40-m depth, below which nonuniform stratification layers of <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>∼</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${sim} $</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>15–20-m width occur upto around 200-m depth. The vertical profiles of currents at shallow stations near the shelf break show distinct signals of both upward- and downward-propagating primary internal tidal beams (ITBs) generated from the continental shelf break. The deeper stations away from the shelf break show a more complex spatial structure in the upper 200 m, suggesting that significant scattering of ITBs occurs in the nonuniformly stratified upper ocean. Vertical microstructure profiles show enhanced turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rates (<span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msup>\u0000 <mn>10</mn>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>−</mo>\u0000 <mn>8</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </msup>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${10}^{-8}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>-<span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msup>\u0000 <mn>10</mn>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>−</mo>\u0000 <mn>7</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </msup>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${10}^{-7}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> W/kg) associated with ITB scattering, with corresponding signatures in the Richardson number only at depths below 200 m. Our observations, corroborated with high-resolution numerical modeling, suggest that internal tide-driven turbulence in the nonuniformly stratified upper ocean at continental slope sites could be an important factor in understanding vertical mixing in the global oceans.</p>","PeriodicalId":54340,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans","volume":"130 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143919724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changes in the Coastal Wind Field and River Runoff Conditions Expose Kongsfjorden (Svalbard) to the Influence of Atlantic Water","authors":"F. De Rovere,&nbsp;J. Chiggiato,&nbsp;L. Langone,&nbsp;A. Sundfjord,&nbsp;J. Albretsen,&nbsp;P. Duarte","doi":"10.1029/2024JC020924","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JC020924","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Kongsfjorden is located in West Spitsbergen, Svalbard archipelago. Its hydrography is influenced by the West Spitsbergen Current (WSC) transporting warm and saline Atlantic Water (AW) toward the Arctic basin. We assessed changes in fjord water properties over two decades (1999–2020) using summer hydrographic surveys performed by the Norwegian Polar Institute in the fjord, the adjacent shelf, and open ocean regions. The heat content (HC) and salinity within the fjord have increased driven by a larger inflow of AW. These trends are consistent with observations in neighboring Isfjorden but not mirrored in the properties of the WSC over the same timeframe. Therefore, hydrographic changes in these two fjords can be attributed to larger AW intrusions rather than variations in the upstream WSC properties. We hypothesize that the increased HC in Kongsfjorden is driven by shifts in the synoptic wind patterns and larger glacier meltwater release enhancing fjord shelf exchanges. Idealized modeling experiments revealed that although these modifications contribute by increasing the fjord's HC, they explain only a small portion of the observed changes, suggesting that the availability of Atlantic Water on the shelf is the dominant factor.</p>","PeriodicalId":54340,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans","volume":"130 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JC020924","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143919726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Subsurface Hypoxia Observation in the Changjiang Estuary Based on a Wave-Driven Profiler, Satellite Data, and Machine Learning","authors":"Yingqi Wang,&nbsp;Kui Wang,&nbsp;Di Wu,&nbsp;Dawei Xu,&nbsp;Qicheng Meng,&nbsp;Feng Zhou,&nbsp;Minhui Zheng,&nbsp;Hao Zheng","doi":"10.1029/2024JC022142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JC022142","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The extent and daily change of coastal hypoxia is difficult to observe and predict, because conventional ship-based observations hardly present spatiotemporal variation of dissolved oxygen (DO) on a day-to-day or shorter timescale. We established a machine learning model between the surface and 15-m depth layer based on high-resolution in situ profile data off the Changjiang estuary (CE). Satellite data were incorporated into this model to obtain spatiotemporal distribution of DO at 15-m depth in the CE at an hourly scale in August 2022. Additionally, we calculated net community production (NCP) within the euphotic zone on a daily scale by using a modified semianalytical model that is suitable for the CE to explore the coupling relationship between 15-m depth DO and NCP. Results show that biological effects dominate DO variation on the nearshore side of the Changjiang diluted water (CDW). Furthermore, we found a time lag of 5 and 4 days for 15-m depth DO behind euphotic zone NCP here, and hypoxia is likely to occur when biological effects reach certain thresholds (NCP &gt; 93.45 mg C m⁻² d⁻¹ in zone A and 216.62 mg C m⁻² d⁻¹ in zone B). Combined effects of CDW and Kuroshio subsurface water (KSSW) not only modulate stratification but also induce upwelling along the steep slope near the offshore zone of CDW, where these complex circulation dynamics create conditions conducive to frequent hypoxia. Our study provides valuable insights into the hypoxia mechanism and development, as well as potential application for operational prediction of hypoxia in coastal waters.</p>","PeriodicalId":54340,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans","volume":"130 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143926024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interannual to Decadal Variations in Different Kuroshio Intrusion Paths in the Luzon Strait Based on Long-Term Reanalysis Data","authors":"Hongtai Wang,&nbsp;Zhiwei Zhang,&nbsp;Zhongbin Sun,&nbsp;Wei Zhao","doi":"10.1029/2024JC022155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JC022155","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Different Kuroshio intrusion paths in the Luzon Strait show diverse influences on water mass exchange between the Pacific Ocean and South China Sea (SCS). However, the interannual to decadal variabilities in different Kuroshio intrusion paths in the Luzon Strait are still poorly understood. In this study, the Kuroshio paths in the Luzon Strait are identified on the basis of a modified identification method and long-term GLORYS12V1 outputs between 1993 and 2020. The occurrence probabilities of the looping, leaking, and leaping paths are 25.1%, 43.1%, and 31.8%, respectively. Seasonally, the looping and leaking paths predominantly occur in winter and winter half-year, respectively. On the interannual timescale, the looping path tends to be stronger (weaker) during La Niña (El Niño) winters because the strengthened (weakened) northeast monsoon winds provide more (less) negative relative vorticity southwest of Taiwan, which helps generate a stronger (weaker) Kuroshio looping path. For the leaking path, its contribution to the upper-layer Luzon Strait transport (LST) exceeds 57.8%. The leaking path and the upper-layer LST are both stronger (weaker) during the positive (negative) phase of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). The negative sea surface height anomaly northwest of Luzon Island through the clockwise propagation of coastal Kelvin waves along the Philippines and the weakened upstream Kuroshio strength east of Luzon Island both favor the generation of a stronger leaking path during the positive phase of the PDO. The above analyses enhance our knowledge of Kuroshio behaviors in the Luzon Strait and help better understand the multiscale dynamics in the SCS.</p>","PeriodicalId":54340,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans","volume":"130 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143919725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deepening of Winter Mixed Layer in the Canada Basin in Response to Pacific Summer Water Pathway Change","authors":"Yuqing Zhou,&nbsp;Peigen Lin,&nbsp;Xiao-Yi Yang,&nbsp;Yu Yan","doi":"10.1029/2024JC021993","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JC021993","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The surface mixed layer plays a critical role in heat, carbon, and nutrient exchange within the atmosphere–ice–ocean system. Using the latest observations from the ice-tethered profilers in the Canada Basin, we find the mixed layer became 9.6 m deeper and 0.7 psu saltier from 2006–2013 to 2014–2022. The mixed layer deepening coincides with the warming and freshening in the subsurface layer, thereby diminishing stratification beneath the mixed layer. The physical mechanisms of the mixed layer changes were investigated from two perspectives: the mixed layer local freshwater budget and remote control of Pacific inflow. Results indicate the saltier mixed layer maybe attributed to reduced freshwater inflow from the boundary driven by the southeastward contraction of the Beaufort Gyre. Lagrangian particle tracking experiments with GLORYS12 reanalysis reveal that subsurface layer salinity decreases, which can be explained by intensified entrainment of the fresh Pacific Summer Water (PSW) into the basin. It is driven by the local and remote effects: (a) Weakened northeasterly winds over Barrow Canyon facilitate PSW further approaching the southern edge of the basin, moving westward at deeper isobaths along the Chukchi slope and finally into the basin. (b) The southeastward contraction of the Beaufort Gyre drives more PSW from the Chukchi slope northeastward into the basin with the clockwise circulation. If the deepening of the mixed layer and the weakening of subsurface stratification persist, increased upward entrainment of heat and nutrients from the halocline may significantly accelerate ice melt and impact the local ecosystem.</p>","PeriodicalId":54340,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans","volume":"130 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143919723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Subtropical Mode Water Formation Variability on Surface Layer CO2 Chemistry in the Western North Pacific","authors":"Hisashi Ono,&nbsp;Katsuya Toyama,&nbsp;Kazutaka Enyo,&nbsp;Yosuke Iida,&nbsp;Daisuke Sasano,&nbsp;Eitarou Oka,&nbsp;Masao Ishii","doi":"10.1029/2024JC021748","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JC021748","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Deep understanding of contemporary trends, variability and their controlling mechanisms of ocean CO₂ chemistry are crucial in projecting the ocean CO₂ uptake and acidification. In surface layers of the 137°E high-frequency repeat hydrographic section in the Kuroshio recirculation (KR) region of the western North Pacific, salinity-normalized total dissolved inorganic carbon (nDIC) in summer exhibited a significant interannual to decadal variability ranging ±15 μmol kg⁻¹ for the years 1994–2018. It was positively correlated with the thickness of the underlying subtropical mode water (STMW) (±160 m) due to the shallowing/deepening of the upper STMW and negatively with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) index when a 3-year lag was applied. The nDIC variability caused large variability in the aragonite saturation index (±0.2), but the impact of nDIC variability on CO₂ partial pressure (<i>p</i>CO₂^sea) and pH were smaller than that of temperature variability that concurrently acted in the opposite direction. In contrast, the variability of nDIC in the winter mixed layer was primarily controlled by the deepening of mixed layer but was also affected by the thickness of the STMW due to the entrainment of upper STMW in which nDIC was lower/higher when the STMW was thicker/thinner. These observations indicate that the changes in the wind forcing in the central North Pacific remotely influence the CO₂ chemistry in surface layers of the KR region through the changes in the formation and advection of the STMW and have different impacts between summer when surface layer is stratified and winter when mixed layer deepens.</p>","PeriodicalId":54340,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans","volume":"130 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143914073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multidecadal Trends of the Mixed Layer Depth and Their Relation to the Wind in Global Ocean Models Forced by an Atmospheric Reanalysis","authors":"Anne Marie Treguier,&nbsp;Clément de Boyer Montégut,&nbsp;Steve Yeager,&nbsp;Eric P. Chassignet,&nbsp;Doroteaciro Iovino,&nbsp;Andrew E. Kiss,&nbsp;Pengfei Lin,&nbsp;Camille Lique,&nbsp;Dmitry Sidorenko","doi":"10.1029/2024JC022271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JC022271","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The surface mixed layer of the ocean plays a key role in ocean-atmosphere interactions. Despite the ocean surface warming in the past four decades, which increased the stratification, the mixed layer depth (MLD) has been found to increase, most notably in the Southern Ocean in summer. We use 12 models from the Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (OMIP) at different resolutions, forced by the atmospheric reanalysis JRA55-do, to assess their capability to represent the MLD trends over the period 1970–2018 and to investigate their origin. The MLD evolution in the OMIP models is extremely well correlated across models at interannual time scales, especially in summer. Correlations are lower in high resolution models because of the chaotic nature of the mesoscale variability. OMIP models reproduce consistently the deepening trend of the mixed layer in summer in the Southern Ocean and confirm its relation to the wind speed. The MLD deepening is weaker in the models than in observations, probably due to the fact that the wind speed trend is underestimated in the atmospheric reanalysis. We find however that the MLD deepening is not a simple one-dimensional response to the increase of the wind speed at a given location, but that the three-dimensional processes that control the stratification also play a part. This study gives confidence in the capacity of ocean models to project the response of the mixed layer to future changes in wind speed.</p>","PeriodicalId":54340,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans","volume":"130 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JC022271","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143914071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Observations of Water Mass Modification and Cross-Shelf Exchange at Narsaq Trough, Greenland","authors":"Monica Nelson,&nbsp;Fiamma Straneo,&nbsp;Sarah G. Purkey,&nbsp;Amy F. Waterhouse,&nbsp;Kristen E. Fogaren,&nbsp;Daniel J. Torres","doi":"10.1029/2024JC022246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JC022246","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Cross-shelf exchange at Greenland's continental margins transports warm waters toward the glacier margins and freshwater offshore into the convective basins of the North Atlantic and Nordic Seas. Several studies have suggested that the exchange is enhanced by the presence of deep, glacial troughs, but observations from Greenland's troughs are scarce. This work presents data from a ship-based survey at Narsaq Trough, a wide, branched trough in southwest Greenland, during the summer of 2022. We use Conductivity-Temperature-Depth-Oxygen profiles, water samples for nutrient analysis, and underway current profiles to compare the water mass properties and distribution inside and outside the trough, describe the flow-field in and around the trough, and estimate mixing in the trough. Narsaq Trough is found to provide a pathway for warm, salty Atlantic Water to intrude onto the continental shelf where these waters are mixed with the overlying cold, fresh Polar Water. As a result, waters in the trough are fresher, oxygen-enriched, macronutrient-depleted, and at times colder, relative to the unmodified Atlantic Water offshore. This trough-modified water has the potential to freshen and oxygenate the flow on the shelf-break and/or reduce the thermal forcing of waters in the adjacent fjord, limiting ice melt.</p>","PeriodicalId":54340,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans","volume":"130 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JC022246","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143914072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}